Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Mark D. Haub / Purpose: Physical activity (PA) and resistant starch (RS) beneficially affect metabolic health. However, their combined effects on gut health are poorly understood. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the combined effects of PA and RS via breath hydrogen production and blood glucose responses and directly learn about the research process. Methods: Twenty subjects with no reported symptoms of metabolic diseases participated in this thesis project. Subjects wore accelerometers to determine PA status, and were then stratified into two groups: less active or more active. Once enrolled and stratified into groups based on PA assessment, subjects came to the laboratory on two more occasions to eat a standardized energy dense test meal with a lemonade beverage. The beverage contained different doses (5 g or 25 g) of RS type 4. On each test day, breath hydrogen was collected at baseline through the sixth hour at hour intervals through the fourth hour. Between hours four and six, the breath samples were collected every 30 minutes. Blood glucose samples were collected at baseline before the meal and then 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after beginning to eat the meal. Results: The incremental areas under the curve for glucose were not different between PA groups or RS dose (p>0.05). The area under the curve values for breath hydrogen were not different (p>0.05) between groups or doses of PA and RS, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that acute assessments of gut fermentation in generally healthy participants, as assessed by postprandial breath hydrogen production, requires more than six hours of assessment to determine differences between treatments and levels of physical activity.

Introdução: Complicações gastrointestinais na terapia nutricional enteral são frequentes e podem afetar negativamente o desfecho de pacientes hospitalizados. Entre os principais problemas gastrointestinais observados na terapia nutricional enteral destacam-se a diarreia e a constipação intestinal, tema principal do presente estudo. Variáveis relacionadas aos pacientes, terapia medicamentosa e a própria terapia nutricional podem ser fatores predisponentes de diarreia e constipação intestinal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a frequência de diarreia e constipação intestinal em pacientes em terapia nutricional enteral exclusiva internados em hospital geral no Brasil e estudar os fatores associados a estes eventos. Método: Estudo monocêntrico, sequencial de inclusão aleatória e observacional que avaliou, de forma prospectiva e diária, a ocorrência de diarreia e constipação intestinal em pacientes em terapia nutricional enteral exclusiva durante 21 dias. Estudou-se o comportamento de variáveis relacionadas aos pacientes, a influência da terapia medicamentosa e o tipo de fórmula de nutrição enteral. Os pacientes foram categorizados retrospectivamente quanto a evacuação diária em: grupo D (diarreia; definida como três ou mais evacuações no período de 24h); grupo C (constipação intestinal, definida como menos do que uma evacuação em três dias) e grupo N (ausência de diarreia e constipação intestinal). Analisou-se a terapia medicamentosa administrada aos pacientes de acordo com cada classe terapêutica e quantidade recebida. Também se avaliou a presença de fibras na composição de fórmulas de nutrição enteral. Resultados: Dos 110 pacientes analisados, observou-se constipação intestinal em 70,0% (77), diarreia em 12,7% (14) e em apenas 17,3% (19) dos pacientes houve ausência de diarreia e constipação intestinal. A única variável associada à frequência de diarreia foi a terapia medicamentosa. Houve associação entre os medicamentos anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais e diarreia em pacientes que fizeram uso de fórmula de nutrição enteral sem fibras (p=0,021). No grupo constipação intestinal, a internação na UTI e insuficiência respiratória foram variáveis significativas (p=0,036 e p=0,003277, respectivamente). Houve associação também entre os medicamentos antagonistas H2 e constipação intestinal em pacientes que fizeram uso de fórmula de nutrição enteral sem fibras (p=0,013). Fórmula de nutrição enteral com fibra esteve associada à prevenção da constipação intestinal. A classe terapêutica de antidopaminérgico mostrou efeito benéfico na prevenção da diarreia (p=0,023) e de constipação intestinal (p=0,022) quando comparados com grupo N. Conclusão: A constipação intestinal foi mais frequente que diarreia em pacientes em TNE exclusiva, principalmente quando foi usada fórmula de nutrição enteral sem fibras. A classe terapêutica de medicamentos anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais associou-se à diarreia em pacientes que fizeram uso de fórmula de nutrição enteral sem fibras. A constipação intestinal esteve associada à internação na UTI, à indicação de TNE por necessidade de ventilação mecânica e a classe terapêutica de medicamentos antagonistas H2 em pacientes que fizeram uso de fórmula de nutrição enteral sem fibras. A prescrição de medicamentos pró-cinéticos se mostrou benéfica na prevenção de diarreia e constipação intestinal, assim como o acréscimo de fibras na fórmula de nutrição enteral associou-se à prevenção de diarreia e constipação intestinal influenciados pela terapia medicamentosa / Introduction: Digestive complications in enteral nutrition (EN) are frequent and can affect negatively in the clinical outcome of hospitalized patients. Diarrhea and constipation are the main gastrointestinal problems presented in these cases. Variables related to patients, drug therapy and nutritional therapy itself might be predisposing factors for diarrhea and constipation. The aim of this study was to analyze and assess the frequency and risk factors associated with diarrhea and constipation in hospitalized patients receiving exclusive EN therapy in a general hospital. Method: The authors performed a monocentric study, sequential with random inclusion that evaluated prospectively by observation the daily occurrence of diarrhea and constipation in hospitalized adult patients fed exclusively by EN through a feeding tube for 21 days. Variables related to patients, the influence of drug therapy and type of enteral formula were studied too. Patients were categorized retrospectively as evacuation daily: group D (diarrhea, 3 or more watery evacuations in 24 hours), group C (constipation, less than 1 evacuation during 3 days), and group N (absence of diarrhea or constipation). All prescription drugs were recorded, and patients were analyzed according to the type and amount of medication received. The authors also investigated the presence of fiber in the enteral formula. Results: Among the 110 patients included in the study, patients classified in group C represented 70.0% (77) of the study population; group D comprised 12.7% (14), and group N represented 17.3% (19). The only variable associated with frequency of diarrhea was drug therapy. There was an association between anti-inflammatory drugs and diarrhea in patients who used formula for enteral nutrition without fiber (p=0.021). In the constipation group, the ICU admission and orotracheal intubation as the indication for EN were significant variables (p=0.036 and p=0.003277, respectively). There was also an association between H2 drugs antagonists and constipated patients who used formula for enteral nutrition without fiber (p=0.013). Enteral nutrition formula with fiber was associated to prevention of constipation. The antidopaminergic therapeutic class showed beneficial effect in the prevention of diarrhea (p=0.023) and constipation (p=0.022) when compared with group N. Conclusion: Constipation was more frequent than diarrhea in patients fed exclusively by EN through a feeding tube, especially when it was used enteral nutrition formula without fiber. The therapeutic class of anti-inflammatory drugs was associated with diarrhea in patients who used formula for enteral nutrition without fiber. Constipation was associated with ICU admission, TNE indication for mechanical ventilation and therapeutic class of H2 drugs antagonists in patients who used formula for enteral nutrition without fiber. The prescription of prokinetic drugs seems to be beneficial in the prevention of diarrhea and constipation, as well as the addition of fiber in enteral nutrition formula was associated with prevention of diarrhea and constipation influenced by drug therapy

Koon Chi Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-174). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.v / Chinese Abstract --- p.viii / Table of Content --- p.x / Chapter Chapter one: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Classification of Plant Polysaccharides --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition of Dietary Fiber --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Types of Soluble Dietary Fiber --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Physiological Effect of Fiber --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Reduction in Absorption by Viscous Polysaccharides --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Gastric Emptying --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Effect of Viscous Polysaccharides on Intraluminal Mixing --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Effect of Luminal Secretions on Viscosity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Physicochemical Qualities and Hypocholesterolemic Effects --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Gastrointestinal Events and Hypocholesterolemic Effects --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Mouth --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Stomach --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Small intestine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Large intestine --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Proposed Mechanisms for Hypocholesterolemic Effects --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Altered Bile Acid Absorption and Metabolism --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Modified Lipid Absorption and Metabolism --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Effects of SCFA on Lipid Metabolism --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Changed Hormone Concentrations --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Materials and Methods --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Fungus --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Golden Syrian Hamster --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Rabbit --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Characterization of Auricularia Polytricha --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Chromatographic materials --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- "Determination of Plasma TC，HDL-C, LDL-C，TG，AST and ALT" --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Assay --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- "Quantitative Determination of Liver Cholesterol, Acidic and Neutral Sterol" --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Animal Diets --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.8.1 --- Hamster Diets --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.8.2 --- Rabbit Diets --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Extraction of Water-Soluble AP Polysaccharide (APP) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Characterization of Auricularia Polytricha --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Determination of carbohydrate content of AP Polysaccharide --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Determination of uronic acid content of AP Polysaccharide --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Determination of protein content of AP Polysaccharide by BCA protein assay --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Determination of component sugar units of AP Polysaccharide --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Fractionation of AP Polysaccharide --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Determination of monosaccharides of AP Polysaccharide by HPLC --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Determination of plasma TC, HDL-C, LDL-C,TG,AST and ALT" --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Plasma Total Cholesterol --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Plasma HDL-Cholesterol --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Plasma LDL-Cholesterol --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Plasma Triglyceride --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Plasma Aspartate Aminotransferase --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Plasma Alanine Aminotransferase --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of Hepatic Microsome --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- HMG-CoA Activity Assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Quantitative Determination of Liver Cholesterol --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Cholesterol Extraction and its Silylation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- GLC Analysis of TMS-Ether Derivative of Cholesterol --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Quantitative Determination of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Separation of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Conversion of Neutral Sterols to its TMS-Ether Derivative --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Conversion of Acidic Sterols to its TMS-Ether Derivatives --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- GLC Analysis of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Study of Atherosclerosis of Rabbit --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Sudan III staining of the thoracic aorta --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Measurement of atheroma formation in the aorta --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Animal Experiments --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.8.1 --- Protective Effect of APP in Hyperlipidemic Study (Exp. 1) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.8.2 --- Therapeutic Effect of APP in Hyperlipidemic Study (Exp. 2) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.8.3 --- Dose Response of APP in Hyperlipidemic Study (Exp. 3) --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.8.4 --- Hypolipidemic Effect of Short Chain Fatty Acid (Exp. 4) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.8.5 --- Effect of APP and SCFA on HMG-CoA Reductase Activity (Exp5） --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.8.6 --- Hypolipidemic and Anti-atherosclerotic Effect of APP (Exp. 6) ´Ø… --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Fractionation and Characterization of Auricularia Polytricha Polysaccharide --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Fungal polysaccharides from Auricularia Polytricha --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Auricularia Polytricha --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Determination of Carbohydrates Content --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Determination of Protein Content --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Determination of Uronic Acid Content --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Determination of component sugars of AP Polysaccharide --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Fractionation of AP Polysaccharide --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Determination of monosaccharide components of AP Polysaccharide by HPLC --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- "Protective, Therapeutic and Dose Effect of Auricularia Polytricha Polysaccharide (APP) on Hyperlipidemia" --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results (Exp. 1) --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Body Weight and Food Intake --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Hepatic Cholesterol --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Effect of APP Supplementation on Plasma TC, HDL-C and TG" --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Fecal Output of Neutral Sterols --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Fecal Output of Acidic Sterols --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion (Exp. 1) --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results (Exp. 2) --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Body Weight and Food Intake --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Hepatic Cholesterol --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Plasma TC and TG --- p.103 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Plasma HDL-C and LDL-C --- p.104 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion (Exp. 2) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.6 --- Results (Exp. 3) --- p.111 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Body Weight and Food Intake --- p.111 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Dose Response of APP Supplementation on Hepatic Cholesterol --- p.111 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Dose Response of APP Supplementation on Plasma TG --- p.112 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Dose Response of APP Supplementation on Plasma HDL-C and LDL-C --- p.112 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Dose Response of APP Supplementation on ALT and AST Activity --- p.113 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- Dose Response of APP Supplementation on Fecal Output of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.113 / Chapter 4.7 --- Discussion --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Hypolipidemic Effect of Short Chain Fatty Acids --- p.123 / Chapter 5.1 --- "Introduction (Exp. 4,5)" --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Results (Exp. 4,5)" --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Body Weight and Food Intake --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of SCFA Supplementation on Hepatic Cholesterol --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Effect of SCFA Supplementation on Plasma TG, HDL-C and LDL-C" --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of SCFA Supplementation on AST and ALT Activity --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of SCFA supplementation on HMG-CoA Reductase Activity --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3 --- "Discussion (Exp. 4,5)" --- p.135 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Hypolipidemic and Antiatherosclerotic Effect of APP --- p.137 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction (Exp. 6) --- p.137 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results (Exp. 6) --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Body Weight and Food Intake --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on Hepatic Cholesterol --- p.139 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- "Effect of APP Supplementation on Plasma TG, HDL- and LDL-C" --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Effect of APP Supplementation on AST and ALT Activity --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Effect of APP supplementation on HMG-CoA Reductase Activity --- p.146 / Chapter 6.2.6 --- Effect of APP supplementation on the Formation of Atheroma --- p.146 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion (Exp. 6) --- p.151 / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- General Discussion and Future Perspectives --- p.153 / References --- p.158

Sit Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-150). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.v / Chinese Abstract --- p.vii / Table of Content --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter one: --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Definition of Dietary Fiber --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Classification of Dietary Fiber --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Soluble Dietary Fibers --- p.3 / Chapter 1.5 --- Proposed Mechanisms for Hypocholesterolemic Effects --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Alter Eating Pattern --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Delay Gastric Emptying --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Modify Lipid Digestion and Absorption --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Effects of SCFA on Lipid Metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Enhance Bile Acid Excretion --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6 --- Auricularia polytricha --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Chemical Analysis of Auricularia polytrica --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Auricularia polytricha --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Determination of Carbohydrate Content --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of Protein Content --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of Uronic Acid Content --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of Molecular Weight by Gel Filtration Chromatography --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of Monosaccharide Components by HPLC --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Yield of Auricularia polytricha polysaccharides --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Carbohydrate Content of APPs --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Protein Content of APPs --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Uronic Acid Content of APPs --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Molecular Weight of APPs --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Monosaccharide Components of APPs --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Hypolipidemic Effects of APPs --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Golden Syrian Hamster --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Animal Experiments --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Protective Effect and Dose Response of APPs (Exp. 1) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Therapeutic Effect of APPs (High-cholesterol Diet) (Exp. 2) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Therapeutic Effect of APPII (Normal Diet) (Exp. 3) --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Effect of APPs on HMG-CoA Reductase and AC AT Activity (Exp. 4) --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Determination of Plasma AST and ALT --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "Determination of Plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG" --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Quantitative Determination of Hepatic and Heart Cholesterol --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Quantitative Determination of Perirenal Adipose Tissue Triglyceride --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results (Exp. 1) --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Food Intake and Growth --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of APPs on Plasma AST and ALT --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- "Effect of APPs on Plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG" --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of APPs on Hepatic and Heart Cholesterol --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion (Exp. 1) --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results (Exp. 2) --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Food Intake and Growth --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of APPs on Plasma AST and ALT --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- "Effect of APPs on Plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG" --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of APPs on Hepatic and Heart Cholesterol --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion (Exp. 2) --- p.74 / Chapter 3.7 --- Results (Exp. 3) --- p.76 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Food Intake and Growth --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of APPII on Plasma AST and ALT --- p.76 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- "Effect of APPII on Plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG" --- p.76 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Effect of APPII on Hepatic and Heart Cholesterol --- p.80 / Chapter 3.8 --- Discussion (Exp. 3) --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Influences of APPs on Cholesterol Homeostasis --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Assay --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Preparation of Hepatic Microsome --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Assay --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- ACAT Activity Assay --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Preparation of Hepatic and Intestinal Microsome --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- ACAT Activity Assay --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Quantitative Determination of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Extraction of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Conversion of Neutral Sterols to its TMS-Ether Derivative --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Conversion of Acidic Sterols to its TMS-Ether Derivatives --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- GLC Analysis of Neutral and Acidic Sterols --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistic Analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results (Exp. 4) --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of APPs on Hepatic HMG-CoA Reductase Activity --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of APPs on Hepatic and Intestinal AC AT Activity --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of APPs on Fecal Excretion (Exp. 1 & 4) --- p.98 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion (Exp. 4) --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Hypolipidemic and Antiatherosclerotic Effect of APPII in Rabbit --- p.110 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- New Zealant White Rabbit --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Hypolipidemic and Anitatherosclerosis Effect of APPII (Exp. 5) --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Measurement of Atheroma Formation --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results (Exp. 5) --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Food Intake and Growth --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of APPII on Plasma AST and ALT --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- "Effect of APPII on Plasma TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG" --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of APPII on Hepatic and Heart Cholesterol --- p.125 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of APPII on Perirenal Adipose Tissue Triglycerige Composition --- p.125 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of APPII on the Formation of Atheroma --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion (Exp. 5) --- p.130 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.132 / References --- p.135

Um consumo elevado de fibras está associado à prevenção e tratamento da obesidade e também de doenças como câncer de cólon, diabetes, e doenças coronárias. A saciedade causada pelas fibras e a habilidade para medi-la têm sido alvo de pesquisas. A Nutriose® é uma fibra solúvel extraída do trigo e se adicionada à salsicha, que é um alimento largamente consumido, poderia ser uma alternativa para favorecer o consumo de fibras pela população. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sensação de saciedade, características sensoriais e aspectos tecnológicos de salsichas elaboradas com essa fibra. Foram produzidas duas formulações com concentrações diferentes da fibra (1,5% e 3%) e uma formulação controle (sem fibra). Foram analisados teores de proteínas, lipídios, umidade, cinzas, valor de pH, textura instrumental, cor objetiva, estabilidade de emulsão e rendimento do processo. Para avaliação sensorial foi realizado teste afetivo de aceitação utilizando escala hedônica de nove pontos, com 60 consumidores de salsicha que avaliaram sabor, textura, suculência e aceitação global. A analise de saciedade foi realizada em domicílio, com 30 avaliadores, que anotaram em uma escala visual analógica (EVA) o quanto estavam sentindo de fome antes e a cada trinta minutos após consumir as salsichas, até 120 minutos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e testes de Tukey ao nível de 5%. Exceto para a luminosidade (L*), as salsichas não diferiram entre si (p>0,05) em nenhum dos aspectos tecnológicos. Na avaliação sensorial não foram verificadas diferenças (p>0,5) no sabor e na textura. As salsichas com adição de 3% de fibra foram mais suculentas e tiveram melhor aceitação global (p<0,05) que as com adição de 1,5%, mas ambas não diferiram da amostra controle. De um modo geral, todas as salsichas foram bem aceitas com notas próximas a 7,0. Na analise de saciedade, não foram percebidas sensações de fome/saciedade diferentes (p>0,5) entre as três amostras ao longo do tempo. Com as características tecnológicas e aceitação sensorial satisfatórias, conclui-se que salsichas com adição da Nutriose® podem representar um boa alternativa visando o aumento do consumo de fibras pela população. / A high fiber intake is associated with the prevention and treatment of obesity and also diseases such as colon cancer, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. The satiety caused by the ingestion of fibers and the ability to measure it have been the target of research. The Nutriose® is a soluble fiber extracted from wheat and if added to the sausage, which is a widely eaten food, could represent an alternative to favor the fiber consumption by the population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeling of satiety, sensory characteristics and technological aspects of sausages produced with this fiber. Two formulations with different fiber concentrations (1.5% and 3%) and a control formulation (without fibers) were produced. Protein, lipid, moisture, ash, pH value, instrumental texture, objective color, emulsion stability and process yield were analyzed. For sensory evaluation, an affective acceptance test using a nine point hedonic scale was carried out, in which 60 consumers rated sausage flavor, texture, juiciness and overall acceptance. The analysis of satiety was held in the home, and the judges marked on a visual analogic scale (VAS) how much they were feeling hungry before and every thirty minutes after consuming the sausages, until 120 minutes. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey\'s test at 5%. Except for lightness (L*), the sausages did not differ (p> 0.05) in any of the technological aspects. In sensory evaluation, no differences (p> 0.5) in flavor and texture were observed. The sausages with addition of 3% fiber were more juicy and had better overall acceptability (p <0.05) than the ones with the addition of 1.5%, but both did not differ from the control samples. In general, all sausages were well accepted, receiving scores around 7.0. In the analysis of satiety, no different feelings of hunger / satiety (p> 0.5) among the three samples over time were noted. With the satisfactory technological characteristics and sensory acceptance, one can conclude that sausages made the with addition of Nutriose® can represent a good alternative in order to increase the fiber intake by the population.

by Wong Ka-Hing. / "September 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 226-279). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-17T21:54:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaPereiraPintoDias.pdf: 18127092 bytes, checksum: 639afbd650cc0423ecb020a1203d6833 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T21:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaPereiraPintoDias.pdf: 18127092 bytes, checksum: 639afbd650cc0423ecb020a1203d6833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-18 / Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world, and the adequate intake of dietary fiber plays an important role in the reduction and prevention of these diseases. Objective: Assess the association between fiber intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Crosssectional study with basal data from 141 patients of the collaborating centers in the states of Maranhão - MA (n = 40 samples), Bahia - BA (n = 52) and Rio de Janeiro - RJ (n = 49), belonging to the multicenter study “Effect of the Cardioprotective Brazilian Food Programme in reducing events and risk factors in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Dica Br)”. It were used sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral, anthropometric and daily fiber consumption data of indiviuals of both genders over 45 years old, with evidence (current or in the past 10 years) of manifest atherosclerosis. A descriptive analysis, a checking of the relation of cardiometabolic risk factors among centers, and the determination of the intrapersonal and interpersonal variance by ANOVA to analysis of fiber consumption were performed. The association of cardiometabolic risk factors with fiber intake was taken by Poisson regression model, with significance level of 5%. Data were analyzed in Stata® program (version 12). Results: The prevalence of inadequate daily fiber intake in the population studied was high. The patients of the centers of RJ (RP = 0,63; 95% CI = 0,49-0,80) and BA (RP = 0,79; 95% CI= 0,66 - 0,95), the former smokers (RP = 0,59;95% CI= 0,45 - 0,78) and those who had never smoked (RP = 0,62; 95% CI= 0,66- 0,95) had a lower chance of having an inadequate fiber intake; those with overweight were 28,0% more likely to have inadequate fiber intake. Conclusion: The results indicates that most of the population observed in the study had inadequate fiber intake and that the low consumption was significantly associated with the variables overweight, smoking and Collaborating Center. / Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares representam a primeira causa de morte no mundo, e o consumo adequado de fibras alimentares exerce um papel importante na redução e na prevenção dessas doenças. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o consumo de fibras e os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em indivíduos em prevenção secundária para doenças cardiovasculares. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com dados basais de 141 pacientes, dos Centros colaboradores dos estados do Maranhão - MA (n = 40), Bahia - BA (n = 52) e Rio de Janeiro - RJ (n = 49), pertencentes ao estudo multicêntrico "Efeito do Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor na redução de eventos e fatores de risco na prevenção secundária para doença cardiovascular: Um Ensaio Clínico Randomizado (DICA Br)". Foram utilizados dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, comportamentais, antropométricos e sobre o consumo diário de fibras de indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 45 anos, com evidência (atual ou nos últimos 10 anos) de aterosclerose manifesta. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva, a verificação da relação dos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos entre os Centros e a determinação da variância intrapessoal e interpessoal pelo teste ANOVA para a análise do consumo de fibras. A associação dos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos com o consumo de fibras foi obtida pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Os dados foram analisados no programa Stata® (versão 12). Resultados: A prevalência do consumo inadequado de fibras foi elevada. Os pacientes dos Centros do RJ (RP = 0,63; IC95% = 0,49-0,80), da BA (RP = 0,79; IC95% = 0,66-0,95), os ex-fumantes (RP = 0,59; IC95% = 0,45-0,78) e os que nunca fumaram (RP = 0,62; IC95% = 0,66-0,95) tiveram uma menor chance de ter um consumo inadequado de fibras; aqueles com excesso de peso tiveram 28,0% a mais de chance de ter um consumo inadequado de fibras. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a maioria da população observada teve um consumo inadequado de fibras e que o baixo consumo se manteve significativamente associado com as variáveis, excesso de peso, tabagismo e Centro colaborador.

Obesity is the most common clinical disorder and is associated with various medical conditions in dogs. Appropriate dietary management potentially provides weight loss in a safe, healthy, and efficacious manner. In order to elucidate whether dietary fiber, carnitine, diacylglycerol (DAG), and low glycemic index (LGI) act on such dietary components, a series of studies was conducted: 1) the combination of dietary fiber/carnitine effect on short term (3 and 7 h) satiety and long term (6 weeks) canine weight loss, 2) the combination of dietary LGI/high glycemic index (HGI) starches and DAG/triacylglycerol (TAG) effect during a 9 week canine weight loss period, and 3) the DAG effect on triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism isolated from canine plasma 3-4 h postprandially. The combination of dietary fiber/carnitine supplementation decreased both food and energy intake at 3 h post-feeding, suggesting that this combination diet provided 3 h post-meal satiety. This combination supplement also increased postprandial plasma B- hydroxybutyrate (BHB) at d 42 and body fat and weight loss at d 42 from baseline. This combination supplement did not alter plasma vitamin A distributions or concentrations although it contained high vitamin A as B-carotene. In the second study, the LGI diets resulted in a more pronounced body weight loss than the HGI diets due to lower diet digestibilities. These data are consistent with LGI diets decreasing metabolizable energy and consequently consuming less energy compared to the HGI diets. The DAG diets lowered postprandial plasma TAG at weeks 1 and 8 in and increased plasma BHB at week 8, suggesting an increase in fat oxidation. The combination of DAG/LGI decreased postprandial total cholesterol at week 8. Lipoprotein concentrations were not altered by diet types. Fasting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities were not affected by diets. In the final study, DAG ingestion decreased TRL and plasma TAG concentrations vs. TAG ingestion. The DAG enriched meal increased non-esterified fatty acid, monoacylglycerol, and 1,3-DAG and decreased TAG in TRLs which may be attributed to larger TRL particle size compared to the TAG meal. Consequently, the DAG derived TRLs showed increased affinity of core TAG for LPL and HL in vitro. Moreover, the intravenous injection of the DAG derived canine TRLs into mice underwent more rapid blood clearance associated with the greater hepatic uptake compared to the TAG derived TRL injection. In conclusion, the combination of dietary fiber/carnitine and DAG/LGI preferably reduced body weight and stimulated fat oxidation, which promotes overall weight loss. The postprandial plasma TAG lowering effect of DAG is the result, at least partially, from the efficient clearance of TRLs from blood circulation and their ability to act as a more efficient substrate for plasma lipolytic enzymes.

A better understanding of how dietary fibres impact the bioavailability of fat-soluble nutrients and nutraceuticals is required. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of guar gum (GG) on the transfer processes impacting beta-carotene (BC) bioaccessibility (transfer to the aqueous phase) from an oil-in-water emulsion using an in vitro model simulating gastric and duodenal digestion. Canola oil emulsions (1.5 % soy protein isolate, 10 % canola oil and 0.1 % all trans BC, D4,3~160 nm) were prepared by microfluidization (40 MPa, 4 passes) and exposed, in the presence of 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 4.0 % GG, to conditions representative of the stomach and duodenum in the fed state. Lipolysis, BC bioaccessibility, digestate apparent viscosities, droplet size, and bile acid (BA) binding were studied. With increasing concentration of GG, digestate viscosity was increased and lipolysis and bioaccessibility were decreased (P<0.05). Peak lipolysis was 56.2% vs. 21.6% for emulsions containing 0.0 % vs. 4.0 % GG, respectively. BC bioaccessibility was also lower in the presence of GG (i.e. 29.7 vs. 6.98 % for 0.0 vs. 4.0 % GG respectively). Thus, the presence of GG impacted digestive processes central to BC absorption. The impact of GG may be related to increased digestate viscosity entrapping mixed micelles or BAs and decreasing diffusion leading to decreased lipolysis and BC bioaccessibility. / NSERC, CFI

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