In this thesis, I describe and evaluate two recent accounts of naming. These accounts are motivated by Kripke?s response to Russell?s Description Theory of Names (DTN). Particularly, I consider Kripke?s Modal Argument (MA) and various arguments that have been given against it, as well as Kripke?s responses to these arguments. Further, I outline a version of MA that has recently been presented by Scott Soames, and consider how he responds to the criticisms that the argument faces. In order to evaluate the claim that MA is decisive against all description theories, I outline the Nominal Description Theory (NDT) put forth by Kent Bach and consider whether it constitutes a principled response to MA. I do so by exploring how Bach both responds to Kripke?s arguments against descriptivism and highlights the problems with rigid designation as a purely semantic thesis. Finally, I consider the relative merits of the accounts put forth by Bach and Soames. Upon doing so, I argue that MA is not as decisive against description theories as it has long been thought to be. In fact, NDT seems to provide a better account of our uses of proper names than the rigid designation thesis as presented by Kripke and Soames.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse different instruments of defence against trade mark piracy. The thesis composes of seven chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis: trade mark, community trade mark, registration of the trade mark by the Industrial Property Office, etc. Chapter Two focuses on the term "trade mark piracy". It divides defence against it into two different means -- dispute proceedings by the Industrial Property Office and judicial instruments. Chapter Three concentrates on comments on the ineligibility for enrolment of the trade mark designation and reasons for taking these comments. The chapter Four analyzes different types of the proposal for the revocation of the trade mark -- nonusage and using the trade mark in conflict with the unfair competition regulation. The chapter Five looks at the declaration of already-registered trade marks as invalid. Different reasons for taking a proposal of declaration are examined there. The chapter Six describes different types of appeals against decisions of the Industrial Property Office. The last chapter summarizes results of the questionary about use of the instruments against trade mark piracy.

The diploma thesis deals with trademark protection in the system of Community and US law by using the scientific comparative method. The Community trademark is used as the comparatum and the federal trademark as the comparandum. The main goal of the thesis is the comparison of the EU and US perspective on the trademark as one of the subjects of industrial rights. To reach the set goal, the key aspects of the trademark protection are fully discussed in compared legal systems. The first part of the thesis represents the theoretical introduction into the field of trademarks. Here, the historical development is summarized, the evolvement of the single community protection together with principles of trademark protection in the USA are explained, completed by a summary of the sources of law in compared legal systems. In the main part of the thesis, the trademark in both legal systems is discussed, starting with the trademark definition according to both the Community and US law together with the key international treaties; followed by an explanation of different trademark types with an emphasis on non-traditional trademarks; right to trademark; Community and US trademark registration compared to the international registration; trademark use; and concluding with the rights the trademark holder possesses.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de sentidos em processos designativos decorrentes da chamada Abordagem/Metodologia Comunicativa, também referida como CLT (Communicative Language Teaching), depreendidos de: a) textos de teóricos em ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa e b) de professores de inglês, participantes de um programa de curso para certificação na didática de línguas. Pelo aparato teórico da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação, em confluência com a Análise do Discurso, que contempla a dimensão histórico-social e ideológica na relação do sujeito com a língua, buscamos compreender como se estabelecem processos de produção de sentidos em nomes que circulam em torno da designação CLT, no contexto ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa. A aparente estabilidade e univocidade das designações levaram-nos a confrontá-las e, com isso, propusemos um questionamento acerca da transparência da linguagem. Pela análise, percebemos uma tentativa de construção referencial do CLT e, que conflitos constitutivos da relação falante-língua são escamoteados, na cena enunciativa. A busca constante de fixação de um sentido único para essa designação, o bom sentido de comunicativo, levou-nos a buscar compreender, pelo interdiscurso (memória discursiva), como se estabelecem certos movimentos dicotômicos de produção de sentidos nos dizeres de professores e teóricos, na polarização método antigo versus método moderno. Depreendemos, pelos processos designativos analisados, que a idealização do modelo comunicativo remete a um lugar de completude, onde a aprendizagem da língua parece se dar de uma maneira natural, sem conflitos, lugar esse que professores buscam ocupar. No percurso da análise procuramos problematizar o convívio dos professores com o lugar estabelecido pelo CLT, de suposta neutralidade política perante o método, colocando-os fora de sua historicidade. Concluímos que os processos designativos dos nomes analisados buscam promover um efeito de homogeneização nos dizeres de teóricos e professores do corpus, no processo de constituição de sentidos da Abordagem Comunicativa. / This work aims at analysing meanings observed in designation processes derived from the so-called Communicative Language Teaching, also referred to as CLT, in a corpus formed by a) texts of theorists in the field of ELT and b) texts of EFL teachers who participated in a program on ELT for further external exams. From the perspective of both Historical Semantics of Enunciation and Analysis of Discourse which contemplates the historical-social and ideological dimension in the relation of the subject with language, we have sought to investigate how processes of production of meaning are established as far as names related to CLT are concerned. Our analysis enabled us to confront the apparent stabilised meaning of the observed designations in relation to the names of the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching thus questioning the evidence of language transparency. By means of analysis, we have noticed an attempt towards reference construction of CLT and also, that constitutive conflicts in the relation speaker-language are silenced in the utterance locus. The constant search for fixing a single meaning to this designation, the good meaning for communicative led us to understand, from the interdiscourse (discourse memory), how certain dichotomical movements in the constitution of meaning in the teachers´ and theorists´ sayings are established in the polarization old method versus modern method. From the analysed designation processes we have apprehended that the idealisation of the communicative model alludes to a place of completeness where the learning of the language seems to occur in a natural way, with no conflicts, a place which teachers seek to occupy. Throughout the analysis we have tried to question the experience the teachers have with the place established by the CLT, of apparent political neutrality in relation to the method, placing them out of their historical context. Our analysis has concluded that the designation processes of the analysed names seek to promote an effect of homogeneity in sayings of theorists and teachers of the corpus in the process of constitution of meanings related to the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching (CLT).

In this thesis, I describe and evaluate two recent accounts of naming. These accounts are motivated by Kripke?s response to Russell?s Description Theory of Names (DTN). Particularly, I consider Kripke?s Modal Argument (MA) and various arguments that have been given against it, as well as Kripke?s responses to these arguments. Further, I outline a version of MA that has recently been presented by Scott Soames, and consider how he responds to the criticisms that the argument faces. In order to evaluate the claim that MA is decisive against all description theories, I outline the Nominal Description Theory (NDT) put forth by Kent Bach and consider whether it constitutes a principled response to MA. I do so by exploring how Bach both responds to Kripke?s arguments against descriptivism and highlights the problems with rigid designation as a purely semantic thesis. Finally, I consider the relative merits of the accounts put forth by Bach and Soames. Upon doing so, I argue that MA is not as decisive against description theories as it has long been thought to be. In fact, NDT seems to provide a better account of our uses of proper names than the rigid designation thesis as presented by Kripke and Soames.

Bound by environmental regulations, many potential developers shy away from brownfield projects because of the high cleanup costs associated with remediating contaminated groundwater. These circumstances create tension between economic and environmental interests, and sometimes between equity interests as well. In Texas, one piece of legislation called the Municipal Setting Designation (2003) aims to reduce liability associated with the redevelopment of contaminated properties. It uses an institutional control to eliminate the ingestion exposure pathway for contaminated groundwater when property owners develop a response action to the contamination. By eliminating risk associated with human consumption, the MSD is designed to reduce costs and accelerate the process for environmental remediation. Some parties praise Texas for taking such steps to quicken the redevelopment of contaminated properties, while others have reservations. This report will explore Texas’ MSD program using case study analysis and GIS analysis. It will examine risks associated with proximity to other water resources, and the principle of “polluter pays.” What are the effects on the environment? What are the implications of extending MSD practices to cover large metropolitan areas over the long-term? Answers to these questions may identify successes and shortfalls that have emerged over the last eight years as municipalities and professionals have put this law into practice. As we continue to learn from experience, these insights may aid in refining Texas’ environmental stewardship policies for future generations. / text

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjama smurto žiniasklaidoje poveikio nepilnamečiams prevencijos problema. Aptartos žiniasklaidos, smurto, agresijos sampratos. Nagrinėtos aiškinančios smurto žiniasklaidoje įtaką žiūrovų agresyvumui ir nusikalstamumui teorijos. Atliktas kriminologinis tyrimas. Aptartos Lietuvos ir kai kurių(JAV, Danijos, Nyderlandų) užsienio šalių smurto žiniasklaidoje poveikio nepilnamečiams prevencijos priemonės. / In this research work the problem of influence of violence over mass-media on a minor audienceand prevention of this influence is considered. In this work the numerous theories explaining influenceof violenceover a degreeof aggression and a crime rate of televiewers were considered. Theauthor counts five theories as the main. Research consistedof two stages. The topic of negative effects prevention isdivided into two parts and dealing with a problem of macro social (at national level) and micro social level (family or school).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The productive flexibility and the increasing importance of goods and services quality are some of the major changes that bound the current phase of capitalism. In this context, strategies capable of promoting and communicating the differentiation of commodities become increasingly relevant. Thus, the symbolic dimension and territorial bond of the goods are acquiring greater importance within the markets in the so-called economies of signs and space. In this field, several actors from the agro food system are resorting to strategies anchored in the quality that has been derived from territorial bonds as a means of differentiating their products, among which stands out the figure of Geographical Indications (GIs).Of long standing use in Europe, these figures are still relatively recent in Brazil, where they unfold in two kinds: Indication of Origin ( IP ) and Designation of Origin (DO ). Studies on Brazilian experiments have pointed out to the potential of GIs in promoting territorial development, when able to mobilize and contemplate the interests of different social actors, valuing products, practices, identities and knowledge of the territory. But it has also been pointing out to several cases in which these experiences were merely shaped as a sectoral and socially excluding strategy, benefiting a select club of actors. Thus, this research took care to investigate the experiment of the first Denomination of Brazilian Origin, the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul. Granted in 2010, DBO certified a peninsula of 300 km between the Lagoa dos Patos lake and the Atlantic Ocean, which has unique climatic conditions for the cultivation of the irrigated rice, covering eleven cities of the Northern Coast of the RS. Thus, the objective was to describe the trajectory of construction and acquisition of the Denomination of Origin, identifying key actors, institutions and social groups involved in this process, their relationships and interests, as well as the difficulties, conflicts and potentialities wrapped in getting the Designation of Origin. Correlatively it also sought to identify eventual impact on the promotion process of territorial development on the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. For such, the research methodologically proceeded to compile and analyze the available material on secondary sources, as well as field trips to the territory of the Northern Coast of the RS for notes, field records and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants. It is possible to be considered that the experience of the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul has not yet reached sufficient evidence to suggest that they are promoting a process of territorial development from the GI approach, given its still markedly sectorial character, manipulated by a club of actors, so that its impact remains limited in social, economic and environmental points of view, in the field of the researched territory. / A flexibilização produtiva e a crescente importância da qualidade de bens e serviços são algumas das principais transformações que demarcam o atual estágio do capitalismo. Neste contexto, estratégias capazes de promover e comunicar as diferenciações de mercadorias se tornam cada vez mais relevantes. Assim, a dimensão simbólica e o vínculo territorial das mercadorias vêm adquirindo maior importância dentro dos mercados nas chamadas economias dos signos e espaços. Neste âmbito, vários atores do sistema agroalimentar vêm recorrendo a estratégias ancoradas na qualidade derivada de vínculos territoriais como instrumento de diferenciação de seus produtos, dentre os quais se destaca a figura das Indicações Geográficas (IGs). De longa data já utilizadas na Europa, tais figuras ainda são relativamente recentes no Brasil, onde se desdobram em duas modalidades: a Indicação de Procedência (IP) e a Denominação de Origem (DO). Estudos sobre as experiências brasileiras têm apontado para o potencial das IGs na promoção do desenvolvimento territorial, quando capaz de mobilizar e contemplar os interesses dos diferentes atores sociais, valorizando produtos, práticas, saberes e identidades do território. Mas também tem apontado para diversos casos em que estas experiências se configuraram apenas como estratégia meramente setorial e excludente socialmente, beneficiando um restrito clube de atores. Assim, esta pesquisa ocupou-se de investigar a experiência da primeira Denominação de Origem brasileira, a DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz. Concedida em 2010, a DO certificou uma península de 300 km entre a Lagoa dos Patos e o Oceano Atlântico que possui condições climáticas singulares para o cultivo do arroz irrigado, abrangendo onze municípios do Litoral Norte do RS. Assim, objetivou-se descrever a trajetória de construção e obtenção da Denominação de Origem, identificando os principais atores, instituições e grupos sociais implicados neste processo, suas relações e interesses, bem como as dificuldades, conflitos e potencialidades envolvidos na obtenção da Denominação de Origem. Correlatamente também se buscou identificar eventuais repercussões no processo de promoção do desenvolvimento territorial no Litoral Norte Gaúcho. Para tanto, metodologicamente procedeu-se a compilação e análise de material disponível em fontes secundárias, bem como incursões ao território do Litoral Norte Gaúcho para observações, registros de campo e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chaves. Pode-se considerar que a experiência da DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz ainda não alcançou elementos suficientes que indiquem estar promovendo um processo de desenvolvimento territorial a partir da abordagem de IGs, dado o seu caráter ainda marcadamente setorial, manipulado por um clube de atores, de modo que sua repercussão permanece restrita do ponto de vista social, econômico e ambiental no âmbito do território estudado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5250.pdf: 3919934 bytes, checksum: 3c8316869ef0d0dd0f6a8ecd3801219a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-18 / This paper aims to develop a semantic enunciative study considering the route of meanings constructed by the determinations of the word São Paulo into the enunciative space in that it considering the language events produced by the press, during the Constitutionalist Movement of 1932. This paper is guided by the Semantics of the Events proposed and developed by Eduardo Guimarães (1989, 1999, 2002, 2002a, 2003, 2004, 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009), wich is a semantic study based on the historicity of language, dismissing the subject from a central position to understand it as someone who is constituted by language and through language.Through its operating mechanisms, the semantics approach presented by Guimarães establishes a relationship with the Discourse Analysis and, in general, with the theories of the subject, joining it then with the French School of Discourse Analysis and with the Argumentative Semantics according to Ducrot perspectives. It is being done a study of the Semantic Domains of Determination of the word São Paulo , considering the way it is denominated by the newspapers "Folha da Manhã" and "Folha da Noite", during the the month of July 1932, when the armed movement was hatched in Brazil. In this sense, the aim is to capture the enunciative events from the statements and analyze them in order to identify , in fact, what has contributed to the significance of the concept of paulistanidade , and the senses that represents São Paulo today. / O presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver um estudo semântico enunciativo considerando o percurso de sentidos construído pelas determinações da palavra São Paulo no espaço enunciativo em que se tomam os acontecimentos de linguagem produzidos pela imprensa, durante o Movimento Constitucionalista de 1932. Colocam-se como princípio norteador os elementos teóricos e epistemológicos da Semântica do Acontecimento proposta e desenvolvida por Eduardo Guimarães (1989, 1999, 2002, 2002a, 2003, 2004, 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009), uma Semântica fundamentada na historicidade da língua, destituindo o sujeito de uma posição central para compreendê-lo enquanto constituído na e pela linguagem. Por meio de seus mecanismos de funcionamento, a abordagem semântica apresentada por Guimarães estabelece uma relação com a Análise do Discurso, de modo específico, e, em geral, com as teorias do sujeito, filiando-se assim à escola francesa de Análise do Discurso e à Semântica Argumentativa em moldes ducrotianos. Abordando esse acontecimento histórico, que se configura em caráter político e social, enquanto um acontecimento na esfera enunciativa, realiza-se um estudo dos DSDs (Domínios Semânticos de Determinação) da palavra São Paulo a partir da forma como a mesma designa nos textos apresentados pelos jornais "Folha da Manhã" e "Folha da Noite", durante o mês de julho de 1932, momento de eclosão do movimento armado. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se apreender pelos acontecimentos enunciativos dos enunciados a serem analisados, o que, de fato, contribuiu para a significação do conceito de paulistanidade, constituindo assim os sentidos que representam São Paulo na atualidade.

This paper results from a research study on the organization of historiographic discourse regarding ethnic and socio-historical formation of the southern inhabitants of the south of Brazil, identified as brazilian gaucho, reflecting on his language or manner of speech that combines elements of Portuguese and Spanish. Having as the corpus of research the work of Dante Laytano, entitled O Linguajar do Gaúcho Brasileiro, published in 1981, the research wanted to identify the treatment given by this author to the two areas of study: language and historiography which established his point of view about representation of the source of the gaucho language, from the sources consulted and referenced in the work above. To achieve the proposed objective and answer the questions that guiding the research, we sought, in the concepts of the Event Semantics and Discourse Analysis (AD) the basement that made possible to analyze and reflect on how the elements of language operated in historiography texts on the language feature of the brazilian gaucho which is called linguajar by the author above. With the light of the AD, becomes evident in this work a discourse about this linguajar, that is in circulation and still redefines the social history of the gaucho and producing effects of meaning, when establish a linguajar for him. The Event Semantics allowed the analysis of the relationship between the question of designation and interdiscourse of enunciatively sequences (SEs) identified, in this work, that rewriting the linguajar of the brazilian gaucho, and also seeks to highlight their regularities and/or conflicts. The study shows that: a) O Linguajar do Gaúcho Brasileiro (1981) seeks to reference the lusitanian matrix of the gaucho language, in other words, to reaffirm their identity, which is brazilian, b) in this work, the author shows that discursive memory is signified by the memorable discourse of portuguese language, establishing relations of conflict with the spanish language (espanholismos), silencing the meanings attributed to the regional and local, in search of the unity of the portuguese language, but in this case, can be considered as a brazilian language, constitutive of the identity of the gaucho and his linguajar. Due to the importance of language for communication, identity, integration and unity of the citizens of the same country or between countries, as the case of the brazilian gaucho, it is understood that this research could lead to further study to this designation, as that, on the one hand, this approach extends the analysis possibilities of the name and sources as historiographical resources from the perspective of the Event Semantics; on the other hand, studies on interdiscourse issues, from the semantic functioning. / Esta dissertação resulta de um estudo investigativo sobre a organização do discurso historiográfico referente à formação étnica e sociohistórica do habitante do sul do Brasil, identificado como gaúcho brasileiro, refletido em sua linguagem ou modo de falar, que reúne elementos da língua portuguesa e espanhola. Tendo como corpus a obra de Dante de Laytano, intitulada O Linguajar do Gaúcho Brasileiro, editada em 1981, a pesquisa buscou nela identificar o tratamento dado pelo autor aos dois domínios de estudo: língua e historiografia sobre os quais estabeleceu seu ponto de vista acerca da representação da origem da língua do gaúcho, a partir das fontes por ele consultadas e referenciadas na obra supra. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto e obter respostas as questões norteadoras da pesquisa, buscou-se nos conceitos da Semântica do Acontecimento e da Análise de Discurso (AD) o embasamento que possibilitou a análise e a reflexão de como os elementos da língua operaram nos textos de historiografia sobre a linguagem característica do gaúcho brasileiro a qual é denominada de linguajar pelo autor acima. A luz da AD, fica evidenciado na obra em questão um discurso sobre este linguajar, discurso este que está em circulação e continua ressignificando a história social do gaúcho e produzindo efeitos de sentido, ao instaurar um linguajar para ele. A Semântica do Acontecimento possibilitou a análise da relação entre a questão da designação e o interdiscurso da sequências enunciativas (SEs) identificadas, na obra em estudo, que reescrituram o denominado linguajar do gaúcho brasileiro, além de buscar também destacar suas regularidades e/ou conflitos. O estudo realizado permite concluir que: a) a obra O Linguajar do Gaúcho Brasileiro (1981) procura referenciar a matriz lusa da linguagem do gaúcho, ou seja, reafirmar a sua identidade, que é brasileira; b) nessa obra, o autor evidencia que a memória discursiva é significada pelo memorável da língua portuguesa, estabelecendo relações de conflito com a língua espanhola (espanholismos), silenciando os sentidos atribuídos ao regional e ao local, em busca da unidade da língua portuguesa, mas neste caso, podendo ser considerada como língua brasileira, constitutiva da identidade do gaúcho e do seu linguajar. Devido à importância da língua para a comunicação, a identidade, a integração e a unidade dos cidadãos de um mesmo país ou entre países, tal como é o caso do gaúcho brasileiro, entende-se que esta pesquisa poderá suscitar novos estudos para a designação, já que, de um lado esta abordagem amplia as possibilidades de análise do nome e das fontes estas enquanto recursos historiográficos sob a perspectiva da Semântica do Acontecimento; de outro lado, estudos sobre as questões de interdiscurso, a partir do funcionamento semântico.