Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos, (i) verificar a ação dos componentes da patronagem: status, econômico e ideológico sob a tradução e publicação de obras da Literatura Infanto-Juvenil brasileira na hegemônica cultura norte-americana e, (ii) verificar se as estratégias de tradução dos itens de especificidade cultural de Do Outro Mundo de Ana Maria Machado estão em concordância com as normas de tradução de LIJ que, de acordo com Zohar Shavit (2006), pressupõem uma maior liberdade por parte do tradutor para que esse ajuste a trama, os personagens e a língua a capacidade de leitura e ao conhecimento de mundo infantil. A relação entre esses objetivos é verificada na afirmação de Gigeon Toury (1995a, p. 13) de que a posição ocupada pela tradução no sistema da cultura-alvo afeta diretamente as estratégias adotadas pelos tradutores e a composição dos textos traduzidos. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (TOURY, 1995b), o conceito de patronagem introduzido por André Lefevere (1992) associado às considerações feitas por James English (2005) quanto à importância dos prêmios na sociedade atual foram fundamentais para a compreensão da ação dos componentes da patronagem sob a literatura Infanto-juvenil. Outro importante conceito aos objetivos desta pesquisa foi o de item de especificidade cultural de Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). Na análise dos dados desta pesquisa utilizei a reformulação da classificação das estratégias de tradução dos itens de Carla Bentes (2005) nos IEC de Do Outro Mundo e respectiva tradução em inglês From Another World. Os procedimentos de análise do corpus basearam-se no modelo de Lambert e van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária. Utilizo desse modelo a análise dos dados preliminares e a análise microtextual por atenderem aos objetivos desta pesquisa. O estudo se encerra com considerações a respeito da tradução de literatura Infanto-juvenil brasileira e as implicações sob o público-alvo / The aims of this research are, (i) verify the action of the components of patronage: status, economic and ideologic on Brazilian Childrens Literature translation in the hegemonic American culture and, (ii) verify if the translation of the Culture Especific Items from From Another World by Ana Maria Machado comply with the translation Norms of the genre, as Zohar Shavit (1996), which allow translators a greater freedom in adjusting the plot, characters and language to childrens knowledge and reading. The relationship between these objectives is found at Gideon Tourys affirmation (1995a, p. 13) that the position occupied by the translation system in the target culture directly affects the strategies adopted by translators and the composition of the translated texts. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies (TOURY, 1995b), the concept of patronage introduced by André Lefevere (1992) associated with the remarks made by James English (2005) regarding the importance of the awards in the todays society are fundamental to understand the action of the components of patronage under Children and Youth literature. Another important concept for the purpose of this study is Cultural Specific Item (CSI) by Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). In the analysis of this study data I used Carla Bentes (2005) reformulation of the translation strategies classification of the items of Do Outro Mundo and its English translation From Another World. The corpus analyses procedures were based on the model of Lambert and van Gorp (1985) for literary analysis. I use from this model the preliminary data analysis and microtextual analysis for corresponding to the aims of this research. The study concludes with considerations regarding the translation of Childrens literature in Brazil and the implications for the target audience

The aim of this study was to identify the strategies used to render the literary dialect in A State of Independence into the Swedish translation. In order to systematically study the translation solutions, a number of ‘coupled pairs’ consisting of source text ‘problems’ and target text ‘solutions’ were extracted from the original text and the translation. The ‘coupled pairs’ were then analysed in order to detect regularities in the translation solutions. The study showed that the major strategy used by the translator was the use of ‘eye-dialect’, i.e. non-standard spellings that simulate non-standard speech. Moreover, some passages in the translation had been standardised, whereas eye-dialectal spellings were found in other passages where the original did not contain any non-standard features. Finally, a comparative count of dialectally marked utterances in both texts was made. The count showed that the dialectal markers were in the majority in the translation, which might indicate that the translator has tried to compensate for the lack of equivalent target language features.

[pt] A presente dissertação busca analisar o modo como Clarice Lispector foi traduzida e lida em língua inglesa. Desse modo, serão pontuados os contextos históricos e os agentes de dois projetos distintos de tradução: o primeiro, ocorrido entre as décadas de 1960 e 1990, que situou Clarice como uma escritora sobretudo acadêmica e feminista; e o segundo, que vem ocorrendo desde o ano de 2009 e que teve como ponto inicial a biografia de Clarice escrita por Benjamin Moser, no qual Clarice figura como uma escritora estrangeira e canônica. As vertentes teóricas que embasam este trabalho, provenientes dos Estudos da Tradução e que sofreram o impacto da chamada virada cultural da área, auxiliarão na análise dos paratextos que cercam as traduções aqui discutidas, uma vez que atribuem um papel ativo ao tradutor e enxergam a tradução como instrumento de consagração de um autor. Desse modo, a teoria da invisibilidade do tradutor, proposta por Lawrence Venuti, os conceitos de patronagem e reescrita, de Lefevere, e os estudos desenvolvidos por Luise von Flotow e Sherry Simon, que vinculam a tradução às questões de gênero, serão peças integrais para que possamos analisar as diferentes imagens de Clarice Lispector criadas pela via da tradução. / [en] The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the translation into English of Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector s books and the different readings of her work which surfaced in that language. With that in mind, the historical contexts as well as the agents behind two distinct translation projects will be analyzed: the first project, which took place between the decades of 1960 and 1990, and understood Clarice as an academic and feminist writer; and the second project, which began in 2009 with Lispector s biography, written by Benjamin Moser, and placed her as a foreign and canonical writer. The theoretical frameworks employed in this thesis all originate in the field of Translation Studies and were influenced by the so-called cultural turn. They will be applied to analyze the paratexts accompanying the various translations discussed herein, since they afford the translator a more active role and view the act of translation as a way of acknowledging an author. Thus, the notion of translator s invisibility proposed by Lawrence Venuti, the concepts of patronage and rewriting of Andre Lefevere, and the studies developed by Luise von Flotow and Sherry Simon, linking translation and gender, are essential for analyzing the different images of Clarice Lispector created through translation.

In 1879, eight years after the Franco-Prussian War, Jules Verne published his novel Les Cinc Cents Millions de la Bégum, confronting the philantropic Frenchman Dr. Sarrasin with the cold-blooded, arrogant and brutal German professor Schultze. In doing so, the author wanted to show the moral superiority of his country over what was then termed its “hereditary enemy”. Despite this problematic topic, Verne’s novel was translated to German for the first time in the same year; two more retranslations appeared in 1901 and 1967, respectively. One aim of this master’s thesis is to show how – in an effort to render the translation as close as possible to the original while also avoiding to offend their readers – the German speaking translators coped with the negative image of Germany (and the positive image of France). For this purpose, I use André Lefevere’s descriptive model to show under what circumstances literary works are created and translated. Another focus is put on the so-called retranslation hypothesis, established in the early nineties of the last century by French translator Antoine Berman and claiming that first translations always tend to be domesticating whereas later retranslations have a more foreignizing character. In this thesis I will put his thesis to test, looking for foreignizing and domesticating elements in all three translations. Furthermore, I try to reconstruct the reasons why the first translation of Verne’s novel was followed by two more German translations in the following ninety years.

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

[pt] O mercado de tradução para legendagem de programas de TV sofre com a carência de profissionais, constatação que se baseia numa experiência pessoal de doze anos de atuação nessa área. A presente dissertação busca investigar os motivos dessa carência e propor as bases para um curso de formação de legendadores, a partir de uma perspectiva polissistêmica e descritivista da tradução e de uma visão pós-estruturalista do ensino. A proposta aqui apresentada fundamentou-se em um levantamento das competências e habilidades que todo tradutor para legendas precisa desenvolver, elaborado a partir de entrevistas realizadas com importantes atores do polissistema de tradução para legendagem, bem como na análise das normas, coerções e mecanismos de controle com os quais o legendador se vê obrigado a lidar em sua atividade. A reflexão desenvolvida contempla questões metodológicas e de conteúdo e aborda as peculiaridades que caracterizam a tradução para legendas, procurando oferecer uma alternativa que contraponha uma ênfase na formação ao caráter de treinamento que costuma estar associado à maioria dos cursos atualmente disponíveis. Pretende-se, dessa forma, garantir a maior aproximação e interação entre academia e mercado de trabalho, o que deverá redundar em benefício para ambos. / [en] The television subtitling market suffers from a shortage of professionals, as has been attested by twelve years of personal experience in the industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the reasons behind this shortage and suggest the basis for implementing a course program on subtitling for TV from a descriptive and polysystemic perspective on translation and a poststructuralist view on education. The proposal presented was based on a list of competencies and abilities every subtitle translator must develop, elaborated from interviews with important actors in the translation for subtitles polysystem, and on the analysis of the norms, constraints and control mechanisms with which the subtitler must deal in his or her professional capacity. The considerations brought forth contemplate methodological and content issues and tackle the peculiarities of subtitling, aiming to offer an alternative to the emphasis on training rather than on education which is usually associated with most courses currently available. Thus, this dissertation intends to guarantee a greater interchange between university and industry, which should bring about benefits for both.

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo identificar e analisar questões pertinentes à tradução da literatura infantojuvenil no contexto sistêmico brasileiro com ênfase nas soluções encontradas pelos tradutores perante os desafios tradutórios enfrentados. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e nos pressupostos teóricos de Gideon Toury, André Lefevere e Lawrence Venuti, é feito um estudo de caso de duas traduções brasileiras do clássico infantojuvenil em inglês Mary Poppins de P. L. Travers, de 1934. O corpus envolve, além do texto fonte de Travers, as traduções de Donatello Grieco, de 1967 (Record), e de Joca Reiners Terron, de 2014 (Cosac Naify). Visando à análise macro e microestrutural, os seguintes elementos são investigados: capítulos e títulos; parágrafos, períodos, orações e pontuação; a linguagem (discurso informal e vocabulário); nomes próprios; o lúdico; questões de gênero; situações pedagógica ou moralmente (in)corretas; a imagem da personagem Mary Poppins; e as ilustrações. A hipótese considerada é a de que os tradutores fazem escolhas e adotam estratégias tradutórias conforme as restrições impostas pelas normas de escrita da literatura infantojuvenil nos respectivos contextos históricos. A fim de entender as exigências e normas desse gênero literário, são analisadas também algumas características específicas da literatura infantojuvenil e de sua tradução: o público duplo formado por leitores infantojuvenis e adultos, bem como os efeitos dessa assimetria de poder; a filiação aos sistemas sociocultural, literário e educacional, assim como as restrições e normas tradutórias decorrentes desse contexto; e, por fim, a posição sistêmica periférica e a possível manipulação textual resultante desse posicionamento. / [en] The purpose of this thesis is to identify and analyze issues specifically related to the translation of children s literature within the Brazilian systemic context focusing on the solutions reached by translators when faced with certain translation difficulties. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies and the theoretical assumptions of Gideon Toury, André Lefevere and Lawrence Venuti, a case study is conducted involving two Brazilian translations of the children s classic Mary Poppins written in English by P. L. Travers and published in 1934. In addition to Traver s source text, the corpus includes the translation into Brazilian Portuguese made by Donatello Grieco in 1967 (Record) and that of Joca Reiners Terron in 2014 (Cosac Naify). By means of a macro and microstructural analysis, the following items are investigated: chapters and titles; paragraphs, clauses and punctuation; language (informal discourse and vocabulary); proper names; sense of humor issues; gender situations; pedagogic and morally (in)correct aspects; the Mary Poppins character image; and illustrations. The hypothesis is that translators make choices and adopt strategies according to restrictions imposed by children s literary writing norms within historical contexts. In order to understand these requirements and norms, some of the characteristics of children s literature and of its translation are analyzed: the dual audience composed of children and adults, as well as the effects of this power asymmetry; the affiliation to sociocultural, literary and educational systems, as well as the resulting translation restrictions and norms; and, finally, the peripheral systemic position and the possible text manipulation deriving from this status.

[pt] Este trabalho se insere no contexto dos Estudos da Tradução contemporâneos, em consonância com as teorias pós-estruturalistas no campo dos Estudos Sociais. Adotando uma postura crítica que visa reaproximar teoria e prática, academia e mercado profissional, este estudo investiga a prática da tradução para legendas, entendida no âmbito da tradução audiovisual, a partir de uma perspectiva sistêmica e funcional. A base teórica e metodológica adotada tem como ponto de partida a Teoria dos Polissistemas e os fundamentos teóricos dos Estudos Descritivos de Tradução, os quais são aqui ampliados e adaptados de modo a incorporar o campo da tradução audiovisual. A tradução para legendas é então investigada a partir de um contexto em maior escala - no qual incluem-se as instituições, os profissionais e os procedimentos envolvidos na legendagem de materiais audiovisuais - sendo enfocadas unidades progressivamente menores: meios de veiculação, parâmetros técnicos, normas sintáticas e estilísticas. Finalmente, examinando o processo tradutório no campo da legendagem, o estudo culmina em reflexões sobre a dimensão singular do trabalho do tradutor - uma lacuna nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução e pouco explorada nas teorias tradutórias de modo geral - e em considerações sobre a possibilidade de aliar ao paradigma descritivo pesquisas sobre a subjetividade inerente à prática tradutória. / [en] The present work was developed in the context of contemporary Translation Studies, in accordance with Post-Structuralist theories in the field of Social Studies. Adopting a critical view that attempts to reunite theory and practice, academy and industry, this study investigates the practice of subtitle translation - seen within the scope of audiovisual translation - based on a systemic and functional perspective. The theoretical and methodological bases are Polysystem Theory and the fundaments of Descriptive Translation Studies, which are here increased and adapted to comprehend the field of audiovisual translation. Subtitling is then studied from a large-scale context - including the institutions, professionals and proceedings involved in the subtitling of audiovisual materials - and focusing on progressively smaller units: media, technical parameters, syntactic and stylistic norms. Finally, by examining the process of translation in the area of subtitling, this study leads to reflections on the singular dimension of the translator s task - a gap in Descriptive Translation Studies and still little explored in translation theories in general - and to considerations on the possibility of combining the descriptive paradigm with research about the subjectivity intrinsic to translation.

Uppsatsen redogör för översättningen av en novell skriven av Stephen King. Förutsättningar för vald översättningsprincip är polysystemteori, deskriptiv översättningsvetenskap, tänkt målgrupp och resultatet av en stilanalys av källtexten där en riklig förekomst av bildspråk tydliggjordes. En analys av bildspråk i måltexten visade på en övervägande adekvansinriktad översättningsstrategi och på Stephen Kings status i målkulturen som hög snarare än låg. Problem under översättningsprocessen var främst översättningen av bildspråk. / This study deals with the translation of a short story written by Stephen King. Prerequisites for the selected translation principle were polysystem theory, descriptive translation studies, intended audience, and the result of a style analysis of the source text in which an abundance of imagery was clear. An analysis of the imagery in the target text found that a predominantly adequacy-oriented translation strategy was used and that Stephen King's status in the target culture can be viewed as high rather than low. Problems during the translation process were mainly associated with the translation of imagery.