Inmiddels is Pippi een internationaal onderzoeksobject geworden. De Duitse literatuuronderzoekster Astrid Surmatz heeft een grote bijdrage geleverd met haar proefschrift Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma (2005b). Wat volgens mij nog ontbrak is een grondige analyse van de Nederlandse vertaling, en wat er met de boeken gebeurd is na hun oorspronkelijke vertaling. Het respect voor kinderboeken in vertaling laat nog al eens te wensen over en uitgeverijen nemen soms grote vrijheden. Geldt dat ook voor de Nederlandse uitgaven van Pippi Langkous?Deze scriptie geeft een aanzet tot het antwoord met behulp van een analyse van de vertaalnormen uit de Descriptive Translation Studies van Toury, aangevuld met de vertaalmethoden van Newmark. De conclusie is dat de eerste Nederlandse druk een adequate (Toury) of getrouwe (Newmark) vertaling is, en dat de wijzigingen in de volgende drukken er toe geleid hebben dat de tekst en de illustraties steeds meer zijn gaan afwijken van het Zweedse origineel, en dat er nu van een aanvaardbare (Toury), of idiomatische of zelfs vrije vertaling (Newmark) gesproken moet worden. Dat Nederlanders toch weten hoe Pippi door Astrid Lindgren is neergezet, is onder andere te danken aan de tv-serie, de films en de merchandise met de tekeningen van illustratrice Ingrid Vang Nyman.

Toury’s first law of translation states that translation of all kinds entails standardisation and, moreover, that the more peripheral the status of a text is, the more standardised its translation will be. As such, the purpose of this essay was to investigate to what extent this holds true in the Swedish translations of the two US television hospital shows Scrubs and House M.D. Though they are both hospital shows, House M.D. – considering its unprecedented genre hybridity and unusual plot structure – is a less mainstream and, as such, more peripheral example of a hospital show than Scrubs, which is more mainstream and, consequently, has a more central position within this genre. The object of study concerned the genre-specific register shared by the two shows – i.e. the medical terminology – which was extracted together with its Swedish subtitles and analysed, mainly in terms of coupled pairs. The analysis consisted of identifying which translation strategies had been adopted in the transfer of terminology and, moreover, what these strategies had entailed in terms of semantic increase, decrease, or correspondence between the original texts and their translations. From this it was concluded that both texts were indeed standardised and, additionally, that House M.D. – as the more peripheral of the two texts – had undergone a more extensive standardisation than Scrubs – being the text holding a more central status.

In base alla politica di multilinguismo dell’Unione europea, la legislazione adottata dall’UE deve essere disponibile in tutte le lingue ufficiali e ciascuna versione linguistica ha pari valore giuridico. La traduzione svolge di conseguenza una funzione fondamentale all’interno dell’Unione europea. La tesi indaga gli schemi traduttivi ricorrenti nelle leggi europee tradotte dall’inglese all’italiano con l’obiettivo di identificare le norme traduttive che governano la traduzione della legislazione europea. In particolare, lo studio si focalizza su determinate espressioni di modalità che ricorrono con una frequenza particolarmente elevata. Lo studio è condotto su un corpus parallelo bilingue costituito ad hoc comprendente leggi europee nella versione in inglese e in italiano e su due corpus monolingue di riferimento contenenti leggi nazionali rispettivamente in inglese e in italiano. L’analisi adotta un approccio corpus-based combinando il quadro teorico degli studi descrittivi sulla traduzione con la metodologia della linguistica dei corpora. I risultati, basati su dati quantitativi e qualitativi, rivelano un’oscillazione tra diverse tendenze: la tendenza a riprodurre gli schemi linguistici del testo di partenza, la tendenza a conformare i testi tradotti alle convenzioni della cultura di arrivo e la tendenza ad introdurre cambiamenti linguistici a vantaggio della leggibilità e chiarezza delle traduzioni rispetto ai testi di partenza. / The policy of multilingualism at the European Union dictates that the legislation adopted by the EU is to be available in all the official languages and that all the language versions are equally authoritative. Consequently, translation plays a key role for the functioning of the EU. The present dissertation investigates the recurrent translational patterns in EU laws translated from English into Italian with the aim of identifying the translational norms that govern the translation of EU legislation. In particular, the study focuses on frequently occurring expressions of modality. For the purpose of the present research, a bilingual parallel corpus of EU law in English and in Italian and two reference corpora of, respectively, British and Italian national laws were compiled. The analysis was carried out with a corpus-based approach combining the theoretical framework of Descriptive Translation Studies with the methodology of Corpus Linguistics. The results, based on quantitative and qualitative data, show an oscillation between various tendencies, namely the tendency to reproduce the patterns of the source texts in the translated texts, the tendency to comply with the conventions of the target culture and the tendency to introduce changes that improve the readability and clarity of the translations.

Orientador: Norma Wimmer / Resumo: Baseada na abordagem funcional dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e seguindo o modelo de José Lambert e Van Gorp (1985), propomos a análise da obra Through the looking glass and what Alice has found there (1871) de Lewis Carroll, mais comumente traduzida no Brasil como Alice através do espelho. O corpus deste trabalho é composto de quinze edições brasileiras que foram selecionadas a partir de um estudo historiográfico e da edição comentada The Annotated Alice (1965), como texto-fonte (TF). Preferencialmente, utilizou-se três edições distintas como referência para cotejamento e análise: Alice no país do espelho, tradução de Monteiro Lobato (1961); As aventuras de Alice no país das maravilhas & Através do espelho e o que Alice encontrou lá (1980), tradução de Sebastião Uchoa Leite; Alice através do espelho (2015) tradução de Alexandre Barbosa de Souza. Essa pesquisa teve como etapas: (1) análise descritiva cotejando as edições por meio do modelo proposto por José Lambert e Van Gorp (1985), iniciando com levantamento de dados preliminares, seguido de macro e microanálises do corpus e, por fim, a verificação do contexto sistêmico, destacando as relações intertextuais e intersistêmicas com o intuito de verificar os principais procedimentos e estratégias tradutórias utilizados pelos tradutores/adaptadores na tradução da narrativa, dos poemas e Nursery Rhymes e trocadilhos da obra, verificando, ainda, de que maneira a linguagem visual representada pelas ilustrações, presentes em to... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Based on the functional approach of Descriptive Translation Studies and following the model created by José Lambert and Van Gorp (1985), we propose an analysis of the book Through the looking glass and what Alice has found there (1871) written by Lewis Carroll, most commonly translated in Brazil as Alice através do espelho. The corpus of this work is composed by fifteen Brazilian editions that were selected from a historiographic study and by the commented edition The Annotated Alice (1965), as source text (ST). Preferably, three different editions were used as a reference for comparison and analysis: Alice no país do espelho, translation by Monteiro Lobato (1961); As aventuras de Alice no país das maravilhas e através do espelho e o que Alice encontrou lá (1980), translated by Sebastião Uchoa Leite; Alice através do espelho (2015) translated by Alexandre Barbosa de Souza. This research had as stages: (1) descriptive analysis comparing the editions using the model proposed by José Lambert and Van Gorp (1985), starting with a survey of preliminary data, followed by macro and micro analysis of the corpus and, finally, the verification of the systemic context, highlighting the intertextual and intersystemic relations in order to verify the main translation procedures and strategies used by the translators / adapters in the translation of the narrative, of the poems and Nursery Rhymes and puns of the work, also verifying how the language visual represented by the illustrations, p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Resumen: Basados en el enfoque funcional de los Estudios Descriptivos de Traducción siguiendo el modelo de José Lambert y Van Gorp (1985), proponemos un análisis de Through the looking glass and what Alice has found there (1871), traducido más comúnmente en Brasil como Alice através do espelho. El corpus de este trabajo está compuesto por quince ediciones brasileñas que fueron seleccionadas de un estudio historiográfico y de la edición comentada The Annotated Alice (1965), como texto fuente (TF). Preferiblemente, se utilizaron tres ediciones diferentes como referencia para la comparación y el análisis: Alice no país do espelho, traducción de Monteiro Lobato (1961); As aventuras de Alice no país das maravilhas e através do espelho e o que Alice encontrou lá (1980), traducido por Sebastião Uchoa Leite; Alice através do espelho (2015) traducida por Alexandre Barbosa de Souza. Esta investigación tuvo como etapas: (1) análisis descriptivo comparando las ediciones utilizando el modelo propuesto por José Lambert y Van Gorp (1985), comenzando con una encuesta de datos preliminares, seguida de un análisis macro y micro del cuerpo y, finalmente, la verificación del contexto sistémico, destacando las relaciones intertextuales e intersistémicas con el fin de verificar los principales procedimientos y estrategias de traducción utilizados por los traductores / adaptadores en la traducción de la narrativa, de los poemas y rimas infantiles y juegos de palabras del trabajo, también verificando cómo fu... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor

In deze scriptie wordt binnen het theoretische kader van de descriptieve vertaalwetenschap onderzocht hoe eigennamen uit The Fellowship of the Ring door J.R.R. Tolkien worden vertaald naar het Nederlands en het Afrikaans. De namen worden verzameld in een drietalig corpusonderzoek en daarna gecategoriseerd volgens type en de door Jan Van Coillie (2006) beschreven vertaalstrategieën. De resultaten van de twee vertalingen worden dan vergeleken en gepresenteerd met enkele illustratieve voorbeelden uit beide vertalingen. Het resultaat van de analyse toont aan dat de Afrikaanse vertaling meer doelcultuur-gericht is dan de Nederlandse en dat de vertaaloplossingen in de Afrikaanse vertalingen minder consequent zijn uitgevoerd. / This essay studies how proper names in The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R. Tolkien are translated into Dutch and Afrikaans through the theoretical framework of Descriptive Translation Studies. The names are collected in a three-language corpus study and then categorised by type of name and translation strategy as described by Jan Van Coillie (2006). The results from the two translations are then compared and presented with a few illustrative examples from both translations. The results from the analysis show that the Afrikaans translation is more target culture-oriented than the Dutch translation and that the Afrikaans translation contains less consistent translation solutions.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis aims to elucidate the translation process by devising a way of retrieving evidence of this process from its output. It further aims to assess the claims made by some scholars concerning the possible existence of Translation Universals. In order to isolate the interaction of texts and contexts, a corpus of American short stories was created, with their translations into Persian published after the 1979 Revolution. Three complementary methodologies gave a rounded picture: (1) Corpus-based Descriptive Translation Studies; (2) The pragmatic and rhetorically-based approach of Thinking Translation devised at St Andrews; and ‎(3) The analytical framework mostly established by Halliday in his Systemic Functional Grammar.‎ Approaching the process of translation in the specific order devised in this thesis provided four vantage points to analyse the data in a systematic way from linguistic, discourse, cultural and literary views before reaching what are at once the most personal and most characteristic aspects of a translator's work. The research begins with a literature review of the field and an account of linguistic constraints and of all Translation Universals hypothesised so far, followed by an extensive analysis of data in two consecutive chapters. With reference to the choices made in this corpus, it is discussed in the Conclusions chapter that most of the Translation Universals so far claimed are not in fact universal. It is the role of the translator which has emerged as the determining factor in producing a translated text, and thus as the key to resolving the issues explored in this thesis. It seems there are no constraints beyond the translator's reach, and there are no parameters which do not involve the translator, who introduces his or her own choices, or manipulates certain parameters. Only when they have done so, will the translation, as both process and product, be accomplished.

[pt] A proposta desta pesquisa, informada pelo paradigma teórico dos Descriptive Translation Studies, foi examinar três traduções para o inglês de romances brasileiros contemporâneos feitas pelo professor e tradutor norte- americano Clifford Landers, tendo em vista os seguintes objetivos: (i) verificar, mediante uma análise contrastiva das estratégias utilizadas por Landers na tradução de itens especificamente culturais, se essas traduções têm como efeito resultante um apagamento ou uma acentuação dos elementos culturais brasileiros a partir do ponto de vista da cultura receptora, e (ii) investigar qual é a imagem do Brasil projetada no pólo receptor norte-americano por meio dessas obras traduzidas, buscando avaliar se tais traduções desmentem, perpetuam ou geram representações culturais estereotipadas do Brasil. Além disso, sempre que pertinente aos objetivos da pesquisa, analisei a prática tradutória de Landers a fim de avaliar, dentre outras questões, em que medida sua prática se coaduna com suas próprias teorizações, divulgadas em livros, artigos e comunicações pessoais. / [en] Having the Descriptive Translation Studies as a theoretical framework, in this research I analysed the English translations of three Brazilian contemporary novels, all made by the American translator Clifford Landers. The purpose of it was to (i) analyse the strategies employed by Landers in translating textual elements known as culture-specific items, so as to infer if such strategies resulted either in the detachment or in the approximation, from the point of view of the target culture, of Brazilian culture as signaled by these kind of textual elements and (ii) to investigate the resulting representation of Brazilian culture by these translations, trying to infer if such texts create, deny or confirm stereotyped representations of Brazilian culture. Besides, whenever pertinent to the objectives of this research, I reviewed Lander`s translational practice, taking into account, amongt other issues, if his practice matches with his own theorization, published in books, papers or personal communications.

Esse trabalho visa examinar o potencial e o impacto da recepção, na Alemanha, do livro Quarto de Despejo, de Carolina Maria de Jesus (Sacramento, 14 de março de 1914 São Paulo, 13 de fevereiro de 1977), valendo-se para tanto de resenhas de jornais alemães publicadas sobre a obra e a autora para reunir elementos que nos possibilitem entender como e por meio de quais recursos e agentes, a tradução de Quarto de despejo alcançou sete edições naquele país. A moldura teórica para a esta pesquisa fundamenta-se nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução - (TOURY 1995), (LÉFEVÈRE, 1992) e a teoria dos polissistemas de Even-Zohar (1979); bem como o conceito de paratexto de Genette (1987) - que marcam na década de 1970 uma mudança na maneira de estudar e entender a tradução de literatura, depositando seu foco no produto do traduzir, em seu público alvo e recepção. Também pilar dessa pesquisa é o trabalho com o corpus que tem por base a Linguística de Corpus que viabilizou a identificação de palavras-chave nos textos estudados. Estas nos permitiram mapear eixos temáticos, a partir dos quais apontamos aqui algumas condicionantes da recepção da obra, tanto em uma perspectiva sincrônica ao examinar cada texto em particular, quanto diacrônica ao estudar a evolução de conceitos no tempo. Estas condicionantes evidenciaram, a partir da repercussão de Quarto de Despejo e de Carolina de Jesus, um deslocamento do interesse na recepção da literatura brasileira traduzida na Alemanha do exotismo para a denúncia social. / This paper aims at examining the potential and impact of the book reception Quarto de despejo (Child of the Dark) by Carolina Maria de Jesus (1914 1977) in Germany, by making use of German newspaper reviews published on the work and life of the author, in search of elements to understand how and by which resources and agents, the translation of Quarto de despejo hired seven editions in that country. The theoretical framework for this research is based on the Descriptive Translation Studies - (TOURY 1995), (LÉFEVÈRE, 1992), Even-Zohar\'s (1979) polisystems theory, Genette\'s (1987) paratext concept - and working with the corpus that is based on the Corpus Linguistics. The latter enabled the identification of key words in the studied texts, which allowed us to map out possible themes, from which we point out some conditions of the works reception, both on a synchronic perspective to examine each text in particular, and on a diachronic one to study the evolution of concepts in time. These conditions showed, based on the repercussion of Quarto de Despejo and its author Carolina Maria de Jesus, a transition on the brazilian literature reception interest in Germany from exotism to social denounce.

[pt] Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar reescritas brasileiras do conto Chapeuzinho Vermelho, cânone da literatura infantojuvenil. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, toma como texto fonte a versão francesa de Charles Perrault (século XVII), o primeiro no Ocidente a registrar oficialmente essa e outras histórias da tradição oral na literatura escrita. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e nos pressupostos teóricos de André Lefevere, procura-se discutir alguns aspectos presentes no sistema literário francês do século XVII, e analisar como o conto foi reescrito no sistema literário brasileiro em dois momentos distintos: em um período de desenvolvimento inicial da literatura infantojuvenil nacional (final do século XIX e início do século XX) e na contemporaneidade (século XXI), quando diversas reescritas foram elaboradas por tradutores e adaptadores brasileiros consagrados na área da tradução e/ou da literatura. São analisadas as reescritas de Figueiredo Pimentel (2006; 1911 [1896]), Monteiro Lobato (2007 [1934]), Katia Canton (2005), Mário Laranjeira (2007), Walcyr Carrasco (2009), Maria Luiza Borges (2010), Ivone Benedetti (2012) e Rosa Freire d’Aguiar (2012 [2007]). Também fazem parte do corpus da pesquisa textos (prefácios, posfácios, cartas, entrevistas, etc.) em que se busca examinar concepções de tradução, assim como fatores culturais, linguísticos e ideológicos que interferiram nas escolhas dos tradutores, e ainda o efeito potencial dessas escolhas nas diferentes épocas, considerando que as reescritas estão inseridas em contextos de ideologia e poder. / [en] This thesis intends to analyze Brazilian rewritings of the tale Chapeuzinho Vermelho, a canonical text in children’s literature. This research, of qualitative character, takes as source text the French version written by Charles Perrault (17th century), the first author in the West to officially register this and other stories of oral tradition in the written literature. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies and the theoretical assumptions of André Lefevere, we will discuss some aspects found in the French literary system of the 17th century, and investigate how the tale has been rewritten in the Brazilian literary system in two different moments: in the initial stages of the development of the national children’s literature (at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century) and in the 21st century, when different rewritings have been done by Brazilian translators and adaptors renowned in the area of translation and/or literature. The analysis focuses on rewritings by the following authors: Figueiredo Pimentel (2006; 1911 [1896]), Monteiro Lobato (2007 [1934]), Katia Canton (2005), Mário Laranjeira (2007), Walcyr Carrasco (2009), Maria Luiza Borges (2010), Ivone Benedetti (2012) and Rosa Freire d’Aguiar (2012 [2007]). The corpus of this research also includes texts such as prefaces, postfaces, letters and interviews, through which we intend to examine not only conceptions of translation but also cultural, linguistic and ideological factors that interfered in the translators’ choices, and the potential effect of those choices in different times, considering that the rewritings are inserted in contexts of ideology and power.