My project explores ways in which legitimacy is granted within the literary field. This is done through an analysis of literary anthologies, university course syllabi, publishing trends, literary prizes, and levels and sources of critical attention. The project seeks to determine the extent to which the works of Afro-descendant Spanish American and Belizean writers are reflected in the hegemonic Spanish American and Anglophone Caribbean literary canons. I examine the works of Cristina Rodríguez Cabral (Uruguay), Shirley Campbell Barr, and Delia McDonald Woolery (Costa Rica), and Zee Edgell, and Zoila Ellis (Belize). The project records the varying degrees of legitimation these writers have received and the factors that have had an impact on their recognition. It also shows that literary interculturality is possible in Spanish America and the Anglophone Caribbean through the aesthetics some writers employ and the activities of legitimizing agencies. Further I propose a plurality of canons based on the concept of plural public spheres/counterpublics as outlined by Nancy Fraser and Michael Warner. My analysis of Belizean works emphasizes ways in which a national literary canon can be considered a counterpublic within a regional literary corpus. The concept of counterpublics I use to present the works analyzed is a model other scholars can employ in their examination of other minority literatures.

This research explores the concept of descendant insurance and its efficiency as a calculated estimate of a country's fertility rates based on the infant or child mortality rates of the same country. A database of 191 countries was used to evaluate the concept by nation. The results suggest that descendant insurance plays a significant roll in decreasing total fertility rates. Prediction strength for many countries can be increased greatly by incorporating time lags into the model. Adding a lag component produced strong results for predicting fertility rates in countries where many previous studies have failed to find significant fertility trends. The results of the analysis provide further evidence for the argument that preventing infant and child deaths is a driving factor for decreasing fertility rates.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This dissertation is an ethnographic study of race and other forms of social categorization as approached through the discourse of the indigenous Chachi people of northwestern lowland Ecuador and their Afro-descendant neighbors. It combines the ethnographic methods of social anthropology with the methods of descriptive linguistics, letting social questions about racial formation guide linguistic inquiry. It provides new information about the largely unstudied indigenous South American language Cha’palaa, and connects that information about linguistic form to problems of the study of race and ethnicity in Latin America. Individual descriptive chapters address how the Cha’palaa number system is based on collectivity rather than plurality according to an animacy hierarchy that codes only human and human-like social collectivities, how a nominal set of ethnonyms linked to Chachi oral history become the recipients of collective marking as human collectivities, how those collectivities are co-referentially linked to speech participants through the deployment of the pronominal system, and how the multi-modal resource of gesture adds to these rich resources supplied by the spoken language for the expression of social realities like race. The final chapters address Chachi and Afro-descendant discourses in dialogue with each other and examine naturally occurring speech data to show how the linguistic forms described in previous chapters are used in social interaction. The central argument advances a position that takes the socially constructed status of race seriously and considers that for such constructions to exist as more abstract macro-categories they must be constituted by instances of social interaction, where elements of the social order are observable at the micro-level. In this way localized articulations of social categories become vehicles for the broader circulation of discourses structured by a history of racialized social inequality, revealing the extreme depth of racialization in human social conditioning. This dissertation represents a contribution to the field of linguistic anthropology as well as to descriptive linguistics of South American languages and to critical approaches to race and ethnicity in Latin America. / text

This dissertation addresses gender dimensions of Land Use and Land Cover Change (GLULCC) in the last few decades in a collective land titled to Afro-descendant communities in the Pacific region of Colombia, South America, and examines socio-economic and political signifiers affecting land use decisions, rights, and responsibilities. It shows how contrasting but complementary subfields of investigation, Political Ecology and Land Use Science, have contributed ontological, epistemological and practical scholarly works to help better understand the Gender Dimensions of Land Use and Land Cover Change (GLULCC). Historical and current information on environmental, socioeconomic and settlement processes provided a comprehensive portrait of the study area. The remote sensing process (a mainstream method for identifying land use and land cover change) helped exploring the spatial setting of land cover/use, and to reflect on the opportunities and constrains of the steps undertaken during this procedure under the lenses of researching their gendered dimensions. Statistical analyses on both census data (secondary data) and survey sample data (fieldwork data) allowed to establish a set of three groups of gendered land uses, namely, women-akin, men-akin, and gender-blind uses. Exploratory statistics, pairwise correlations, and binary and multinomial logit regression models helped to reassert the latter gendered categories’ assertions. A concluding narrative perspective of GLULCC seeks to further contribute to work streaming/ mainstreaming what I consider may be a scholarly-fertile research line. It hopes to bond, with another perspective, previous theoretical, spatial and quantitative outcomes, under the lenses of the practical experience of fieldwork, which also by way of participatory observation and semi-unstructured interviews brought to the researcher (me) valuable insights and information besides the previous outcomes. Empirical evidence allowed identifying gender-based time allocation, resource-use power relations, and reproductive strategies. Finally, the found rearrangement of settlement spaces and production systems provides practical indications that women´s role on LULCC is well beyond the establishment of small gardens and orchards, or the collection of fuel wood to provide for their families. In contrast, inside this collective title, women’s decisions/strategies have also restructured settlement patterns, and thus, land use dynamics of larger areas at heterogeneous spatial and temporal scales. / text

Esta pesquisa analisa o papel da nipobrasileira a partir da perspectiva de artista do corpo, tendo como contexto a cena artística paulistana: uma realidade brasileira de imigração e diáspora, num viés praticoteórico. Partimos de processos de contaminação entre ocidente e oriente, representados aqui por Brasil e Japão, respectivamente, e a partir de experiências singulares que resultam dessa relação, trazendo o relato de seis artistas mulheres nikkeis. Levamos em consideração a mestiçagem (PINHEIRO, 2013; LAPLANTINE & NOUSS, 2016; GRUZINSKI, 2001) decorrente desse encontro utilizando, inclusive, termos da cultura japonesa, Ma (?) e D? (?), devidamente deslocados em seus sentidos e ressignificados no contexto mencionado. A Teoria Corpomídia de Greiner e Katz (2001) é importante para a compreensão de co-relação e co-evolução inestanque e mútua de corpo e ambiente. Os estudos de Hashiguti (2008) e Takeuchi (2016), que tratam especificamente do corpo nipobrasileiro, também compõem as referências teóricas deste estudo. / This research analysis the roll of the Brazilian Japanese descendant from the perspective of an artist of the body, with the scenic arts of the city of São Paulo as context: a Brazilian reality of immigration and diaspora, in a practicaltheoretical bias. Our start points are the processes of contamina-tion between West and East, represented here by Brazil and Japan, respectively, and the singular experiences that result from this relation, which are represented by the conversation with six Brazilian nikkei artists. We are considering the Miscegenation (mestiçagem) (PINHEIRO, 2013; LAPLANTINE & NOUSS, 2016; GRUZINSKI, 2001) that occurs from this rendez-vous, using terms from the Japanese culture, inclusive, Ma (?) and D? (?), properly displaced from its meaning and resignified in the context that we mentioned before. The Corpomídia Theory from Greiner and Katz (2001) is important for the comprehension of the co-relation and co-evolution of body and environment which is mutual and non-stagnant. The studies of Hashiguti (2008) and Takeuchi (2016) that reflect specifi-cally the Japanese descendant body also compose the theorical refer-ences of this study.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2018-01-31T12:03:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1330686 bytes, checksum: 734839370aa68c075ba147787f82f4b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T12:03:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1330686 bytes, checksum: 734839370aa68c075ba147787f82f4b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The proposition of this research is to analyse the institucionalized racism on the public healt specialized unitof Crato; to understand the relationship and relevance. To think about the reality of the health for the Afro- descendant population in the municipality. It is also an attempt to understand how the various segments that work with healt and the black population that uses It conceive this theme. In this sense, it seeks to analyze the health institutions work has as main method the analysis of semi- structured interviews with municipal managers, coordinators of health facilities, professionals and patients. Finally, those of African descent are far from benefiting fully the rights granted to them, to denounce many situations negligence, constraints and discrimination in public facilities, demonstrate the effectiveness of institutional racism, the narratives of black patients compared to white patients out this well. / A proposta dessa pesquisa é analisar o racismo Institucional na unidade pública de saúde Centro de Especialidades do Crato; compreender a relação e sua pertinência para pensar a realidade da saúde da população afrodescendente no município. É também uma tentativa de entender como os diversos segmentos que trabalham com a saúde e a população negra que se utiliza dela concebem essa temática. Nesse sentido, procura-se analisar como as instituições de saúde trabalham para garantir à pessoa negra a promoção, proteção e recuperação da sua saúde. O trabalho tem como método principal a análise das entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com os gestores municipais, coordenadores das unidades de saúde, profissionais e pacientes. Por fim, os afrodescendentes estão longe de se beneficiar integralmente dos direitos que lhes são concedidos. Ao denunciarem diversas situações de descasos, constrangimentos e discriminação nas unidades públicas, comprovam a eficácia do racismo institucional, as narrativas dos pacientes negros em relação aos pacientes brancos destacam bem isso.

Les savanes sont des écosystèmes complexes pilotées par plusieurs mécanismes ascendant (ex: les nutriments du sol ou pluviométrie) ou descendant (ex: feu ou herbivorie), mais l'importance relative de ces mécanismes reste largement débattue. En particulier, le rôle des herbivores brouteurs (browsers) reste mal compris en tant que source de perturbation, et donc de force de pression descendante influant sur la dynamique des savanes. Dans cette étude, deux approches ont été développées pour aborder le rôle des perturbations dans la dynamique des savanes. Dans un première partie, j'ai utilisé une approche comparative inter-site pour explorer les réponses des communautés de plantes, et des principaux traits de ces plantes associés aux feuilles, branches, architecture et défense, aux variations de quatre facteurs : les nutriments dans le sol, la pluviométrie, la pression d'herbivorie et l'intensité du feu. Seize sites de savane, en Afrique du Sud et au Zimbabwe, ont été sélectionnés sur des gradients de chacun de ces facteurs. Les espèces ligneuses dominantes (>80 % de la biomasse) sur chaque site ont été identifiées et échantillonnées, afin de mesurer les traits des feuilles et des branches associés à l'appétence, architecture, ainsi qu'aux défenses physiques et chimiques de ces plantes. Des mesures ont également été faites pour estimer les effets des meso-brouteurs et mega-brouteurs. Des transects ont permis d'estimer la fréquence et l'intensité du feu sur chaque site, et l'effet sur les plantes. En préambule à l'analyse, et devant le manque de protocole standard pour estimer la fertilité des sols dans la littérature écologique, je propose une méthode et un échantillonnage afin de définir de manière robuste la fertilité des sols sur chaque site. Dans cette partie inter-site, huit traits principaux ont été comparés sur le gradient de qualité de sol et de pluviométrie, et bien que quelques relations statistiques existent entre les traits des feuilles, le sol et la pluviométrie, ces relations sont très faibles comparées à celle trouvées dans les méta analyses inter-biomes publiées dans la littérature. Cependant, ces approches interbiome sont dominées par des sites tempérés qui ont des niveaux de perturbations bien inférieurs à ceux des savanes africaines. L'évaluation des effets des meso-brouteurs et mega-brouteurs le long des gradients de sol et de pluviométrie sur vingt traits associés aux défenses structurelles et chimiques des plantes montre que les défenses structurelles sont plus corrélées aux caractéristiques du sol que les défenses chimiques, mais que seules les défenses structurelles sont fortement corrélées à l'impact par les brouteurs. Le niveau d'utilisation des plantes par les mesobrouteurs apparaît plus prévisible en fonction des traits des plantes que celui par les mégabrouteurs. Dans une deuxième partie présentent des résultats de deux études basées sur des expériences d'exclos. Dans le parc national de Kruger, la composition de la communauté, l'abondance et la démographie des ligneux dominants ont été estimées à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de trois exclos de 40 ans, et les brouteurs apparaissent comme ayant un impact significatif sur la distribution, la densité et la structure des populations des espèces arbustives et arborées ayant des traits préférés : forte concentration en azote foliaire et faible teneur en défenses chimiques. L'interaction entre les effets des brouteurs et du feu semble aussi affecter le recrutement des juvéniles ligneux dans les grandes classes de taille. Dans le parc de Hluhluwe-iMfolozi, cinq exclos ont été utilisé pour tester l'effet des brouteurs sur l'architecture, la croissance, les défenses chimiques et structurelles des jeunes individus de sept espèces d'acacia. Des différences nettes apparaissent entre les espèces d'acacia de savane semi-aride et plus humide dans les traits associés à l'appétence, l'architecture et les défenses … [etc] / Savannas are complex ecosystems affected by several bottom-up (e.g. soil nutrient availability and rainfall) and top-down (e.g. fire and herbivory) drivers. However, the relative importance of bottom-up vs. top-down drivers in influencing savanna dynamics is still widely debated. Within the top-down (disturbance) category of drivers, the role of mammal browsers in particular in driving savanna functioning is still not well understood. Two approaches were adopted to determine the role of disturbance in savannas. Firstly, by using a comparative approach, I attempted to address the so-called ‘savanna problem’ by investigating how savanna woody plant community compositions and key plant traits relating to the leaves, stems, architecture, and defence are influenced by soil nutrient status, rainfall, fire and browsing. Sixteen sites were selected along gradients of these four drivers from savanna parks throughout South Africa and Zimbabwe. The dominant woody species (species that accounted for >80% of standing biomass) at each site were identified and sampled for the key leaf and stem traits relating to plant functioning, palatability, architecture, physical and chemical defences. Measurements were undertaken for each species in order to determine both meso-browser and mega browser impact. Transects were undertaken in order to determine the relative abundance and the effects of fire on each species at each site. Due to the current lack of standardized soil sampling protocols in the ecological literature, and uncertainty around the definition of what denotes a fertile or infertile soil, I propose a number of standardized protocols and sampled according to these established protocols in order to accurately determine the soil nutrient status at each site. Following this, the relationships between climatic variables and soil nutrients with both species means and community weighted means for eight key leaf traits were explored. Although some significant relationships were found between savanna leaf traits of woody plants, climate, soil nutrients and their interactions, these tended to be weaker than those found in meta-analyses. These broad-scale studies usually include sites from many biome types, many of which are from temperate regions where inherent levels of disturbance are typically much lower than in African savannas. The high levels of disturbance typically found in African savannas are thought to partially account for the high within site variability found in leaf traits and the weak relationships found between leaf traits, soil nutrients and rainfall. To assess the importance of resources vs. disturbance in savannas functioning, the effects of soil nutrients, rainfall, fire and both meso-browser and mega-browser impact on twenty savanna woody plant traits relating to plant palatability, chemical and structural defences were explored. Structural defences were found to be more strongly correlated with soil characteristics than chemical defences, while browser impact was found to be strongly correlated with structural defences but not with chemical defences. Actual browser utilisation tended to be more predictable for meso-browsers than mega-browsers. Secondly using an experimental approach, two sets of herbivore exclosures were utilized to directly test how mammal browsers influenced woody species distributions, abundance, population structure and plant traits relating to palatability and defence. The effects of three longterm herbivore exclosures in the Kruger National Park on savanna woody plant community compositions, population demographics and densities were determined. Browsers were found to have significant impacts on species distributions, densities and population structures by actively selecting for species with favourable traits, particularly higher leaf N. An interaction between browsers and fire which limited the recruitment of seedlings and saplings into larger size classes was also demonstrated… [etc]

Cette thèse propose d’étudier les modalités de choix du conjoint des petits-enfants de migrants marocains. Mon but était de comprendre comment ces personnes choisissent leur futur conjoint et, en quoi leurs choix se différencient ou rompent avec les pratiques et les modèles matrimoniaux de leurs parents et grands-parents. Sur le terrain j’ai fait usage de l’entretien semi directif : l’objectif était de saisir l’univers de référence des enquêtés pour pouvoir comprendre leurs choix matrimoniaux. A partir du récit de la rencontre des deux futurs conjoints, ma démarche a consisté à recueillir l’ensemble des éléments qui ont contribué à privilégier tel choix conjugal plutôt qu’un autre. Cette démarche m’a semblé intéressante dans la mesure où la population étudiée a été socialisée dans deux cadres normatifs différents quant au choix du conjoint. / This thesis analyzes how Moroccan migrant’s grandchildren choose their spouse. My aim was to understand how this population chooses their future spouse and how this choice differ or break with parents and grandparents matrimonial patterns. On the field, I used semi-directive interviews: the goal was to understand the frame of respondents references in regards of matrimonial choices. Starting with the two future spouses meeting, I collected all elements that have contributed to favoring one matrimonial choice over another. The interest of this approach relies on the fact that the targeted population has been socialized in two different normative frameworks in regards of the choice of spouse.

ALMEIDA, Maria Inez de Lima. Autoafirmação das africanidades na Prainha do Canto Verde: tirando o véu da invisibilidade da negritude. 2014. 104f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-14T14:00:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_milalmeida.pdf: 1365541 bytes, checksum: e217a5cb5256db10d09898fed501351d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-14T14:17:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_milalmeida.pdf: 1365541 bytes, checksum: e217a5cb5256db10d09898fed501351d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-14T14:17:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_milalmeida.pdf: 1365541 bytes, checksum: e217a5cb5256db10d09898fed501351d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This work is directed to the self-affirmation of African descent Corner Green, Extractive Reserve on the coast of Ceará community. Viso contribute on the subject of blackness, African education backed by Law 10.639/03. Start presenting community issues and goals. I give a description of how I gained the knowledge base of African endorsed me. I identify in my own life story and values ​​blacks knowledge found in my family ancestral roots. I use the technique of building trees to show the roots of African descent families in the community. Likewise the knowledge that marked my life path, and the roots of my family. Show my kinship that has close relationship with community residents, by kinship and the neighborhood. Build a dialogue by empirical research through interviews, photos and documents held with leaders, women, fishermen, and the elderly. I emphasize the knowledge, customs, cuisine, architecture. Build a relationship of the characteristics of social struggle highlighting the strength values ​​with African descent characteristics, tangible and intangible heritage (WEDGE). Transversely emphasize education at the school and community relations as strategic spaces that promote autonomy by appropriating local culture. Visibilities present the gifts in life histories as a pedagogical possibilities that can boost the deconstruction of discrimination. The written narrative highlights the process of insertion of the subject community in social struggles and the methodological strategies follow the action research (BARBIER). I refer to my theoretical approach in afrodescendência (CUNHA) and the African Worldview (BA, CUNHA, PETIT, OLIVEIRA). Beyond the educational link with Pretagogia (PETIT, SILVA), and Popular Education (FREIRE, BRANDÃO). / Este trabalho é dirigido para a autoafirmação afrodescendente da comunidade de Canto Verde, Reserva Extrativista no litoral do Ceará. Visei contribuir com o tema da negritude, o ensino africano respaldado pela Lei 10.639/03. Comecei apresentando a comunidade, as questões e os objetivos. Em seguida, fiz uma descrição de como fui ganhando os conhecimentos de base africana que me respaldaram. Identifico na minha própria história de vida os valores e saberes negros achados na minha raiz ancestral familiar. Utilizei a técnica da construção de árvores para mostrar as raízes afrodescendentes das famílias da comunidade. Da mesma forma, os saberes que marcaram a minha trajetória de vida, e as raízes de minha família. Mostrei as minhas relações de parentesco que têm estreita relação com moradores da comunidade, pelo parentesco e pela vizinhança. Construí um diálogo pela investigação empírica através de entrevistas realizadas com lideranças, mulheres, pescadores, e pessoas idosas, além de fotos e documentos. Dei ênfase aos saberes, costumes, culinária, arquitetura. Construí uma relação das características da luta social destacando os valores de resistência com as características afrodescendentes, patrimônio material e imaterial (CUNHA, 1999, 2010, 2011). De forma transversal, destaquei a educação na escola e as relações comunitárias como os espaços estratégicos que propiciam autonomia pela apropriação da cultura local. Apresentei as visibilidades presentes nas histórias de vida como possibilidades pedagógicas capazes de impulsionar a desconstrução de discriminações. A escrita narrativa destaca o processo de inserção dos sujeitos da comunidade nas lutas sociais e as estratégias metodológicas seguiram a pesquisa-ação de (BARBIER, 2007). Referenciei a minha abordagem teórica na afrodescendência (CUNHA, 1999, 2010, 2011) e na Cosmovisão Africana (HAMPÂTÉ BÂ, 1982, 1987; CUNHA, 1999, 2010, 2011; PETIT, 2001; OLIVEIRA, 1988, 2006). Além do enlace pedagógico com a Pretagogia (PETIT, SILVA, 2012), e com a Educação Popular (FREIRE, 2011; BRANDÃO, 1984).