Ces dernières années, les oxydes de métaux de transition ont suscité de grands intérêts du point de vue fondamental et technologique. A cet égard, nous nous concentrons sur deux types d'oxydes : le première, le Perovskite double Pb2FeMoO6, avec un potentiel d'application sur des appareils magnétorésistances et spintroniques ; le deuxième, la zircone ZrO2 avec de excellentes propriétés mécaniques et diélectriques pour être utilisée dans les domaines de matériaux structuraux et fonctionnels. Dans la présente étude, nous utilisons la méthode ab-initio (first-principles calculation) pour étudier les détails des orbites décomposés des structures électroniques et des propriétés magnétiques du Pb2FeMoO6 massif de structure parfaite, massif avec des défauts et en structure de plaque. En même temps, les détails des orbites décomposés des structures électroniques, les propriétés mécaniques, dynamiques et diélectriques de six phases de la ZrO2 (cubique, tétragonale, monoclinique, orthorhombique I (Pbca), orthorhombique II (Pnma) et (Pca21)) ont également été étudiés. D'abord nous allons faire les calculs ab-initio sur les propriétés structurales, électroniques et magnétiques de double pérovskite Pb2FeMoO6 massif avec structure parfaite, massif avec défauts et en structure de plaque. La densité des états orbitaux décomposés montre le champ cristallin octaédrique des six atomes d'oxygène autour de métal de transition (des Fe ou des Mo) et divise les cinq états dégénérés des atomes libres de Fe ou Mo dans un états triplement dégénéré t2g (dxy, dyz et dzx) avec une énergie plus faible et dans un états doublement dégénéré eg (dz2 et dx2-y2) avec une énergie plus élevée. La nature semi-métalliques et les propriétés de transport complètes (100%) de spin de polarisation de Pb2FeMoO6 massif et en structures de plaque reflètent un grand potentiel d’application dans les dispositifs magnéto-résistifs et spintroniques. Le caractère semi-métallique est maintenu pour le composé Pb2FeMoO6 désordonné contenant d’antisites Fe(Mo), de lacunes de VFe, VO ou VPb, alors qu'il disparaît quand les antisites Mo(Fe), les échanges entre Fe-Mo ou les lacunes de VMo sont présents même la concentration de défauts est réduite jusqu'à C = 6,25%. Ainsi, les antisites Mo(Fe), les échanges entre Fe-Mo ou les lacunes de VMo doivent être évités afin de préserver le caractère semi-métallique du composé Pb2FeMoO6 et donc être utilisables dans des dispositifs magnéto-résistifs et spintroniques.Ensuite, basé sur la rigidité élastique constantes individuelle calculée Cij de six phases de ZrO2, les propriétés élastiques et mécaniques des agrégats polycristallins ont été prédits. Nous avons donc examiné le caractère isolant de la phase cubique/tétragonale de ZrO2 sous forme film avec différentes combinaisons et différentes épaisseurs possibles dans des plans avec des faibles indices de Miller [(001), (110) et (111)] (pour la phase cubique) et [(001), (100), (110), (101) et (111)] pour la phase tétragonale. Il se trouve que pour les différentes combinaisons et épaisseurs possibles dans ces trois / cinq plans avec faibles indices de Miller, seulement ZrO2-terminé sous forme d’un film orienté dans le plan (110)/(100) et O-terminé sous forme d’un film orienté (111)/(101) des phases cubique/tétragonale de ZrO2 maintiennent le caractère isolant même les épaisseurs d’empilement est réduit jusqu'à deux et trois couches atomiques. Puisque cubique et tétragonale ZrO2 ont grande anisotropie élastique, comme un exemple, le stress et l'énergie de déformation densité ont été calculées pour tous {hkl} -oriented grains d'un film ZrO2 cubique polycristallin. / Transition-metal oxides have attracted exceptional research interest in recent years from both fundamental and technological perspectives. In this respect, we focus on two types of oxides, first, the double perovskite, Pb2FeMoO6 for a potential magnetoresistive and spintronics device application, second, zirconia ZrO2 with great mechanical and dielectric properties can be widely used in both structural and functional material fields. In this thesis we use first-principles calculations (ab-initio) to study systematically the detailed orbital-decomposed electronic structures and magnetic properties of Pb2FeMoO6 in the perfected bulk, defected bulk and slab structures. The detailed orbital-decomposed electronic structures, the mechanical, dynamical and dielectric properties of the ZrO2 in six phases (cubic, tetragonal, monoclinic, orthoI (Pbca), orthoII (Pnma) and (Pca21)) have also been studied.Firstly, considering the comparable ionic radius of Pb2+ (1.49Å) with that of Sr2+ (1.44Å), we propose for the first time to substitute Sr2+ ion with Pb2+ ion in Sr2FeMoO6 and a detailed study has been performed on the Pb2FeMoO6 in the perfected bulk, defected bulk and slab structures. The half-metallic nature and a complete (100%) spin-polarized transport properties reflect the bulk and especially slab Pb2FeMoO6 a potential application in magnetoresistive and spintronics devices; The detailed orbital-decomposed density of states show the octahedral crystal-field of the six oxygen atoms around transition-metal Fe or Mo atoms splits the five-fold degenerate states of the free Fe or Mo atoms into triply degenerate t2g (dxy, dyz and dzx) states with lower energy and doubly degenerate eg (dz2 and dx2-y2) states with higher energy, which cannot be observed in previous partial density of states ( ); The Fe3+ and Mo5+ ions are in the (3d5, s=5/2) and (4d1, s=1/2) states with positive and negative magnetic moments respectively and thus antiferromagnetic coupling via oxygen between them; The half-metallic character is maintained for the disordered Pb2FeMoO6 compounds containing FeMo antisite, VFe, VO, or VPb vacancy, while it vanishes when MoFe antisite, Fe-Mo interchange or VMo vacancy are presented even the defect concentration reduce down to C=6.25%. So the MoFe antisite, Fe-Mo interchange or VMo vacancy defects have to be avoided in order to preserve the half-metallic character of the Pb2FeMoO6 compounds and thus usable in magnetoresistive and spintronics devices.Secondly, based on the calculated individual elastic stiffness constants Cij of six ZrO2 phases, the elastic and mechanical properties of the polycrystalline aggregates have been predicted. We further exam the insulating characters of the cubic/tetragonal ZrO2 slabs with various possible terminations and thicknesses within three [(001), (110) and (111)]/five [(001), (100), (110), (101) and (111)] lower index Miller planes. It is found for the first time that among various possible terminations and thicknesses within these three/five lower index Miller planes, only ZrO2-terminated slabs of the (110)/(100) Miller plane and O-terminated slabs of the (111)/(101) Miller plane of cubic/tetragonal ZrO2 maintain the insulating character and thus usable as a gate dielectric oxide in IC industry even the slab thicknesses reduce down to 2 and 3 atomic layers, respectively; Since cubic and tetragonal ZrO2 have larger elastic anisotropy, both stress and strain energy density have been calculated for all {hkl}-oriented grains of a cubic ZrO2 polycrystalline film as one example.

Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extraneous compounds (waxes, fats, gums, starches, alkaloids, resins, tannins, essential oils, silica, carbonates, oxalates, etc). The sugars within the complex carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose) can be accessed for cellulosic bioethanol production through ethanologenic microorganisms. However, the composite nature of lignocellulosic biomass, particularly the lignin portion, presents resistance and recalcitrance to biological and chemical degradation during enzymatic hydrolysis/saccharification and the subsequent fermentation process. This leads to a very low conversion rate, which makes the process uneconomically feasible. Thus, biomass structure requires initial breakdown of the lignocellulosic matrix. In this study, two types of biomass pretreatment were applied on barley straw grind: radio-frequency (RF)-based dielectric heating technique using alkaline (NaOH) solution as a catalyst and steam explosion pretreatment at low severity factor. The pretreatment was applied on barley straw which was ground in hammer mill with a screen size of 1.6 mm, so as to enhance its accessibility and digestibility by enzymatic reaction during hydrolysis. Three levels of temperature (70, 80, and 90oC), five levels of ratio of biomass to 1% NaOH solution (1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, & 1:8), 1 h soaking time, and 20 min residence time were used for the radio frequency pretreatment. The following process and material variables were used for the steam explosion pretreatment: temperature (140-180oC), retention time (5-10 min), and 8-50% moisture content (w.b). The effect of both pretreatments was assessed through chemical composition analysis and densification of the pretreated and non-pretreated biomass samples. Results of this investigation show that lignocellulosic biomass absorbed more NaOH than water, because of the hydrophobic nature of lignin, which acts as an external crosslink binder on the biomass matrix and shields the hydrophilic structural carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose). It was observed in the RF pretreatment that the use of NaOH solution and the ratio of biomass to NaOH solution played a major role, while temperature played a lesser role in the breakdown of the lignified matrix, as well as in the production of pellets with good physical quality. The heat provided by the RF is required to assist the alkaline solution in the deconstruction and disaggregation of lignocellulosic biomass matrix. The disruption and deconstruction of the lignified matrix is also associated with the dipole interaction, flip flop rotation, and friction generated between the electromagnetic charges from the RF and the ions and molecules from the NaOH solution and the biomass. The preserved cellulose from the raw sample (non-treated) was higher than that from the RF alkaline pretreated samples because of the initial degradation of the sugars during the pretreatment process. The same observation applies to hemicellulose. This implies that there is a trade-off between the breakdown of the biomass matrix/creating pores in the lignin and enhancing the accessibility and digestibility of the cellulose and hemicellulose. The use of dilute NaOH solution in biomass pretreatment showed that the higher the NaOH concentration, the lower was the acid insoluble lignin and the higher was the solubilized lignin moieties. The ratio of 1:6 at the four temperatures studied was determined to be the optimal. Based on the obtained data, it is predicted that this pretreatment will decrease the required amount and cost of enzymes by up to 64% compared to using non-treated biomass. However, the use of NaOH led to an increase in the ash content of biomass. The ash content increased with the decreasing ratio of biomass to NaOH solution. This problem of increased ash content can be addressed by washing the pretreated samples. RF assisted-alkaline pretreatment technique represents an easy to set-up and potentially affordable route for the bio-fuel industry, but this requires further energy analysis and economic validation, so as to investigate the significant high energy consumption during the RF-assisted alkaline pretreatment heating process. Data showed that in the steam explosion (SE) pretreatment, considerable thermal degradation of the energy potentials (cellulose and hemicellulose) with increasing acid soluble and insoluble lignin content occurred. The high degradation of the hemicellulose can be accounted for by its amorphous nature which is easily disrupted by external influences unlike the well-arranged crystalline cellulose. It is predicted that this pretreatment will decrease the required amount and cost of enzymes by up to 33% compared to using non-treated biomass.The carbon content of the solid SE product increased at higher temperature and longer residence time, while the hydrogen and oxygen content decreased. The RF alkaline and SE treatment combinations that resulted to optimum yield of cellulose and hemicellulose were selected and then enzymatically digested with a combined mixture of cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes at 50oC for 96 h on a shaking incubator at 250 rev/min. The glucose in the hydrolyzed samples was subsequently quantified. The results obtained confirmed the effectiveness of the pretreatment processes. The average available percentage glucose yield that was released during the enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethanol production ranged from 78-96% for RF-alkaline pretreated and 30-50% for the SE pretreated barley straw depending on the treatment combination. While the non-treated sample has available average percentage glucose yield of just below 12%. The effects of both pretreatment methods (RF and SE) were further evaluated by pelletizing the pretreated and non-pretreated barley straw samples in a single pelleting unit. The physical characteristics (pellet density, tensile strength, durability rating, and dimensional stability) of the pellets were determined. The lower was the biomass:NaOH solution ratio, the better was the quality of the produced pellets. Washing of the RF-alkaline pretreated samples resulted in pellets with low quality. A biomass:NaOH solution ratio of 1:8 at the three levels of temperature (70, 80, and 90oC) studied are the RF optimum pretreatment conditions. The higher heating value (HHV) and the physical characteristics of the produced pellets increased with increasing temperature and residence time. The steam exploded samples pretreated at higher temperatures (180ºC) and retention time of 10 min resulted into pellets with good physical qualities. Fourier transform infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was further applied on the RF alkaline and SE samples in light of the need for rapid and easy quantification of biomass chemical components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). The results obtained show that the FTIR-PAS spectra can be rapidly used for the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of biofuel feedstock. Predictive models were developed for each of the biomass components in estimating their respective percentage chemical compositions.

Cette thèse porte sur l’intégration de condensateurs accordables à base de BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST), pour réaliser des dispositifs radiofréquences reconfigurables destinés aux antennes de téléphones portables. L’enjeu industriel principal est d’obtenir des condensateurs avec une forte accordabilité, de faibles pertes diélectriques et de faibles courants de fuite, en jouant sur la composition chimique du matériau et en contrôlant la chimie des défauts liés aux lacunes d’oxygène. La stratégie adoptée dans cette étude pour atteindre cet objectif est de doper le BST par du Mn en substitution du Ti et par du Cu en addition. Une étude complète de ces deux cas de dopage simple, réalisée à la fois sur des céramiques et des couches minces synthétisées à partir des mêmes solutions sol-gel, a dévoilé des mécanismes différents d’amélioration des propriétés diélectriques et électriques du matériau suivant le type de dopage. La complémentarité de ces deux dopants nous a alors conduit à explorer le codopage du BST en couche mince. Une architecture originale de codopage hétérogène a été mise en place, permettant de combiner les avantages des deux voies de dopage et de s’approcher fortement des spécifications imposées par le cahier des charges industriel. / This PhD work is about integration of BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) based tunable capacitors, in order to perform radiofrequency reconfigurable devices for cell phone antennas. The main industrial goal is to obtain capacitors with a high tunability, low dielectric losses and low leakage currents, by playing on the chemical composition of the material and by controlling the oxygen vacancy related defect chemistry. The strategy addressed in this study to reach this objective is doping the BST by Mn in substitution of Ti or by adding Cu. A full study of each case of doping, performed on both ceramics and thin films synthesized from the same sol-gel solutions, revealed different improvement mechanisms of the dielectric and electrical properties of the material according to the type of doping. The complementarity of the two doping ways has led us to investigate codoping of BST thin films. An original architecture of heterogeneous codoping has been set up, allowing to combine the benefits of each doping way and to closely meet the industrial specifications.

High dielectric constant materials have tremendous impact on miniaturization of devices that are used in various applications like wireless communication systems, microelectronics, global positioning systems, etc. To store electric charge in a very small space necessarily needs a capacitor with very high dielectric constant. Thus, these materials are very important in fabricating capacitors, or metal oxide semiconductor filed effect transistor (MOSFET). Among the existing commercially available devices, silicon-based microelectronic devices are commonly used based on the moderately stable dielectric constants of silicon with low losses and minimal temperature and frequency dependence. However, now-a-days, the perovskite based transition metal oxides have drawn attention that have the ability to fulfill all the requirements for being a good dielectric material in all the industrial applications. In this thesis we have studied a few selected perovskite based transition metal oxide systems in terms of their dielectric and magnetic behaviour. In Chapter 1, we have have given brief introductions about the some application of dielectric materials and the origin of dielectric and magnetic properties in the materials. We have also discussed about the polarisation in the dielectric materials to understand it’s frequency dependence and also to formalise different relaxation behaviour with the help of physical and mathematical explanation. In Chapter 2, we describe the various methodologies adopted in this thesis. In Chapter 3, we have studied the dielectric behaviour of Nd2NiMnO6, a rare earth based double perovskite ferromagnetic insulator. We successfully synthesised and characterised the compounds, settled the valency issues with the help of temperature dependent XAS of the transition metal atom in contrast to the existing controversy available in literature. We have found that this material shows relaxor kind behaviour with a colossal dielectric constant value. We have studied in details the origin of the colossal dielectric constant and the relaxation behaviour along with the a.c and d.c. transport properties. We have shown the origin of the ferromagnetism (TC ∼ 200 K) with a low temperature antiferromagnetic ordering (TN ∼ 55 K) with the help of detailed studies of temperature dependent d.c., a.c. magnetism and their XMCD. We have also investigated the isothermal variation of magnetodielectric and magnetoresistance behaviour as a function of magnetic field and their origin. In Chapter 4,we study the effect of cation anti-site disorder on the magnetic, dielectric and transport properties of another rare earth based ferromagnetic double perovskite insulator La2NiMnO6 by controlling different extent of anti-site disordered. We have confirmed the valency of the transition metal cations using XAS technique and followed by shown, different types of magnetic interaction between the transition metal cations using d.c magnetic, quantitative XMCD analysis and the origin of large dielectric response, a.c. transport & dielectric relaxation using temperature variation dielectric measurement as an experimental evidence in contrast of our previous speculation published in literature. We further have studied, the coupling between the magnetic and electric spin through isothermal magnetodielectric measurement. In Chapter 5, we have successfully synthesised and characterised a solid solution of YMnxIn1−xO3 series via different mol % of In doping in the multiferroic YMnO3 system. YMnO3 is a well known multiferroic material studied rigorously during past few decades. We have seen, YMnO3 which has a antiferromagnetic ordering temperature of ∼ 75 K suppressed with increasing the dopant concentration In. We have figured out the effect of In doping in the suppression of multiferroic phase and extended it to the dielectric properties. We have found that, the temperature dependence of dielectric constant shows an anomaly at the magnetic ordering temperature and studied magnetodielectric coupling. We have also investigated the temperature variation of dielectric relaxation and a.c. transport behaviour as a function of composition. In Chapter 6, we have identified the phase seperation and proposed a phase diagram as function of Gd doping in the Ho2−xGdxCuTiO6 double perovskite, where two end member, namely Ho2CuTiO6 and Gd2CuTiO6 are found to be in two different crystallographic phase as, hexagonal (P63cm) and orthorhombic (Pnmm), respectively. We have characterised the valency of the transition metal cations using XAS.We have seen very less temperature and frequency dependence of dielectric constant in hexagonal phase in compare to the orthorhombic phase and tried to figuring out from experimental analysis by performing temperature dependence dielectric const measurement. We also have shown the effect of doping in the origin of dielectric relaxation, a.c transport and magnetic behaviour of this system. In Chapter 7, we have synthesised and characterised successfully two different rare earth based layered perovskite La3Cu2VO9 and La4Cu3MoO12 compounds are of centrosymmetric space group. We have figured it of the valency of the different atoms present in the compound using XAS. We also do have observed the good temperature stability of dielectric constant of these materials and explored origin of mechanism in the dielectric relaxation, a.c. transport property by performing the temperature dependance dielectric measurement. The magnetic structure also have shown with the help of d.d. magnetic measurements. In Appendix A, we have seen the very stable dielectric constant constant from very low to above room temperature of the 2D nano PbS. The frequency stability of dielectric constant is also remarkable in compare to bulk PbS values available in literature. We have explored the origin of the conductivity and relaxation mechanism performing dielectric constant measurement. In conclusion, we investigate, in this thesis, dielectric properties of different transition metal oxides system and the mechanism of dielectric relaxation, a.c, d.c transport and their origin of magnetic response.

Une baisse constatée de la résistivité de l'isolation en PVC de certains câbles haute tension unipolaires conduit à s'interroger sur leur aptitude à assurer leur fonction. Cette étude avait pour objectif de fournir des éléments de réponse concernant en particulier l'origine de cette variation de résistivité et ses conséquences sur la tenue diélectrique. Les caractérisations ont porté sur des câbles usagés dont les propriétés avaient évolué au cours de leur utilisation. Les caractérisations physico-chimiques (spectroscopie et microscopie IR, spectroscopie UV, MEB-EDX et coulométrie) ont mis en évidence que le vieillissement du câble résultait d'un mécanisme de déshydrochloruration. La présence de deux modes de conduction dans le matériau a été observée : une conduction électronique à basse température (< -10°C) et une conduction ionique à température ambiante et au-delà. La présence de ces deux modes de conduction est compatible avec le mécanisme de déshydrochloruration. Au contraire d'une loi d'Arrhénius, les vieillissements artificiels ont mis en évidence un effet de seuil de température dans l'activation du mécanisme à l'origine de la chute de résistivité. La tenue diélectrique des câbles a été confortée par des essais à des tensions ou à des températures bien au-delà des valeurs nominales. Les mesures de calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) ont mis en évidence des surchauffes ponctuelles plus ou moins prononcées qui se corrèlent aux chutes de résistivités constatées, et peuvent donc être considérées comme étant à l'origine des évolutions constatées. / The observed decrease in the resistivity of the PVC insulation of some high voltage unipolar cables led to question their ability to perform their function. Provide answers concerning in particular the origin of the variation in resistivity and the impact on the dielectric strength were the objectives of this study. The characterizations were carried on cables withdrawn from service whose properties had changed during their use. Physico-chemical characterization (IR microscopy, UV spectroscopy, SEM - EDX and coulometry) showed that aging of the cable resulted from a mechanism of dehydrochlorination. The presence of two modes of electric conduction in the material was observed: electronic conduction at a low temperature (< -10 ° C) and ionic conduction at room temperature and beyond. The presence of these two modes of conduction is consistent with the mechanism of dehydrochlorination. In contrast to an Arrhenius law, artificial aging showed a threshold effect in the thermal activation of the mechanism at the origin of the resistivity drop. The dielectric strength of the cable has been confirmed by tests at voltages or temperatures well beyond the nominal values. Measurements of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed occasional more or less pronounced overheatings that correlate with the resistivity drops, and can therefore be considered as being at the origin of the observed evolutions.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscilaVDMQ_TESE.pdf: 3706825 bytes, checksum: a3b44c4a57772c9356ce81d22bdb9174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The green bean has organoleptic and nutritional characteristics that make it an important food source in tropical regions such as the Northeast of Brazil. It is a cheap source of protein and important for nutrition of rural population contributing significantly in subsistence farming of the families from Brazil s northeast. It is consumed in entire region and together with the dry meat and other products composes the menu of typical restaurants, being characterized as an important product for economy of Northeast. The green bean is consumed freshly harvested and has short cycle, being characterized as a very perishable food, which hampers your market. The drying method is an alternative to increase the lifetime and provide a reduction volume of this product making easier your transportation and storage. However is necessary to search ways of drying which keep the product quality not only from the nutritional standpoint but also organoleptic. Some characteristics may change with the drying process such as the coloring, the rehydration capacity and the grains cooking time. The decrease of drying time or of exposure of the grains to high temperature minimizes the effects related with the product quality loss. Among the techniques used to reduce the drying time and improve some characteristics of the product, stands out the osmotic dehydration, widely used in combined processes such as the pretreatment in drying food. Currently the use of the microwaves has been considered an alternative for drying food. The microwave energy generates heat inside of materials processed and the heating is practically instantaneous, resulting in shorter processing times and product quality higher to that obtained by conventional methods. Considering the importance of the green beans for the Northeast region, the wastefulness of production due to seasonality of the crop and your high perishability, the proposal of this thesis is the study of drying grain by microwaves with and without osmotic pretreatment, focusing on the search of conditions of processes which favor the rehydration of the product preserving your organoleptic characteristics. Based on the analysis of the results of osmotic dehydration and dielectric properties was defined the operating condition to be used in pretreatment of the green bean, with osmotic concentration in saline solution containing 12,5% of sodium chloride, at 40?C for 20 minutes. The drying of green bean by microwave was performed with and without osmotic pretreatment on the optimized condition. The osmotic predehydration favored the additional drying, reducing the process time. The rehydration of dehydrated green bean with and without osmotic pretreatment was accomplished in different temperature conditions and immersion time according to a factorial design 22, with 3 repetitions at the central point. According to results the better condition was obtained with the osmotically pretreated bean and rehydrated at a temperature of 60?C for 90 minutes. Sensory analysis was performed comparing the sample of the green bean in natura and rehydrated in optimized conditions, with and without osmotic pretreatment. All samples showed a good acceptance rate regarding the analyzed attributes (appearance, texture, color, odor and taste), with all values above 70%. Is possible conclude that the drying of green bean by microwave with osmotic pretreatment is feasible both in respect to technical aspects and rehydration rates and sensory quality of the product / O feij?o verde apresenta caracter?sticas organol?pticas e nutricionais que fazem dele uma importante fonte aliment?cia em regi?es de clima tropical como o Nordeste do Brasil. ? uma fonte de prote?na barata e importante para a nutri??o da popula??o rural contribuindo significativamente na agricultura de subsist?ncia das fam?lias nordestinas. ? consumido em toda a regi?o e comp?e junto com a carne de sol e outros produtos o card?pio dos restaurantes t?picos, caracterizando-se assim como um produto importante para a economia da Nordeste. O feij?o verde ? consumido rec?m-colhido e apresenta ciclo curto, sendo caracterizado como um alimento de alta perecibilidade, o que dificulta a sua comercializa??o. A secagem desse produto se caracteriza como uma alternativa para o aumento da vida ?til deste alimento, al?m de proporcionar uma redu??o de volume facilitando seu manuseio no transporte e armazenagem. Todavia necess?rio se faz buscar formas de secagem que preservem a qualidade do produto n?o s? sobre o ponto de vista nutricional como organol?ptico. Dentre as caracter?sticas que se alteram com o processo de secagem, destacam-se a colora??o, a capacidade de reidrata??o e o tempo de cozimento dos gr?os. A diminui??o do tempo de secagem, ou de exposi??o dos gr?os a elevadas temperaturas minimizam os efeitos relacionados com a perda de qualidade do produto. .Dentre as t?cnicas empregadas para minimizar o tempo de secagem e melhorar algumas caracter?sticas do produto, destaca-se a desidrata??o osm?tica, muito utilizada em processos combinados como pr?-tratamento na secagem dos alimentos. Atualmente a utiliza??o do micro-ondas tem sido apontada como uma alternativa para a secagem de alimentos. A energia de micro-ondas gera calor no interior dos materiais processados e o aquecimento ? praticamente instant?neo, o que resulta em tempos de processamento mais curtos e qualidade do produto superior ? obtida pelos m?todos convencionais. Considerando a import?ncia do feij?o verde para a regi?o Nordeste, o desperd?cio da produ??o devido a sazonalidade da safra e sua alta perecibilidade, foi proposto nesta tese o estudo da secagem dos gr?os em micro-ondas com e sem pr?-tratamento osm?tico, tendo como foco principal a busca das condi??es de processo que favore?am a reidrata??o do produto, com preserva??o de suas caracter?sticas organol?pticas. A partir da an?lise dos resultados da desidrata??o osm?tica e propriedades diel?tricas foi definida a condi??o operacional a ser utilizada no pr?-tratamento do feij?o verde, com concentra??o osm?tica em solu??o salina contendo 12,5% de cloreto de s?dio, a 400C por 20 minutos. A secagem do feij?o verde por micro-ondas foi realizada sem e com pr?-tratamento osm?tico na condi??o otimizada. A pr?-desidrata??o osm?tica favoreceu a secagem complementar, reduzindo o tempo de processo. A reidrata??o do feij?o verde desidratado com e sem pr?-tratamento osm?tico foi realizada em diferentes condi??es de temperatura e tempo de imers?o de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 22, com 3 repeti??es no ponto central . De acordo com os resultados a melhor condi??o, foi obtida com o feij?o pr?-tratado osmoticamente e reidratado a uma temperatura de 600C por 90 minutos. Realizou-se a an?lise sensorial comparando-se as amostra de feij?o verde in natura e reidratado nas condi??es otimizadas, com e sem pr?-tratamento osm?tico. Todas as amostras apresentaram um bom ?ndice de aceita??o referente aos atributos analisados (apar?ncia, textura, cor, odor e sabor), estando todos os valores acima de 70%. Conclui-se que a secagem do feij?o verde por micro-ondas com pr?-tratamento osm?tico ? vi?vel, tanto em rela??o aos aspectos t?cnicos como aos ?ndices de reidrata??o e a qualidade sensorial do produto

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T16:28:43Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T16:28:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O titanato de estrôncio (SrTiO3) possui estrutura cristalina do tipo perovsquita. Materiais com este tipo de estrutura são utilizados para diversas aplicações, tais como, sensores, atuadores, em células a combustível de óxido sólido, entre outros. Devido as suas interessantes propriedades físicas, o SrTiO3 vem sendo intensamente estudado, em especial com a introdução de dopantes. Portanto, neste trabalho foi investigada a influência de diferentes teores de Ca (1; 2,5 e 5% mol) e Pr (0,025; 0,050; 0,075 e 1% mol) na microestrutura e propriedades elétricas e dielétricas do SrTiO3, assim como o material sem aditivos (puro). Os resultados mostram que após a sinterização do SrTiO3 puro, a microestrutura consiste de grãos poligonais com tamanho médio micrométrico, além de texturas lisas e rugosas. A condutividade elétrica das amostras sintetizadas sinterizadas a 1450 e 1500ºC é máxima para 2 horas de patamar. Apenas as amostras de SrTiO3 contendo 1% em mol de Ca apresentam fase única. O tamanho médio de grãos das amostras contendo 1% em mol de Ca é 10,65 &plusmn; 0,28 &micro;m e para teores acima deste valor ocorre crescimento significativo dos grãos. As medidas de condutividade elétrica mostraram que as amostras contendo a adição de 1% em mol de Ca possuem maior condutividade dos grãos em relação ao material puro. Para as amostras contendo teores de até 0,075% mol de Pr, pode-se observar alguns grãos lisos e outros rugosos e não há variação considerável do tamanho médio de grãos. As amostras contendo menor teor de Pr (0,025% mol) apresentam maior condutividade dos grãos e contornos de grãos. As amostras de SrTiO3 sintetizado sinterizadas a 1450ºC/10 h apresentaram permissividade elétrica colossal em temperatura ambiente em altas frequências. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Die dielektrischen Eigenschaften, also die Interaktion mit elektrischen Feldern, sind ein wichtiger Qualitätsparameter der Matrix in Faserverbundmaterialien und allgemein in Harzen. Sie werden bisher mit Hilfe von kapazitiven Verfahren oder Hochfrequenzverfahren wie z. B. der Mikrowellentechnik gemessen. Allerdings können beide Verfahren nicht an elektrisch leitfähigen Materialien wie Kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) eingesetzt werden und auch bei der Anwendung der Methoden an Kunststoffen oder elektrisch isolierenden Faserverbundmaterialien gibt es Nachteile. So benötigt die kapazitive Messtechnik meist eine spezielle Probenpräparation für quantitative Messungen und erreicht eine vergleichsweise schlechte Ortsauflösung beim Permittivitätsmapping. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich daher der Untersuchung einer alternativen, in diesem Kontext neuen Methode zur Charakterisierung dielektrischer Eigenschaften: Die Hochfrequenzwirbelstrommesstechnik, welche bisher zur Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und magnetischen Permeabilität genutzt wird, wird theoretisch und praktisch hinsichtlich ihres Anwendungspotentials zur Permittivitätsmessung an Epoxidharzen und Faserverbundwerkstoffen diskutiert. Dabei werden zuerst Grundlagen wie Anwendungsfelder für die Nutzung dielektrischer Eigenschaften von Harzen und Verbundwerkstoffen zur Qualitätssicherung bzw. gängige Messverfahren erläutert. Anschließend wird theoretisch gezeigt, warum dielektrische Eigenschaften auf das Hochfrequenzwirbelstrom (HFWS)-Signal wirken. Dabei werden sowohl die Maxwell-Gleichungen genutzt, als auch Finite Elemente (FE)-Simulationen. Der Schwerpunkt der Forschungsarbeit liegt dann auf der experimentellen Untersuchung der Permittivitätsmessung mittels HFWS. Es werden verschiedene Anwendungsfälle betrachtet: von zeitlich kontinuierlichen Permittitivitätsänderungen (am Beispiel der Aushärtung von Epoxidharzen), über lokale Permittivitätsabweichungen (in Folge von Defekten, Textureigenschaften oder thermischen Überlasten) bis hin zu quantitativen Permittivitätsmessungen (zur Materialcharakterisierung bzw. Alterungsuntersuchung). Dabei kann gezeigt werden, dass es möglich ist, die Permittivität von Faserverbundwerkstoffen und Epoxidharzen mittels HFWS zu charakterisieren, selbst wenn das zu prüfende Material elektrisch nicht leitfähig ist.

This diploma thesis deals with not-aged and thermally, electric and multistress aged slotted isolations dielectric properities experimental probing. Dutiny experiment is watched influence moisture on dielectric properties insulating materiále ISONOMŽNMN. Especially both two permitivity complex components are surveyed, in dependence on the frequency and the temperature changes during thermal, electric and multistress ageing. These characteristics are viewed in light of application the isolation in practice.