Ten species of shallow water echinoid are found on the subtropical east coast of South Africa. Although their distributions are patchy, the most common species, Echinometra mathaei, stomopneustes variolaris and Diadema savignyi, are nontheless conspicuous components of intertidal communities on this coast. As little was known about these three species, the overall intention of this study was to provide some fundemental information on their biology and ecology. For the purposes of achieving this aim a life history approach was adopted, where the relative investments by each species in growth, maintenance and reproduction were investigated and compared. These patterns of investment were then related to the habitat occupied by each species, in an attempt to identify the selective forces which may have been implicated in shaping their life histories. It was apparent from the results of investigations conducted between January 1991 and June 1993 that there were distinct differences in the patterns of investment in growth, maintenance and reproduction between the three species. The life history of S. variolaris, which occupied exposed habitats in the lower intertidal, was characterised by a large investment in maintenance, lower reproductive output, slower growth and a longer lifespan, relative to the other two species. In contrast, Q. savignyi, which inhabited less exposed mid-shore pools, had a relatively higher reproductive output, more rapid growth, a smaller investment in maintenance and a shorter lifespan. While selection ln S. variolaris and Q. savignyi appears to favour survival and reproduction respectively, the life history of E. mathaei, a species which also occupies mid-shore pools, was balanced between these two extremes, allocating sufficient resources to maintenance to permit tolerance of harsh physical conditions while still making a moderate investment in reproduction over a lifespan of intermediate duration. The predictions generated by the r-K selection and "bet hedging" theories of life history evolution, were applied in the process of speculating on the selective forces which may have shaped these life histories. However, it was found that neither set of predictions and associated selective forces could adequately explain the observed life histories. Rather, it seemed that the life histories of the three species represented evolved responses to the direct and indirect effects of exposure to wave action and sand movements which dominate the intertidal environment on the South African east coast. In the exposed lower intertidal, unpredictable recruitment, drag and impact forces associated with wave action, which impose limits to body size and necessitate a large investment in maintenance to ensure survival, select for slow growth, low reproductive output and high longevity. In contrast reproduction and growth of species occupying the more sheltered mid-shore pool habitats would be less effected by the demands of maintenance investment or limits to body size. In addition predictable recruitment in the mid-shore, would obviate the need for long life in order to ensure a contribution to future generations. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1993.

At least half of the world’s primate species are currently threatened with extinction. Slow life histories combined with rapid habitat loss and hunting in recent years has heightened the extinction risk for many species, including the two largest extant lemurs, the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) and the indri (Indri indri). Both species belong to the taxonomic family Indriidae, have similar adult weights, and occur in sympatry in certain areas of the montane rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Both species are adapted for folivory however I. indri spend considerably more time feeding on leaves than do P. diadema resulting in several energy-saving adaptations in I.indri. In this dissertation, I explore infant development and maternal strategies of these critically endangered primates with the goal of increasing our knowledge of reproduction and ontogeny in both species. Although previous studies have elucidated key differences in adult behaviour, there is a dearth of information on infants and lactating females in either of these two species. Between June and December of 2011 and 2012, I collected continuous time focal animal data, in Maromizaha forest, to examine behavioural patterns of 12 infants and their mothers from 0 – 33 weeks. In addition, I developed a framework to define and quantify the weaning process and facilitate comparisons across different species and studies. P. diadema infants developed feeding competency and independent locomotion faster than did I. indri infants however both species were consistently feeding independently more than they were suckling by week 20. The process of feeding ontogeny in I. indri was likely accelerated by coprophagy, as all infants of this species consumed their mother’s feces regularly from 10 – 15 weeks old. Lactating females of both species spent more time feeding in mid-lactation when maternal investment was the highest. The prolonged inter-birth interval in I. indri is suggested as another adaptation that reduces energetic expenditures. In addition, the protracted period of close contact with their mother may offer infant I. indri more time for social learning of the mother’s diet and the group song and for developing competency in vertical clinging and leaping without a tail for balance and support. / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Analdeci.pdf: 439615 bytes, checksum: 35609219f30213ee96bd63b9cc9d3020 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-24 / The Situation of violence, experienced in life, by men and women may be of the human rights greatest violations. Regarding the scarcity of studies about the theme, we considered the importance of characterizing a sample of men and women in situation of domestic violance; quality of life, predominance of depression, and socio demografic variables avaliation. 68 (sixty eight) men, and 75 (seventy five) women were inter viewed and answered to whoqolbref, Beck inventory of depression, ABIPEME Quationary, and to one suitable questionary, to trace this Sample s profile. The men when compared to the women, presented better quality of life, except in the physical domain. There have been a significant diference of the depression levels among the groups, whereby the women presented greater level of depression. In spite of this situation of domestic violence, one could observe that people go on living together for periods beyond more than 10(ten) years.(AU) / A situação de violência vivenciada por homens e mulheres pode ser considerada como uma das maiores violação de direitos humanos. Considerando a escassez de estudos sobre o tema, ponderamos à importância de caracterizar uma amostra de homens e mulheres em situação de violência doméstica; avaliação de qualidade de vida e a prevalência de depressão e variáveis sociodemográficas. Foram entrevistados 68 homens e 75 mulheres que responderam ao Whoqol-bref, Inventário Beck de Depressão, o questionário ABIPEME e a um questionário para traçar o perfil desta amostra. Os homens quando comparados às mulheres apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida exceto no domínio físico. Houve diferença significativa dos níveis de depressão entre os grupos, sendo que as mulheres apresentaram maior nível de depressão. Apesar da situação de violência doméstica observou-se que continuam morando juntos por períodos de até mais de 10 anos.(AU)

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:17:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1991-05-19T00:00:00Z / Uma análise crítica sobre políticas públicas e movimento popular voltados à organização do abastecimento alimentar urbano no município de Diadema - Grande São Paulo, no período compreendido entre 1983 a 1988. . Aborda o tema sob dois ângulos: do lado da população verificando os aspectos relacionados à emergência, consolidação, estrutura interna e padrões de ação de sua organização e respectivas reivindicações e, do lado do poder público analisando as respostas a essas reivindicações e demandas por abastecimento alimentar urbano. o Movimento a ser estudado é a Organização Popular de Compras Comunitárias de Diadema - OPCC, organização de consumidores voltada à provisão alimentar por meio das compras comunitárias. As políticas públicas envolvem a ação do Estado em seus diversos níveis. Hipótese principal: a população, a partir da percepção coletiva de suas carências e de sua miséria, num contexto de abertura política e crise econômica, se organiza e pressiona de modo inovador os poderes públicos, obrigando-os a intervenções ditas alternativas, que considerem a associação Estado/população organizada.

Globally, human populations are increasing and coastal ecosystems are becoming increasingly impacted by anthropogenic stressors. As eutrophication and exploitation of coastal resources increases, primary producer response to these drivers becomes a key indicator of ecosystem stability. Despite the importance of monitoring primary producers such as seagrasses and macroalgae, detailed studies on the response of these benthic habitat components to drivers remain relatively sparse. Utilizing a multi-faceted examination of turtle-seagrass and sea urchin-macroalgae consumer and nutrient dynamics, I elucidate the impact of these drivers in Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. In Yal Ku Lagoon, macroalgae bioindicators signified high nutrient availability, which is important for further studies, but did not consistently follow published trends reflecting decreased δ15N content with distance from suspected source. In Akumal Bay, eutrophication and grazing by turtles and fishes combine to structure patches within the seagrass beds. Grazed seagrass patches had higher structural complexity and productivity than patches continually grazed by turtles and fishes. Results from this study indicate that patch abandonment may follow giving-up density theory, the first to be recorded in the marine environment. As Diadema antillarum populations recover after their massive mortality thirty years ago, the role these echinoids will have in reducing macroalgae cover and altering ecosystem state remains to be clear. Although Diadema antillarum densities within the coral reef ecosystem were comparable to other regions within the Caribbean, the echinoid population in Akumal Bay was an insufficient driver to prevent dominance of a turf-algal-sediment (TAS) state. After a four year study, declining coral cover coupled with increased algal cover suggests that the TAS-dominated state is likely to persist over time despite echinoid recovery. Studies on macroalgal diversity and nutrients within this same region of echinoids indicated diversity and nutrient content of macroalgae increased, which may further increase the persistence of the algal-dominated state. This study provides valuable insight into the variable effects of herbivores and nutrients on primary producers within a tropical coastal ecosystem. Results from this work challenge many of the currently accepted theories on primary producer response to nutrients and herbivory while providing a framework for further studies into these dynamics.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:32:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Fabrini Paulino.pdf: 8103250 bytes, checksum: 591934f43dac3fab4916d6c6aa769975 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is part of a deeper research, carried through by the Paulo Freire Chair on PUC-SP, called: The Paulo Freire presence on Brazilian Education: education public systems analysis, since the 90th decade . With the objective of studying the participation ways and how s, observing the limits and possibilities of a political democratic education on Diadema-SP, which intends to follow a city school in which the participation is already a construction process, identifying and analyzing at school, the influence of Freire referential for this participative construction. The analysis is based on Paulo Freire experience as the Educational Secretary of São Paulo s City and on Freire categories: the praxis, conscientization and becoming more. Corroborating with participation studies, this research uses as a referential too Diaz Bordenave and Licínio Lima. It is also supported on Vitor Paro and Rubens Camargo for study of the participation limits and conditions. Using the Ethnographic Case Study methodology, in the field, the following topics are developed: observations, documental analysis and interviews which, added to the theoretician referential and data review, results on conflict and contradiction identification, which needs to be dialogue and problem topics in favor of the participative democracy construction, in a permanent learning dialectic movement / Essa pesquisa faz parte de uma pesquisa maior, realizada pela Cátedra Paulo Freire, da PUC-SP, intitulada: A presença de Paulo Freire na Educação Brasileira: análise de sistemas públicos de ensino, a partir da década de 90 . Com o objetivo de estudar os meios e modos de participação, observando os limites e possibilidades de uma política educacional democrática em Diadema-SP, propõe-se acompanhar uma escola municipal na qual a participação já é processo em construção, identificando e analisando na escola a influência dos referenciais freireanos para tal construção participativa. A análise é feita com base na experiência de Paulo Freire como Secretário da Educação do Município de São Paulo e nas categorias freireanas práxis, conscientização e ser mais. Corroborando com os estudos de participação, esta pesquisa utiliza também como referencial Díaz Bordenave e Licínio Lima. Para estudar os limites e os condicionantes da participação, apóia-se em Vitor Paro e Rubens Camargo. Utilizando a metodologia de Estudo de Caso etnográfico, desenvolve-se no campo: observações, análise documental e entrevistas que, somadas ao referencial teórico e à reflexão sobre os dados, resultam na identificação de conflitos e contradições, que precisam ser pontos de diálogos e problematizações a favor da construção da democracia participativa, como num movimento dialético de aprendizagem permanente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Cardoso Pinto.pdf: 571139 bytes, checksum: eed5232a8fad5067f55c20eacd950ee7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-28 / This dissertation tries to evaluate if the expenditures on social policies introduced at the municipality of Diadema by left-wing parties from 1983 to 2000 differ from the expenditures at other municipalities of the same region of the Great ABC, which administrations were conducted by parties of both leftist and rightist parties. It intends to answer if the right-left ideological cleavage caused different patterns of public expenses, or if despite the ideological cleavages, diverse patterns of public expenditures could be caused by other reasons, such as: different kinds of policy demands at different municipalities the region; differences of style of the public managers; or if simply there were no differences of public expenditures between the municipalities. To frame de database of this research we used information from the account offices of each municipality and also information available at the internet pages of Seade Foundation, National Secretary of Treasure and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Besides, we used interviews with some political actors in order to support our analysis / Esta dissertação busca avaliar se o volume de gastos em políticas sociais implantadas em Diadema no período de 1983 a 2000, por partidos de esquerda, difere do volume de gastos ocorridos nos demais municípios da região administrados por partidos ideologicamente distintos e similares. As hipóteses estudadas neste trabalho focaram responder se a clivagem ideológica direita esquerda reflete na importância de execução dos gastos públicos; se o diferencial dos gastos não estaria nas diversificadas demandas dos municípios que compõem a região; se o diferencial da política pública estaria na ideologia partidária ou no perfil do gestor público; se apesar de ideologicamente diferentes, os partidos políticos não gastam da mesma forma. Para tanto, utilizou-se como base de dados, além dos fornecidos diretamente pelos departamentos de contabilidade e orçamento de cada município, os constantes nos sites da Fundação Seade, Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística sendo todos apresentados a valores constantes. Além disso, utilizou-se de entrevistas e suporte teórico para embasamento da análise de dados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Cardoso Pinto.pdf: 571139 bytes, checksum: eed5232a8fad5067f55c20eacd950ee7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-28 / This dissertation tries to evaluate if the expenditures on social policies introduced at the municipality of Diadema by left-wing parties from 1983 to 2000 differ from the expenditures at other municipalities of the same region of the Great ABC, which administrations were conducted by parties of both leftist and rightist parties. It intends to answer if the right-left ideological cleavage caused different patterns of public expenses, or if despite the ideological cleavages, diverse patterns of public expenditures could be caused by other reasons, such as: different kinds of policy demands at different municipalities the region; differences of style of the public managers; or if simply there were no differences of public expenditures between the municipalities. To frame de database of this research we used information from the account offices of each municipality and also information available at the internet pages of Seade Foundation, National Secretary of Treasure and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Besides, we used interviews with some political actors in order to support our analysis / Esta dissertação busca avaliar se o volume de gastos em políticas sociais implantadas em Diadema no período de 1983 a 2000, por partidos de esquerda, difere do volume de gastos ocorridos nos demais municípios da região administrados por partidos ideologicamente distintos e similares. As hipóteses estudadas neste trabalho focaram responder se a clivagem ideológica direita esquerda reflete na importância de execução dos gastos públicos; se o diferencial dos gastos não estaria nas diversificadas demandas dos municípios que compõem a região; se o diferencial da política pública estaria na ideologia partidária ou no perfil do gestor público; se apesar de ideologicamente diferentes, os partidos políticos não gastam da mesma forma. Para tanto, utilizou-se como base de dados, além dos fornecidos diretamente pelos departamentos de contabilidade e orçamento de cada município, os constantes nos sites da Fundação Seade, Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística sendo todos apresentados a valores constantes. Além disso, utilizou-se de entrevistas e suporte teórico para embasamento da análise de dados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alice da Conceicao Alves.pdf: 18091255 bytes, checksum: dbd4f107930b20ad5a2586b17638e00e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present research supposes to study how the great São Paulo city s press, through the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo , Folha de São Paulo , Jornal da Tarde , and the local newspaper called Diadema Jornal and Informativo Municipal , main mean of making public the actions taken by the Government administration of the city, reported about and analyzed the first administration of Partido dos Trabalhadores in Diadema city from 1983 to 1988, which elected as mayor Mr. Gilson Correa de Menezes, who was a metallurgic sindical leader in the region of ABCD paulista. The work is contextualized in the process of the politics opening in Brazil, in the end of the 70 s and the beginning of the 80 s, when several social movements looked for new fighting strategies. During this process, happened the foundation of Partido dos Trabalhadores which sought to mark its identity as a basis party, aiming to the necessity if changing in the way of doing politics, based on the transparency and on the popular participation, searching new ways of relation between people and government. Diadema was the target of the curiosity of the great press in this period, it made part of the national newspapers and becoming reference, because of being the first PT s administration in whole São Paulo State. It represented the opportunity of analyzing the workability of the party s proposes or a way of contributing through criticism of the opponent parties, who were worried about the fact of a party, with new proposes and connected to social movements, starting to take places in the politics representation in the Legislative and Executive Powers since 1982 / A pesquisa tem como proposta estudar como a grande imprensa paulistana, através do jornal O Estado de São Paulo, da Folha de São Paulo, do Jornal da Tarde, do periódico local intitulado Diadema Jornal e do Informativo Municipal, principal veículo de divulgação das ações da administração pública da cidade, noticiaram e analisaram a primeira administração do Partido dos Trabalhadores do Estado de São Paulo, na cidade de Diadema, de 1983 a 1988, que elegeu como prefeito Gilson Correa de Menezes, líder sindical metalúrgico do ABCD paulista. O trabalho está contextualizado no processo de abertura política no Brasil, no final dos anos 70 e início da década de 80, em que diversos movimentos sociais buscaram novas estratégias de luta. Nesse processo, ocorreu a fundação do Partido dos Trabalhadores, que procurava marcar sua identidade enquanto partido de base, apontando a necessidade de mudança nos procedimentos de se fazer política, fundamentado na transparência e na participação popular, buscando novas formas de relacionamento entre a população e os governantes. Diadema foi alvo de curiosidade da grande imprensa nesse período, fazendo parte do noticiário nacional e tornando-se referência, por ser a primeira administração do PT em todo o Estado de São Paulo. Esta representava a oportunidade de analisar a viabilidade de suas propostas partidárias ou uma forma de contribuir com as críticas dos adversários políticos, preocupados com o fato de um partido com novas propostas e ligado aos movimentos sociais, passar a ocupar espaços de representatividade política no poderes Legislativo e Executivo, a partir de 1982