La corrosion de l'acier dans le béton a été identifiée comme la principale cause des détériorations et déficiences structurelles. Les coûts de réparations et réhabilitations aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et dans la majorité des pays européens représentent un pourcentage important des dépenses liées aux infrastructures. En raison de leur résistance à la corrosion, de leur légèreté et d'une grande résistance à la traction, les armatures alternatives en PRF de verre, carbone ou basalte sont étudiées depuis une vingtaine d’années. Les propriétés mécaniques des armatures en polymères renforcés de fibres au comportement élastique diffèrent de celle de l'acier au comportement élasto-plastique. La substitution des armatures métalliques par des PRF va modifier les comportements structuraux généralement observés dans des structures béton armé traditionnelles. Cela va également induire un changement au niveau des calculs de dimensionnement de la structure. En particulier, dans le cas d'une poutre en béton armé standard, la rupture en flexion de la poutre sera habituellement par rupture des armatures en traction dans le cas de l'acier, alors que la rupture par compression du béton sera préférable pour les poutres renforcées par des PRF. L'objectif de cette thèse est une meilleure compréhension du système {béton + armatures en polymères renforcés de fibres} en vue de dimensionner des structures de bâtiment avec ces armatures alternatives. Ces armatures PRF ont déjà été utilisées pour des tabliers de ponts ou des voies de train à sustentation magnétique, mais aucune application pour des bâtiments à part quelques rares cas de construction d'hôpitaux où les pièces attenantes aux salles contenant des appareils magnétiques, tels que l'IRM afin d’éviter les phénomènes de résonance. Même si les renforcements PRF semblent une solution prometteuse vis-à-vis des problèmes de corrosion, les designers et ingénieurs sont confrontés à de nombreuses questions quant à l'utilisation de ces matériaux pour une application bâtiment, que ce soit pour la mécanique des structures ou des aspects économico-environnemental. Cette thèse s'inscrit donc dans la problématique de conception de structures en béton armé innovantes et plus durables / The corrosion of steel elements embedded in concrete was identified as the main cause of structural deteriorations and deficiencies in buildings. Repair and rehabilitation costs in the USA, Canada and most European countries represent a substantial percentage of expenses related to infrastructures. Alternative FRP reinforcements in glass, carbon or basalt have been studied for the past twenty years owing to their resistance to corrosion, their light weight and their considerable tensile strength. The mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers with an elastic behavior differ to the mechanical properties of steel, with an elastic-plastic behavior. This induces a change of the dimension calculations of the structure. In particular, in the case of a standard reinforced concrete beam, the flexural ultimate strength would usually be located in the reinforcements in traction for steel reinforcements, while a crushing failure of the concrete would be preferable in FRP beams. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the system {concrete + fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements} in view of dimensioning building structures with these alternative reinforcements. These FRP reinforcements have already been used for bridge decks and magnetic suspension train tracks but no applications have been found for buildings except a few rare cases of hospital buildings or rooms adjoined to others containing magnetic apparatus, for example Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI), which are reinforced with FRP reinforcements to avoid resonance problems. Even if FRP reinforcements would appear to be a promising solution in terms of corrosion problems, designers and engineers have been confronted with many questions relative to the use of these materials in a building application, both in terms of the mechanics involved for the structures and economic and environmental issues. This thesis is therefore focused on the design aspect of concrete structures comprising innovating and more durable reinforced concrete

This study examines how costume design is used as a narrative and functional part of video game character design. The purpose being how costume design is currently utilized, what common design trends can be found and in which instances costume design goes against the functionality and believability of the character. One character from each top selling single player third person game between the years 2015-2018 were chosen for the sample. A character analysis and a coding scheme were created to find common design trends used to visually display information to players. The results showed a prevalent use of real-world cues and signs to visually display instant information. Contradicting real-world cues used together can show a divergence from reality, but even with a lack of real world examples a uniform design language can be seen. The results also show the use of objects with contextual meaning being an important part of costume design, giving it more depth. The instances found of contradicting costume design were predominantly used to make the character stand out or to emphasize their attractiveness. / Denna studie undersöker hur kostymdesign används som en narrativ och funktionell del inom design av spelkaraktärer. Syftet är att se hur kostymdesign nuvarande används, vilka vanliga design trender som kan hittas och vilka instanser som finns där kostymdesign går emot trovärdighet och funktionalitet. En karaktär från varje toppsäljande spel med enspelarläge och tredjepersons perspektiv mellan år 2015-2018 valdes. En karaktärsanalys och ett kodschema skapades för att hitta gemensamma design trender som används för att visuellt förmedla information till spelare. Resultatet visar en övergripande användning av signaler från verkligheten för att visuellt förmedla omedelbar information. Motsägande verkliga signaler som visas tillsammans kan påvisa en avvikelse från verkligheten men även scenarion med en avsaknad av verkliga exempel kan ett uniformt designspråk ses. Resultaten visade även den vikt som läggs på användningen av objekt med kontextuell mening för att ge kostymdesigner mer djup. Instanser där kostymdesign sågs som motsägande var mestadels för att få karaktären att stå ut eller för att framhäva attraktiva drag.

Electrification is essential to decarbonise the transport sector, which accounts for the highest share of greenhouse gas emissions by all sectors. The transition requires a large amount of batteries which bring challenges, not least when it comes to raw material supply and sustainability issues during the mineral mining. Long-term battery recycling is one way to address these challenges. To achieve an efficient recycling process the implementation of lifecycle perspectives in the EV battery pack design phase is of great importance. One of the major activities in the recycling process is the battery disassembly, which requires standardisation and design simplifications to minimize labour time and facilitate automated disassembly. Some of the most important design features is component standardisation, linear pack design and decreased number of parts, including screws, fasteners, and modules, which applies for all pack designs. In recent years new EV battery pack designs have entered the market, which has an improved performance in terms of energy density and cost per kWh. The development of these pack designs is strongly interacting with improvements in the cell design and cell chemistry. The overarching design trend is moving towards battery packs which remove modules, such as Cell-to-pack, and where the battery is integrated as a structural part in the vehicle frame, such as Cell-to-chassis. However, there are uncertainties about the impact of these design trends on the battery disassembly and recycling, which need to be investigated. Comparisons between the new trends and the traditional Module-to-pack design indicate that Cell-to-pack brings advantages to the recycling process as it usually contains less components and does not require labour to disassemble the modules. The chassis-integrated designs need more research to draw general conclusions, but the recyclability may not exceed the Cell-to-pack as the use of structural adhesives and chassis integration likely bring aggravating circumstances on the disassembly. Besides recyclability, the new pack designs also have a strategic impact on the actors in the value chain. EV battery packs with high recyclability should also be in all actors’ interest when moving towards a circular economy, as the recycling cost will be distributed along the entire value chain. / Elektrifiering är en nyckelfaktor för att minska koldioxidutsläppen inom transportsektorn, som står för den största andelen av alla sektorers utsläpp av växthusgaser. Övergången kräver en stor mängd batterier, vilket medför utmaningar, inte minst när det gäller råvarutillgången och hållbarhetsaspekter under mineralbrytningen. Återvinning av batterier är ett sätt att hantera dessa utmaningar långsiktigt. För att uppnå en effektiv återvinningsprocess är det av stor betydelse att tillämpa ett livscykelperspektiv i designfasen för batteripaket i elfordon. En av de viktigaste aktiviteterna i återvinningsprocessen är demontering av batterier, vilket kräver standardisering och förenklad konstruktion för att minimera arbetstiden och underlätta automatiserad demontering. Några av de viktigaste designegenskaperna är komponentstandardisering, linjär design och minskat antal delar, inklusive skruvar, fästelement och moduler, vilket gäller för alla packdesigner. Under de senaste åren har nya batteripackdesigner för elfordon kommit till marknaden, med förbättrad prestanda när det gäller energitäthet och kostnad per kWh. Utvecklingen av dessa batteripack interagerar tydligt med förbättringar inom celldesign och cellkemi. Den övergripande designtrenden går mot batteripack där moduler tas bort, till exempel Cell-to-pack, och där batteriet är integrerat som en strukturell del i fordonsramen, till exempel Cell-to-chassi. Det finns dock osäkerheter gällande designtrendernas påverkan på demontering och återvinning av batterierna, vilket kräver ytterligare undersökning. Jämförelser mellan de nya trenderna och den traditionella konstruktionen Module-to-pack visar att Cell-to-pack medför fördelar för återvinningsprocessen eftersom den vanligtvis innehåller färre komponenter och inte kräver arbete för att demontera modulerna. De chassiintegrerade konstruktionerna kräver mer forskning för att kunna dra några allmänna slutsatser, men återvinningsbarheten överträffar möjligen inte Cell-to-pack designen, eftersom användningen av strukturella lim och chassiintegrering sannolikt leder till försvårande omständigheter vid demonteringen. Förutom återvinningsbarheten har de nya förpackningarna också en strategisk inverkan på aktörerna i värdekedjan. Batteripaket med hög återvinningsbarhet bör även ligga i alla aktörers intresse vid implementering av en cirkulär ekonomi, eftersom återvinningskostnaderna kommer att fördelas över hela värdekedjan.

Transportation and installation of offshore wind turbines (Tower, Nacelle and Rotor) is a complete process conducted over several phases, usually in sequence. There are several factors that can turn this process into a challenge. These factors can either be due to offshore site conditions or the technical limitations of the installation vessels. Each project has its own characteristic parameters and requires a unique optimum solution. This paper identifies the dynamics of the installation process and analyzes the effects of each phase on the progression of events.The challenges in wind turbine installations due to offshore environment were investigated, the effects of each were explained and their significances were stressed. Special installation vessels were examined and their technical specifications were analyzed in terms of working conditions, dimensions, service performances, and crane capacities as well as projecting future design trends. Several offshore wind farm projects were analyzed; their installation methods were specified, and compared to each other to determine advantages and disadvantages of different pre-assembly concepts. The durations of the sub-phases of the process were defined in terms of different variables such as site conditions and individual vessel performance. These definitions were used for making time estimations, and conducting further analyses regarding the effects of different site specific parameters on the overall project duration.In conclusion, this study considered the main operation parameters in an offshore wind turbine installation context: the benefits and drawbacks of different pre-assembly methods were researched and evaluated resulting in new knowledge and a productive contribution for optimizing “the offshore turbine transportation and installation process”, based on actual time usage.