El dialecto andaluz es caracterizado por el relajamiento en la pronunciación. Este relajamiento se encuentra en varios rasgos, pero para la sociedad los rasgos no son neutrales, sino los hablantes andaluces parecen incultos, no importa la cualificación que tienen realmente. En esta tesina se investiga una hablante andaluza que hace un discurso en un tema de que es doctora, pero durante el discurso cambia su manera de habla del andaluz a una más estándar. El propósito es investigar cómo cambian los rasgos y por qué cambian cuando cambian. Para lograr eso se usa tanto un método cualitativo como un cuantitativo cuando los investiga, primero se identifica rasgos dialectales en la parte cuando domina lo dialectal y segundo se los encuentra en la otra parte e investiga tanto cómo ha cambiado como qué provoca el cambio según la teoría de acomodación y la teoría de saliencia en combinación con la de estereotipos, marcadores, e indicadores. Los hallazgos son que los rasgos más salientes cambian mientras que otros rasgos más ocultos quedan dialectales, y lo que provoca el cambio es primariamente un cambio en el tema de lo formal e informal, aunque un cambio en otros rasgos también puede provocar un cambio.

This M.A. thesis contributes to the research of regional marked features in the region under the Giant Mountains (Podkrkonoší), which is a part of the north-eastern dialectal group of the Czech language. The aim of the thesis is to describe spontaneous language of the speakers both in rural (Nová Ves nad Popelkou, Syřenov, Újezdec, Žďár u Kumburku) and urban areas (Lomnice nad Popelkou, Semily), with special regard to phonology and morphology. The research was restricted to the oldest generation only, that means to the people who were born in 1951 and earlier. The data were obtained by recording semi- structured interviews with informants. These data were then analyzed, compared and described in terms of Common Czech, regional and local dialect features. One part of the thesis consists of short description of the idiolect of each spokesman and of speech samples of informants. The results of the research are presented separately for each feature for both groups investigated (rural and urban speakers). In the conclusion of the thesis, the author summarizes the results gained. The rural speakers of the Lomnice microregion still use some dialectal features typical for the region under the Giant Mountains (Podkrkonoší), whereas in the urban areas these features are not present to such a high degree....

On s’intéresse dans cette thèse à la relation entre le degré de conscience qu’ont les locuteurs de la variation dans le cas de certaines variables sociolinguistiques à Beyrouth [et les appréciations rattachées à chacune de leurs réalisations lorsqu’elles sont saillantes], et la distribution sociale de chacune de leurs variantes. Dans un premier temps, sont présentées les représentations rattachées aux stéréotypes et traits saillants perçus par les locuteurs. Les deuxième et troisième parties du travail présentent l’emploi et la répartition sociolinguistique de dix de ces stéréotypes et traits saillants, ainsi que de quatre autres variables. L’étude de la variation et des représentations rattachées à certaines variantes se base sur un corpus de quarante-sept entretiens et conversations menés auprès de locuteurs aux profils variés. Il ressort de cette étude qu’une koïnisation est en cours à Beyrouth, en conséquence du contact dialectal entre les variétés parlées par les migrants et les variétés originellement parlées dans la ville. Cette koïnisation se fait par la perte de leurs traits saillants à la fois par les migrants, et par les résidents originels de la ville. En contrepartie, la variation observée dans le cas d’autres variables sociolinguistiques, dont l’emploi est corrélé à des facteurs sociaux comme le sexe, l’âge, l’appartenance communautaire (ou religieuse) et le niveau d’éducation, montre que les tendances différenciatrices entre les locuteurs sur la base de ces quatre critères sont, pour le moins, dynamiques, et que certaines d’entre elles vont croissant. / This thesis explores the relationship between the salience of, and social values attributed to, some sociolinguistic variables in Beirut, and the social distribution of each of their variants. It first presents the social values attributed by speakers to the stereotypes and to other salient features they perceive. In its second and third parts, it concentrates on the social distribution of two stereotypes, eight salient features, and four other variables. The study is mainly based on forty-seven interviews and conversations, and the speakers that were met had various profiles. One of the findings of the study is that the koineization process resulting from the contact between the dialects spoken by migrants and those spoken by ‘genuine’ Beirutis leads to the loss of distinctive features in both groups. On the other hand, it appears from the distribution and evolution of a set of ‘non local’ variables, that some of the linguistic differences related to such social factors as gender, age, religious and communal affiliation, and educational level seem to be, for the least, very dynamic, if not growing with time.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Suzana Pinto do Espírito Santo.pdf: 4456051 bytes, checksum: 1ad6e7775573c65052d04175f44a5897 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze the behavior of speakers of intonation city Maués at Amazon. This is a study linked to AMPER project, which seeks to describe the prosody of the Romance languages and, therefore, uses a corpus of declarative and interrogative sentences total. The sentences of the corpus may have 10, 13 and 14 members, of which the last two feature types with adjectival or prepositional phrase extension, respectively, to the right of the verb, as in "The bird likes the drunk grandfather" or "The bird likes Renato Venice ". Overall, work with a corpus of 396 sentences in which the pre-core and intonational separately core were observed. We describe, for these regions accent, melodic settings of the fundamental frequency, duration and intensity in order to identify the prosodic feature of sentences. The data are graphed automatically generated with the help of manuals and sripts etiquetagens through the Praat software. Our results showed that in the core region, the declarative mode, the initial movement is low, followed by an increase in the frequency syllable stressed and subsequent decline in post-tonic. In the interrogative mode data revealed that the attack syllabic part of a high frequency, followed by fall and subsequent rise in the post-tonic syllable. But beyond that, what caught our attention in relation to the contours exposed in the description was the behavior of the final vowel of the utterances, ie, the erasure process by which passed with no attendance record this frásica position. While for the duration showed no obvious values that leave the distinction between declarative and interrogative sentence, given the proximity of the measures set out in the histograms, nevertheless, in most cases, the questioning had higher measures, especially in stressed syllables. As regards intensity, interrogative exhibited higher energy than in stressed syllables declarative. In male speech that distinction is not very explicit, since the average intensity values are very close, whereas in female speech, occurred more explicit records for the amounts of energy. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar o comportamento entonacional dos falantes da cidade de Maués, no Amazonas. Trata-se de um estudo vinculado ao projeto AMPER, que busca descrever a prosódia das línguas românicas e, para isso, utiliza um corpus de sentenças declarativas e interrogativas totais. As sentenças do corpus podem ter 10, 13 e 14 vogais, sendo que os dois últimos tipos apresentam sintagma com extensão adjetival ou preposicionado, respectivamente, à direita do verbo, como em “O pássaro gosta do bisavô bêbado” ou “O pássaro gosta do Renato de Veneza”. No total, trabalhamos com um corpus de 396 frases, nas quais foram observados o pré-núcleo e o núcleo entonacionais, separadamente. Descrevemos, para essas regiões de acento, as configurações melódicas da frequência fundamental, duração e intensidade, a fim de identificarmos a característica prosódica das frases. Os dados são representados em gráficos gerados automaticamente com o auxílio de sripts e etiquetagens manuais através do software Praat. Nossos resultados mostraram que, na região nuclear, na modalidade declarativa o movimento inicial é baixo, seguido de um aumento de frequência na sílaba tônica e posterior declínio na pós-tônica. Na modalidade interrogativa os dados revelaram que o ataque silábico parte de uma frequência alta, seguida de queda e posterior subida na sílaba pós-tônica. Porém, além disso, o que nos chamou atenção em relação aos contornos expostos na descrição foi o comportamento da vogal final dos enunciados, isto é, o processo de elisão pelas quais passaram, com ausência de registro de frequência nesta posição frásica. Enquanto que para a duração não apresentaram valores que deixassem evidentes a distinção entre a frase declarativa e interrogativa, haja vista a proximidade das medidas expostas nos histogramas, apesar disso, na maioria dos casos, a interrogativa obteve medidas maiores, sobretudo nas sílabas tônicas. No que se refere à intensidade, as interrogativas exibiram energia mais elevada nas sílabas tônicas do que as declarativas. Na fala masculina essa distinção não ficou bem explícita, pois os valores médios de intensidade são muito próximos, enquanto que na fala feminina, ocorreram registros mais explícitos quanto aos valores de energia.

Suite aux travaux en psycholinguistique et en psychologie interculturelle liés aux cadres de référence spatiale, nous avons choisi d'investiguer ce domaine en nous focalisant sur la zone géographique de Guelmime, dans le sud-ouest marocain. Dans cette étude, nous nous proposons de répondre à deux questions principales : Comment les enfants marocains âgés de 6 à 9 ans, locuteurs de l'arabe dialectal marocain, du tachelhit et du français désignent l'orientation dans l'espace dans chacune de ces trois langues ? Quels sont les facteurs qui influencent ces désignations ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons réalisé une analyse du vocabulaire spatial en arabe dialectal marocain, en tachelhit et en français à partir de collectes de corpus. Deux études ont été réalisées. La première, une tâche d'orientation, a été effectuée par des élèves âgés de 6-7 ans et 8-9 ans. Si les résultats liés à toutes les langues du recueil montrent que le mode d'orientation qu'utilisent les élèves est soumis à un effet de la scolarisation lié à l'âge et à la durée de l'enseignement, les résultats liés à chaque langue montrent qu'il y a un effet de l'école fréquentée dans le mode d'orientation utilisé. Quant à la deuxième étude, il s'agit d'une tâche de positionnement d'objets, réalisée avec des enseignants de l'école primaire au Maroc, dans les trois langues. Les résultats montrent que dans toutes les langues du recueil, la même tendance est visible. Cette étude nous a permis d'entrevoir les difficultés à évaluer selon un protocole expérimental contrôlé les préférences linguistiques en lien avec telle ou telle langue dans un contexte plurilinguistique naturel et scolaire. En outre, ces recherches s'ouvrent sur l'importance de prendre en compte des contraintes liées au développement cognitif et au mode d'acquisition des langues par des enfants scolarisés.

To explore how children use dialect, and whether the dialectal language develops during growth might be of interest from a speech language pathologist’s point of view as the dialect could influence the child’s speech. Previous research is often based on older material and/or examines the speech of adults.  In the present study, everyday language in groups of south- eastern Swedish speaking children was investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent typically developed children of the ages of  5, 8 and 11 years use dialectal language. A further purpose was to discover which dialectal characteristics that were present in the different age groups, and how they differed. The children were video- and audiorecorded during group sessions in everyday settings. The collected material was transcribed according to principles of conversation analysis, and key portions were chosen for deeper analysis. The identified dialectal characteristics were diphthongal, distinctly open or closed vowels and regarding consonants retroflex flap [ɭ] and posterior /r/ were encountered. In prosody a final tonal raise in phrases was observed. Dialectal words and phrases and discourse markers were also documented.   The results of the present study showed that the children use dialectal language as early as by the age of 5, but that older children had a more distinguishable dialect. Throughout all age groups, the vowels were dialectally influenced. Most distinctive was a much closed /i/ with a diphthong, and characteristically open <ä> and <ö>. The characteristic final tonal raise in phrases was encountered in all age groups. Furthermore, a variation regarding dialectal use has been observed between children but also within the same child. Discourse markers were found primarily in the school-aged children, assumingly due to the increased desire of belonging to a group. The results of the present study may contribute to the ability to determine whether phonology, lexicon and/or grammar in a child is deviant or in fact reflected by the south-eastern Swedish characteristics. Also from a diagnostic perspective it might be of value to know when to expect hearing dialectal characteristics in the child’s speech.

Cette étude linguistique porte sur les emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien.Notre problématique principale s'articule autour de la question de l'intégration des emprunts lexicaux au français en arabe dialectal tunisien.L'objectif de la présente étude est non seulement d'identifier, de classer et d'analyser les occurrences d'emprunts lexicaux au français attestées en arabe dialectal tunisien, mais aussi de décrire les différentes phases d'adaptation phonologique, morphologique, syntaxique, sémantique et graphique par lesquelles passe l'emprunt lexical en intégrant la langue d'accueil. / This linguistic study deals with lexical words borrowed from the French language into the Tunisan arabic dialect.Our main point concerns the integration of lexical words from the French language into the Tunisian arabic dialect.The objective of our research is not only to identify, classify and analyse the occurences of the lexical words borrowed from the French language recognized by the Tunisian arabic dialect but also to describe the phonological, morphological, syntaxic, semantic and graphic adaption of the various phases necessary to the integration of the lexical words borrowed from the Ffench language by integrating the host language.

Se référant à divers ouvrages et auteurs de tous temps, styles ou nationalités, cette étude sur la représentation du substrat dialectal et étranger dans la littérature française et anglo-américaine, et sur sa traduction, cherche principalement à comprendre la démarche des auteurs recourant à la retranscription phonétique, pour ensuite mieux appréhender celle des traducteurs. Analysant en premier lieu les diverses motivations qui poussent ces écrivains à bouleverser les normes grammaticales et orthographiques pour transfigurer dans l’écrit, l’oral et la parole, puis s’interrogeant quant à la validité d’une méthode à appliquer à ces créations linguistiques, cet exposé tente de répondre, notamment par un examen énumératif des procédés matérialisant l’accent dialectal ou étranger, aux questions d’ordre lexical, grammatical ou morphosyntaxique qu’infère cette intrusion de la langue parlée dans le texte. Elucidant enfant les outils traductologiques mis en place dans ces littératures, ce travail propose un traducteur futur de pleinement s’en inspirer, et ainsi faire de l’achoppement, un argument à la créativité. / Referring to diverse works and authors of various epochs, styles or nationalities, this dissertaion, on the representation of the dialectal and foreign substratum in the french and anglo-american litterature and on its translation, attempts to understand the approach of those authors who resort to phonetic transcription and thereby better comprehend that of the translators. Analysing first the diverse motive which urge these writers to upsted the grammatical and spelling standards in order to transfigure orality and speech on paper, and then questionning the validity of a method to be applied to hese linguistic creations, this study _ notably by an enumeration of the devices wich help materialize the dialectal or foreign accent _ tries to answer the lexical, grammatical or morphosyntactic question induced by such an incursion of the spoken, within the text. As it finally elucidates the translation tools set up in these literatures, this work suggests avenue of insipration for the future translator, thereby transforming blocks into stepping stones to creativity.

Le romani, ou romanes, est une langue parlée historiquement par des communautés qui s’autodénomment « Roms », « Sintos » et « Calos ». Dans cette thèse, on se propose d'analyser une page du réseau social Facebook, comportant de nombreux messages en langue romani. Dans un premier temps, nous identifierons les dialectes présents sur la page et étudierons la diversité des pratiques orthographiques. Puis, on analysera comment la variation est prise en compte par les locuteurs, en évoquant les problématiques d'intercompréhension, d'identité et de revitalisation. Le but de notre recherche est de faire un état des lieux des besoins, réussites et représentations des locuteurs du romani afin d’accompagner ce qui pourrait être un processus d’autogestion langagière. / Romani, also known as Romanes, is a language historically spoken by communities who call themselves “Roma”, “Sinti” and “Kalo”. The purpose of this thesis is to study a page of the social network Facebook which includes many messages written in Romani language. First of all, we will identify the dialects used on the page and we will describe the diversity of spelling practices. Then, we wil analyze the way variation is taken into account by the speakers, discussing the issues of mutual understanding, identity and revitalization. Our research focuses on determining the needs, successes and representations of the Romani speakers in order to support a possible linguistic self-management.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur elever och svensklärare på en gymnasieskola i Värmland reflekterar över skriftbruk av dialektalt betingade former och drag. I detta arbete undersöks vidare vilken attityd som eleverna har gentemot sin egen dialekt och i vilken utsträckning som dialekten realiseras i elevernas skriftbruk. Undersökningen utgår från frågeställningarna om vilka attityder som eleverna har till den egna dialekten, hur gymnasielärare i svenska reflekterar över dialektalt skriftbruk samt i vilken utsträckning som dialektala former och drag förekommer i elevernas skriftbruk. Denna undersökning är konstruerad som en kvalitativt inriktad fallstudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer och ett förestavningstest, även kallat diktamen, som metoder för datainsamlingen. Antalet deltagare har avgränsats till fyra elever och en gymnasielärare, där detta urval gjorts genom ett målinriktat bekvämlighetsurval med intersubjektivitet.  Undersökningen visar att de fyra eleverna har en positiv attityd till den egna dialekten samtidigt som förekomst av dialekt menas ge upphov till språkliga svårigheter i mötet med skolspråket i olika skolämnen. Vidare visar undersökningen att gymnasielärare menar att det är viktigt att rätta språket i elevtexter, men att det samtidigt är viktigt att eleverna får en bred språklig repertoar. I likhet med flera tidigare studier visar denna undersökning att det i elevernas skriftbruk förekommer flertalet dialektalt betingade former och drag som pekas ut som vanligt förekommande i det geografiska område som eleverna härrör från. Undersökningen visar även att gymnasieelever tenderar att vara dialektalt flerspråkiga, men att detta inte alltid stöttar eleverna i skolarbetet, utan där förekomst av dialekt stundvis även uppträder som en språklig barriär, i termer av ett dialektalt hinder. / The aim of this study is to investigate how students and Swedish teachers at an upper secondary school in Värmland reflects on the use of dialectally conditioned forms and traits in writing. Furthermore, this study examines what attitudes the students have to their own dialect and to what extent the dialect is realized in the students writing. The study is based on the questions what attitudes the students have to their own dialect, how upper secondary school teachers in Swedish reflects on dialectal writing and to what extent dialectal forms and traits occur in the students writing. The study employs a qualitative approach and is constructed as a case study with semi-structured interviews and a pre-spelling test, also called dictation, as methods for the collection of data. The number of participants are limited to four students and one upper secondary school teacher, whom has been selected through a targeted and convince method for selection with intersubjectivity.  The study shows that the four students tend to have a positive attitude towards their own dialect, while the presence of dialect is said to give rise to linguistic difficulties in the meeting with the language in the different subjects in school. Furthermore, the study shows that Swedish teachers believes that it is important to correct the language in the students texts, and that it is important that the students also receives knowledge in order to establish a wide linguistic repertoire. The results of this study are consistent with the conclusions drawn in several previous studies, that there is to be found several dialectal contingent forms and traits that are identified as common in the geographical area in which the students originate. The study also shows that students in upper secondary school tend to be dialectally multilingual, but that this does not always supports the students in their school work, and that the occurrence of dialect sometimes also acts as language barrier, in terms of an dialectal obstacle.