Dealing with the bibliographies and publications about and by J. L. Krapf, especially in the archives of the Basle Mission I was astonished and I got the feeling that such an amount and such a variety of work could not have been done by one person only. At fist, Krapf was a missionary by profession. He and Rebmann were called the pioneers of the East-African mission. Beyond this, however, different missionary societies were encouraged by the publications and proposals of Krapf to work in East Africa, e.g. the Church Missionary Society in the service of which Krapf and Rebmann started their work in Rabai Mpya, the Swedish Evangelical mission, the Methodist Mission, the St. Crishona Mission, the Hermannsburg Mission and the Berlin Evangelical Mission. Though all biographers cannot avoid to state that Krapf did not convince more than two (some biographies speak about only one) persons to the Christian belief during all of his missionary life there is no doubt that Krapfs visions influenced missionary work in East Africa. We can say that he was a strategist of Christian mission in East Africa

The research presented in this dissertation adopts an empirical Saussurean structuralist approach to elucidating the true meaning of the verb patterns characterised formally by vowel lengthening in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The verbal system as a whole is examined in order to place the patterns of interest (III and VI) in context, the complexities of Arabic verbal morphology are explored and the challenges revealed by previous attempts to draw links between form and meaning are presented. An exhaustive dictionary survey is employed to provide quantifiable data to empirically test the largely accepted view that the vowel lengthening patterns have mutual/reciprocal meaning. Finding the traditional explanation inadequate and prone to too many exceptions, alternative commonalities of meaning are similarly investigated. Whilst confirming the detransitivising function of the ta- prefix which derives pattern VI from pattern III, analysis of valency data also precludes transitivity as a viable explanation for pattern III meaning compared with the base form. Examination of formally similar morphology in certain nouns leads to the intuitive possibility that vowel lengthening has aspectual meaning. A model of linguistic aspect is investigated for its applicability to MSA and used to isolate the aspectual feature common to the majority of pattern III and pattern VI verbs, which is determined to be atelicity. A set of verbs which appear to be exceptional in that they are not attributable to atelic aspectual categories is found to be characterised by inceptive meaning and a three-phase model of event time structure is developed to include an inceptive verbal category, demonstrating that these verbs too are atelic. Thus the form-meaning relationship which is discovered is that the vowel lengthening verbal patterns in Modern Standard Arabic have atelic aspectual meaning.

This thesis describes certain areas in the grammar of the little-known Kuot language, spoken by some 1,500 people in New Ireland Province in Papua New Guinea. Kuot is an isolate, and is the only non-Austronesian (Papuan) language of that province. The analyses presented here are based on original data from 18 months of linguistic fieldwork. The first chapter provides an overview of Kuot grammar, and gives details of earlier mentions of the language, and of data collection and the fieldwork situation. The second chapter presents information about the prehistory and history of the area, the social system, kinship system and culture of Kuot speakers, as well as dialectal variation and prognosis of survival of the language. Chapter three treats Kuot phonology, with particular emphasis on the factors that govern allophonic variation, and on the expression of word stress and the functions of intonation. Word classes and the criteria used to define them are presented in Chapter four, which also contains a discussion of types of morphemes in Kuot. The last chapter describes in some detail the class of nouns in Kuot, their declensions, non-singular formation, and the properties of grammatical gender. Appendices give the full set of person-marking forms in Kuot, a transcription of a recorded text with interlinear glossing and translation, the Swadesh 100-word list for Kuot, and diagrams of kin relations and terminology / <p>För att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se</p>

Français :<br /><p><br /><p>Cette étude porte sur les structures françaises dites "corrélatives", construites en "autant.autant", "ni.ni", "soit.soit", "plus.plus", "tantôt.tantôt" et "tel.tel", soit des corrélatives "isomorphes". Si ces structures mettent toutes en relation deux termes ou structures, nous montrons ici, par le biais de descriptions sémantique, morphologique et syntaxique, que chacune de ces constructions est également très différente. À partir d’exemples tirés de corpus (français oral et écrit), ce travail ambitionne donc de mettre en évidence les propriétés des structures corrélatives isomorphes, de dresser le bilan des caractéristiques qui les unissent et les distinguent les unes des autres. Il a pour second objectif de questionner la place de la corrélation dans la typologie des modes de liaisons de prédications – c’est-à-dire la possibilité ou non d’assimiler les corrélatives françaises à de la subordination, de la coordination ou encore de la juxtaposition. Une tierce finalité, davantage méthodologico-épistémologique, a trait à l’examen de la façon dont les structures corrélatives isomorphes sont prises en compte respectivement en syntaxe traditionnelle, dans les approches graduelles et en macrosyntaxe (aixoise et fribourgeoise) ;il poursuit consécutivement un objectif plus général, celui de trouver une porte de sortie à l’impasse actuelle en syntaxe, née de l’apparente inconciliabilité des trois approches. <br /><p><br /><p>La réponse à ces trois objectifs nécessite une étude en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, ce travail s'attarde ainsi sur chacune des six structures corrélatives, mettant en évidence leurs ressemblances et dissemblances tant sémantiques que formelles. Cette première étape offre alors la possibilité d’inscrire le phénomène de la corrélation isomorphe dans le cadre général des liaisons de prédications et de confronter plus spécifiquement les propriétés des structures dites "corrélatives" avec celles de ces autres modes de liaisons dans une les modèles 1) binaires ou ternaires des modes de jonctions propositionnelles (approche traditionnelle), 2) graduels (Foley & Van Valin, Rebuschi, Lehmann) et 3) macrosyntaxiques (écoles d'Aix et de Fribourg).<p><p><br /><p><br /><p><br /><p><p>English :<br /><p><br /><p>This project focuses on the study of so-called “correlative” structures in French that use "autant.autant", "ni.ni", "soit.soit", "plus.plus", "tantôt.tantôt" et "tel.tel", that is to say "isomorphic" correlatives. While all these constructions serve to connect two terms or structures, we shall show, through morphological, syntactic and semantic descriptions, that they each possess distinctive features. Using examples drawn from a corpus (French, oral and written), this project thus aims to establish the properties of isomorphic correlative structures, and to identify the characteristics they share and those that distinguish them from one another. The second aim of this project consists in (re-)examining the place of correlation in the typology of predication linking structures in an effort to determine whether or not French correlatives may be considered as a type of subordination, coordination or even juxtaposition. The third objective, which is methodological and epistemological in nature, will consist in studying how traditional syntax, gradual models and macrosyntax have respectively accounted for isomorphic correlative structures. In this way, we shall attempt to break the current deadlock resulting from the apparent incompatibility of the three approaches.<br /><p><br /><p>To reach these three goals, the study will be organized in two phases. First, the various correlative structures will be scrutinized in order to highlight semantic and formal similarities and dissimilarities. This will allow us to position the phenomenon of isomorphic correlation within the general framework of predication linking, and thereby compare the properties of so-called “correlative” structures with those of other linking structures. In the second phase, we will re-examine the place of correlative structures in the models advanced by traditional syntax, by gradual approaches (Foley & Van Valin, Rebuschi, Lehmann) and macrosyntax (Aix and Fribourg).<p> / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation presents the first full grammatical description of unprompted (spontaneous) speech in pidgin Chinook Jargon [synonyms Chinúk Wawa, Chinook]. The data come from a dialect I term ‘Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’, used in southern interior British Columbia circa 1900. I also present the first historical study and structural analysis of the shorthand-based ‘Chinuk pipa’ alphabet in which Kamloops Chinúk Wawa was written, primarily by Salish people. This study is made possible by the discovery of several hundred such texts, which I have transliterated and analyzed. The Basic Linguistic Theory-inspired (cf. Dixon 2010a,b) framework used here interprets Kamloops Chinúk Wawa as surprisingly ramified in morphological and syntactic structure, a finding in line with recent studies reexamining the status of pidgins by Bakker (e.g. 2003a,b, forthcoming) among others. Among the major findings: an unusually successful pidgin literacy including a widely circulated newspaper Kamloops Wawa, and language planning by the missionary J.M.R. Le Jeune, O.M.I. He planned both for the use of Kamloops Chinúk Wawa and this alphabet, and for their replacement by English. Additional sociolinguistic factors determining how Chinuk pipa was written included Salish preferences for learning to write by whole-word units (rather than letter by letter), and toward informal intra-community teaching of this first group literacy. In addition to compounding and conversion of lexical roots, Kamloops Chinúk Wawa morphology exploited three types of preposed grammatical morphemes—affixes, clitics, and particles. Virtually all are homonymous with and grammaticalized from demonstrably lexical morphs. Newly identified categories include ‘out-of-control’ transitivity marking and discourse markers including ‘admirative’ and ‘inferred’. Contrary to previous claims about Chinook Jargon (cf. Vrzic 1999), no overt passive voice exists in Kamloops Chinúk Wawa (nor probably in pan-Chinook Jargon), but a previously unknown ‘passivization strategy’ of implied agent demotion is brought to light. A realis-irrealis modality distinction is reflected at several scopal levels: phrase, clause and sentence. Functional differences are observed between irrealis clauses before and after main clauses. Polar questions are restricted to subordinate clauses, while alternative questions are formed by simple juxtaposition of irrealis clauses. Main-clause interrogatives are limited to content-question forms, optionally with irrealis marking. Positive imperatives are normally signaled by a mood particle on a realis clause, negative ones by a negative particle. Aspect is marked in a three-part ingressive-imperfective-completive system, with a marginal fourth ‘conative’. One negative operator has characteristically clausal, and another phrasal, scope. One copula is newly attested. Degree marking is largely confined to ‘predicative’ adjectives (copula complements). Several novel features of pronoun usage possibly reflect Salish L1 grammatical habits: a consistent animacy distinction occurs in third-person pronouns, where pan-Chinook Jargon 'iaka' (animate singular) and 'klaska' (animate plural) contrast with a null inanimate object/patient; this null and 'iaka' are non-specified for number; in intransitives, double exponence (repetition) of pronominal subjects is common; and pan-Chinook Jargon 'klaksta' (originally ‘who?’) and 'klaska' (originally ‘they’) vary freely with each other. Certain etymologically content-question forms are used also as determiners. Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’s numeral system is unusually regular and small for a pidgin; numerals are also used ordinally in a distinctly Chinook Jargon type of personal name. There is a null allomorph of the preposition 'kopa'. This preposition has additionally a realis complementizer function (with nominalized predicates) distinct from irrealis 'pus' (with verbal ones). Conjunction 'pi' also has a function in a syntactic focus-increasing and -reducing system. / Graduate