From 2000 to 2010, America's music industry's annual revenue went from $4 billion to $2 billion. Much of this is attributed to the internet's ability to provide consumers with easy access to free music, and hip hop has been especially impacted by this trend. Utilizing document analysis and personal interviews, this study found that the success of independent artists has influenced the business strategies of major record companies. In response to a dramatic decrease in record sales, major labels have made more of an effort to sign their artists to 360 deals, which allow the labels to profit from every aspect of an artist's brand or identity. While some independent artists are the main beneficiary of the profits generated from their music and personal brand, they also reify the commodity-form capitalist system by attempting to turn their music and brand into a fetishized commodity and by turning their audience into a commodity.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo uma análise do filme Nunca aos Domingos (1960), de Jules Dassin. Para a realização deste estudo, foi adotado um esquema de observação atenta de cada uma das cenas do filme, incluindo a análise de diversos fotogramas que revelam elementos interessantes não apenas no conteúdo, como também na forma do objeto. Durante o desenvolvimento do estudo, identificou-se o diálogo da obra em questão com outras obras, tais como a tragédia Medeia (431 a.C.), de Eurípedes; a peça Pigmaleão (1913), de George Bernard Shaw; e o filme Stella (1955), de Michael Cacoyannis, dentre outras. Assim, fez-se necessária a apreciação dessas obras, embora de forma menos detalhada. O intuito deste texto é demonstrar como, através de Nunca aos Domingos, Jules Dassin intencionou promover um debate sobre a arte, mais precisamente, o fazer cinematográfico. Também pretendemos demonstrar que o filme encontra na dialética sua principal força organizadora, sempre oferecendo ao menos duas interpretações para um mesmo objeto ou fenômeno. Além disso, identificaremos no filme algumas peculiaridades da Grécia dos anos 1960, tais como aspectos culturais; sua posição enquanto colônia inglesa/estadunidense; e a relação dialética travada entre o desenvolvimento do capitalismo (impulsionado pela Doutrina Truman) e uma estrutura socioeconômica ainda baseada na ruralidade, no escambo e etc. / The aim of the present work is to analyse the film Never on Sunday (1960), directed by Jules Dassin. The chosen methodology includes the alert observation of each one of the films scenes, including the examination of several frames, which reveal interesting elements concerning not only the content, but also the form of the object. During the development of the study, the dialogue of Never on Sunday with other works of art has been identified. The tragedy Medea (431 b.C.), by Euripides; the play Pygmalion (1913), by Bernard Shaw; and the film Stella (1955), by Michael Cacoyannis, are among these. Therefore, they have also been analysed, even though in a less detailed way. The goal of this text is to show how, through Never on Sunday, Jules Dassin attempted to promote a debate about art, more specifically about cinema. We shall also endeavour to demonstrate that the film is organized dialectically, always offering at least two interpretations to the same object or phenomenon. Finally, we will identify in the movie some particularities of Greece in the 1960s, such as some cultural aspects; its position as an English/American colony; and the dialectic relation established between the development of capitalism (reinforced by the Truman Doctrine) and a socioeconomic structure based on agriculture, bartering, etc

Há muito discute-se o estatuto da dialética na filosofia kierkegaardiana: seria Kierkegaard um autor dialético? Qual sua relação com a dialética hegeliana? Tratar-se-ia de uma dialética existencial? Não há respostas simples para tais questões. Alguns dos comentários recentes que buscaram circunscrever esse problema ofereceram bons pontos de partida, mas nenhum foi capaz de colocar a questão em termos adequados, pois se aproximavam dela com uma série de pressupostos não tematizados. Nessa perspectiva, optamos por recuperar as reflexões de Theodor Adorno em sua Tese de Habilitação (Kierkegaard: A Construção do Estético) a fim de resgatar o potencial de uma análise dialética e recolocar o debate contemporâneo sob uma ótica mais apropriada. Partindo dessa problemática, configuraram-se como objetivos do presente trabalho: 1- Analisar as múltiplas facetas da dialética no conjunto da obra kierkegaardiana; 2- Avaliar criticamente as posições dos comentadores, sobretudo daqueles ligados à tradição anglo-saxã. Com isso, buscamos ressaltar a importância de uma leitura efetivamente dialética, que enfrente as contradições do autor em questão e leve-as às últimas consequências sem apelar para fechamentos arbitrários e para elementos exteriores ao seu objeto. / Dialectics status in Kierkegaards philosophy has long been debated in secondary literature: is Kierkegaard a dialectical author? What is his connection to Hegelian dialectics? Is it plausible to talk about an existential dialectics? Such questions have no simple answer. Contemporary commentators who attempted to circumscribe this problem have offered good starting points, but none were able to frame it adequately due to a series of veiled presuppositions in their arguments. Hence, we opted to recover Theodor Adornos reflections on the subject which can be found in his postdoctoral thesis Kierkegaard: The Construction of the Esthetic in order to revaluate the importance of dialectical analysis and to reframe the recent debate in more adequate terms. With that scope in mind, the present investigation has as main objectives: 1- To examine the many facets of dialectics in Kierkegaards work; 2- To evaluate the work of commentators, mainly those who belong to the anglo-saxon tradition. Accordingly, we aim to highlight the importance of a dialectical reading which confronts the authors contradictions and takes them to their final conclusion, thus avoiding partaking in arbitrary closures and appealing to elements external to their object.

A growing number of families include a member who is transgender or transsexual. A discovery or disclosure of trans-identity and a transition of sex/gender identity that might follow are not only monumental for the trans-identified person, but also for that person's relational partners. When one engages in such a fundamental change of expressed identity, the person's relational partners are faced with renegotiating who that person is as well as who that person is to them, as a relational partner. Often, this process leads to the experience of ambiguous loss in which family members feel grief over a person who is still living. The purpose of this study was to investigate this renegotiation of meaning. More specifically, I sought to discover what cultural discourses or meaning systems are used by family members of trans-people when faced with the task of creating new meanings for their relatives'/partners' identities and their relationships to them, and how those meanings systems might contribute to the experience of ambiguous loss. Using Relational Dialectics Theory and Contrapuntal Analysis, I analyzed the communication of 37 family members and partners of trans-identified persons who had begun or completed a transition of sex/gender identity. I conducted in-depth interviews with each family member, asking them to both narrate their experiences and respond to particular questions. Family members' talk was characterized by four sites of discursive struggle, in which the meanings of four salient concepts were created: the self, sex/gender, trans-identity, and family. The meanings for these concepts were constructed through participants' invocation and positioning of competing discourses relevant to the concepts in question. Results showed that many family members do experience grief in response to a transgender transition and that grief is connected to the meanings they construct at these four sites. The findings show the fundamentality of sex and gender to understandings of personhood, and the centrality of communication to experience.

Globalizing processes often place the social cohesion of organizations at risk when multinational people experience and exhibit tensions from their diverse cultural and language norms. This study uses discourse analysis and dialectical theory to understand the intersection of organizational tensions and multinationalism as they appear at a bilingual Swiss higher education institution. I define multinationalism as the intersection of communities who self identify with a national heritage and perpetuate that identity through daily communication and interaction. This case study is approached from a social constructionist perspective. I use grounded theory and dialectical analysis to analyze the fifty-nine interviews in order to identify the tensions that intersect with multinationalism and how they are managed. The tensions identified include: choosing a language where two are privileged, providing an intercultural environment as described by the mission statement, and managing pedagogy/co-teaching practices. Choosing a language is often described in a dual dimension between choosing French/choosing English where language groups are sometimes seen as oppositional and vying for privileged status even though the organization privileges both languages. Providing an intercultural environment is described as a global endeavor and yet sometimes becomes dialectical when balancing how the organizational environment is actually managed/not managed based on national and organizational cultural perspectives. Practicing pedagogy/co-teaching activities are often framed as oppositional and dialectical when trying to reconcile French pedagogy/Anglo-Saxon pedagogy and co-teaching practices, especially in regard to American influence. Multinationalism emerges when participants use group identity descriptors and intersects in a variety of ways depending on the intensity of the tensions. Managing tensions result in ambiguity because of undefined language fluency and competency. While ambiguity allows for social cohesion and time for interpreting messages, it sometimes is used strategically to deny messages and retain privileged positions. Disorienting interactions for some employees result in paradoxical situations, and in some extreme cases, participants reported schizophrenic behavior when paranoid statements are made which reflect their paralysis, uncertainty and loss of power. This study advances dialectical theory by redefining totality as including regional, national, and global contexts that also influence organizational agency and discourse. In addition this study adds to the understanding of knots of contradictions by illustrating how tensions evolve in their own right and also spin off simultaneous and interconnected tensions. Finally, results from this study suggest that using ambiguity could be seen as another management option as well as a result when dealing with dialectical and paradoxical tensions.

Objectives for managing diversity in organizations include reducing lawsuits, responding to changing employee demographics, enhancing image, attracting and retaining a variety of talent, reaching new customer bases, and improving group effectiveness. Diversity management also emphasizes strategies to help retain and promote minority members once they have been hired. One of these ways is through employee network groups. This research adopts a case approach to describing and comparing a Black and a Hispanic employee network group at a United States affiliate of the Fortune Global 100 energy corporation, Summit International. This study applies bona fide group theory and dialectics to examine the complex intergroup relationships that employee network groups have in their organizations. The study offers three key contributions to communication theory. In connection with dialectics, bona fide group theory helped to reveal the multiple units from which group tensions emerge and the complex decisions that group members must make in managing them. The application of bona fide group theory also revealed an unexpected finding: that the network groups were engaged in concertive control with each other through interdependence with the organizational context. The bona fide group theory uncovered these processes because it revealed the norms and expectations that groups formed based on the corporate values regarding diversity.

Michel Foucault ist als Marxismus-Kritiker und als Dissident des Strukturalismus nicht verdächtig, der Dialektik großen Raum in seinem Denken einzuräumen; er hat tatsächlich keine entsprechende Lehre entwickelt. Vielmehr werden die von ihm in seinen großen Werken exponierten Geschichtsbilder an den Rändern durch Brüche und Inkompatibilitäten wie im Innern durch systematische Einheit und epochale Ganzheit gekennzeichnet und so auf doppelte Weise gerade nicht dynamisch gedacht; Foucault entwickelt aus dem Widerspruch keine bewegende Kraft; er erweist den Gegensatz nicht als Bewußtseinsdilemma. So mag es erstaunen, wenn man bei Foucault von Anfang an und bis in die 1960er Jahre eine geläufige Verwendung des Begriffs der Dialektik antrifft. Die einschlägigen Stellen sind keine beiläufigen Bemerkungen, sondern stehen in Zusammenhang mit Hauptthesen und Hauptproblemen der Foucaultschen Analyse.

Parents constantly experience contradictions because children’s development may lead to new or surprising interactions that fail to fit parents’ current ways of thinking about their children. This qualitative study used a dialectical perspective of contradictions from social relational theory to explore how contradictions instigate parental change (Kuczynski & Parkin, 2007; Kuczynski, Pitman, & Mitchell, 2009). Forty families with children aged 8-13 participated in open-ended interviews that were analyzed with thematic analysis. Results revealed that contradictions occurred because of parents’ own incompatible or inconsistent thoughts and/or behaviours, and children’s behaviours. Parents processed and managed contradictions with description, information gathering and reflecting, and acting on contradictions. The nature of the outcome of parents’ contradictions included: outcome not evident, outcome in process, partial strategy or temporary solution and contradiction is resolved. Surprise, sadness, anxiety, stress, and anger were the emotions associated with contradictions. Analyses indicated that parents constantly experience contradictions and few are fully resolved.

This thesis investigates the dialectical nature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) phenomenon a common buzzword in today’s globalized economy. The emergence of CSR as a significant issue in recent years can be attributed to the expectation in developed countries for business to engage with society beyond their commercial interests. Business are now under sustained pressure to be held publicly accountable for their activities. The research shed light on two research gaps identified within business ethics- idea of business responsibility firstly in the context of the big economic players of tomorrow- emerging markets; and secondly in relation to small and medium enterprises. Adopting a phenomenological approach based on Critical Theory and Hermeneutics framework, the research attempted to uncover the link between business and ethics in relation to SMEs. This led to the construction of a theoretical model –A.R.T Model, aimed at enhancing understanding of how SMEs perceive and practice socially responsible behaviour. Contribution to knowledge was also made in applying Bourdieu’s Theory of Logic of Practice to explain actions of SME owner-managers; and carrying out a comparative analysis of Social Capital theory versus normative Stakeholder Theory to describe workings of SMEs towards their stakeholders. These contributions met the objectives of the study: creation of a ‘native’ model of social responsibility for SMEs in Pakistan (reflective of the local social reality) using a business ethics and cultural construction; and exploring the nature and evolution of CSR in emerging markets. The research also revealed that socially responsible practices by SMEs are inherently informal and voluntary in nature, driven more so by ethical than religious motivations. Furthermore, philosophical synergies were created between the A.R.T model and the normative construct consisting of Classical antiquities - Kant, Adam Smith and Machiavelli, which bridged the gap between theory and CSR driven practice.

Esta dissertação surge da inquietação do pesquisador frente a um mundo que se deteriora lentamente. A partir desse contexto, os problemas analisados situam-se no campo da Educação. Em termos de realidade concreta, o estudo se realiza no Ensino Superior, na área de Administração, mais precisamente no campo dos Estudos Organizacionais, fulcro de onde se interroga, em última instância, a formação do Administrador. O exercício de leituras sobre as condições, as características e o contexto da educação na realidade brasileira e a opção de trabalhar com universidades conduziram à escolha de um método de análise hábil o bastante para tirar da opacidade aquilo a que este trabalho visa. Assim, do ponto de vista teórico e metodológico, lança-se mão de um processo analítico embasado nos princípios básicos da Dialética Negativa de Theodor Adorno. Tem-se então como objetivo geral do estudo o intento de cernir a visão de educação presente nos contextos em estudo, dando relevância aos elementos que, no entendimento de quem sistematiza e gerencia o currículo, conformam o ensino nos cursos de graduação em Administração em duas universidades públicas gaúchas. Os resultados da análise mostram que, de um modo geral, não há clareza de parte dos próprios administradores dos cursos de graduação sobre qual é o seu papel nesse processo, qual a importância da Universidade enquanto formadora, qual a razão de se formarem Bacharéis em Administração ou, ainda, quais as contribuições que estes profissionais podem trazer para a sociedade. Isto leva à reflexão de que talvez seja preciso voltar às origens dos cursos de Administração no país, defrontá-los com a realidade atual e questionar nos termos da Filosofia: “Por quê?, O quê?, Para quê?” / This dissertation is the result of the researcher’s preoccupation with a world that slowly deteriorates. Within this context, the problems analyzed are in the field of Education. In more concrete terms, this study takes place in Administration Higher Education, specifically in the field of organizational studies, the fulcrum from which it is questioned, ultimately, the education of administrators. The exercise of reading about the conditions, characteristics and the context of Brazilian education, and the possibility of working with universities led to the choice of an analytical method, skilled enough to unshadow what this study aims. Hence, from a theoretical and methodological point of view is used an analytical process grounded in basic principles of the Negative Dialectics of Theodor Adorno. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to shake the vision of education present in the studied contexts, giving relevance for what, in the understanding of those who organize and manage the curriculums, shapes teaching in Administration undergraduate courses in two public universities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The results showed that, in general, there is no clearness on the part the undergraduate courses administrators on what is their role in this process, how important is the university as an education facility, why educate Bachelors in Administration or even, what contributions those professionals can give to the society. This leads to the reflection that it is necessary to go back to the origins of Administration High Education courses in the country, contrast them with the current reality and question with philosophy terms: "Why?, What?, What for?"