The present work examines the attitude of pensioners in relation to today's digitizing. A variety of digital devices have been added and have become part of many people's everyday lives. The main purpose of the present work is to investigate how a number of pensioners relate to today's digitization. A qualitative method was considered to be best suited for the job and six semi-structured interviews were conducted with pensioners. The gathered empirical evidence showed that pensioners relate to today's digitizing in different ways, both positive and negative approaches. There was also a need for further research in the field of digitizing, as it is being developed at a regular basis. / Föreliggande arbete berör pensionärers förhållningsätt till dagens digitalisering. En rad olika digitala enheter har tillkommit och blivit en del i mångas vardag. Det huvudsakliga syftet med föreliggande arbete är att undersöka huruvida ett antal pensionärer förhåller sig till dagens digitalisering. En kvalitativ metod ansågs vara bäst lämpad för arbetet och sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med pensionärer. Den insamlade empirin visade att pensionärer förhåller sig till dagens digitalisering på olika sätt, både positiva och negativa förhållningssätt. Det visade sig också finnas ett behov av vidare forskning inom området digitalisering, då det utvecklas med jämna mellanrum.

In the last decade, the use of digital devices such as television, smartphones, computers, laptops, and tablets has drastically increased. The development of technology has made it possible for the individual to be qickly stimulated and have information available at anytime and anywhere through various digital devices. This development has increased the screen time on these digital devices, which potentially can have psychological effects and influence attentional abilities. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate relationships between screen use in everyday life and different forms of attention (focused attention, devided attention, sustained attention, selective attention, motivated attention) in adults over 18 years of age. A questionnaire with questions about screen time and perceived attention in everyday life was sent out and answered online by total of 26 participants. A correlation analysis was performed on the collected data and the results showed no significant correlation between respective type of attention (including a measure of total attention) and screen time. Several factors may have influenced the results of this study, such as sample size, age group, choice of method, and that an objective measure of attention was not used.

Digitala enheter har blivit en naturlig del av individers vardag vilket öppnar upp för både möjligheter och utmaningar. Dagens teknik möjliggör för individen att ständigt vara närvarande utan att fysisk befinna sig i miljön. Den konstanta tillgängligheten påverkar individens sociala liv på olika sätt. Föreliggande forskning studerar hur 10 medelålders individer kommunicerar och söker information genom digitala enheter. Författarna har ett särskilt synsätt att studera detta. Snarare än att se på digitala enheter som enbart redskap som stödjer användarens vardagliga aktiviteter, argumenterar författarna hur digitala enheter istället kan ses som förlängning av individerna genom konceptet ”the extended mind”. Detta sker genom att individen ändrar sättet att använda sig av teknologin vilket medför förbättrade kognitiva förmågor. Vidare undersöks vilka möjligheter och utmaningar respondenterna upplever i mötet med digitala enheter vilket sedan analyseras utifrån digital kompetens. / Digital devices have become a natural part of individuals' everyday lives which opens up both opportunities and challenges. Today's technology enables the individual to be constantly present without being physically present in the environment. The constant availability affects the individual's social life in different ways. The present research studies how 10 middle-aged individuals communicate and search for information through digital devices. The authors take a distinct approach to digitalization. Rather than studying digital devices merely as tools that support users' daily activities, the authors argue for explorations of how digital devices can instead be seen as extension of mind, by changing the way individuals use the technology, therefore enhancing their cognitive capabilities. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges that the respondents experience in the meeting with digital devices are examined and analyzed based on digital competence.

Syfte: Syftet med den här studien var att jämföra Digital Eye Strain-symptom mellan läsning på papper och mobiltelefon. Att undersöka om det som tidigare studier har visat i skillnad mellan läsning på papper och en datorskärm även gäller mobiltelefoner och hur mycket våra ögon påverkas när det gäller ansträngning, trötthet och andra ögonrelaterade symptom.  Metod: Deltagarna (n=16) fick läsa i 20 minuter tyst, antingen på papper eller en smartphone-skärm. Avståndet fick de själva bestämma. De läste samma bok med samma typsnitt och storlek på båda medierna. Direkt efter de hade läst i 20 minuter fick de fylla i ett frågeformulär som bestod av tio frågor kring deras upplevda ögonsymptom under uppgiften. Resultat: Studien visade på signifikanta skillnader i medelvärdet mellan papper och mobiltelefon på tre av symptomen: suddig syn vid tittande på texten (p=0,016), ansträngda ögon (p=0,023) samt trötta ögon (p=0,015). I alla tre fallen var symptompoängen högre efter läsning på mobilskärm än efter läsning på papper. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de övriga sju symptomen. Det var även en signifikant skillnad i läsavstånd med ett betydligt mindre avstånd till mobiltelefonen än till pappret. Slutsats: Studien visar att symptomen efter användning av mobiltelefon upplevs som svårare än efter läsning på papper. De tre symptom som skilde sig signifikant var alla högre efter läsning på mobilskärmen. / Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare Digital Eye Strain DES-symptoms after reading on a printed hardcopy versus a smartphone. To understand if results obtained from earlier studies that have showed DES when reading in from computer also applies to smartphones. Methods: 16 participants in the study were asked to read a Swedish book quietly for 20 minutes, either on a hardcopy or on a smartphone. The participants were told to use their normal working distance while reading from book or smartphone. They read the same book with the same textsize and font in both conditions. Directly after reading the participants completed a written questionnaire that consisted of ten questions about their level of ocular discomfort during the task.   Results: This study showed significant differences in mean symptom scores between printed hardcopy and smartphone on three of the symptoms; blurred vision while viewing the text (p=0,016), eyestrain (0,023) and tired eyes (0,015). In all three cases the symptoms were higher during smartphone use. No significant differences were found between the other seven symptoms. There were a significant difference in reading distance, smartphone were held closer than the hardcopy. Conclusion: This study shows that the symptoms after smartphone use is perceived as more severe than after reading on a hardcopy. The three symptoms that showed a significant difference were all higher after smartphone use.

This thesis investigates what parental mediation strategies parents of children under twouse and what factors are involved that influence their decisions. To find that out, it isalso of interest to this work how these parents integrate media in daily routines withtheir children and for what purposes they turn to digital devices. To find out about theirmediation strategies, six families kept a media diary and ten first-time parents wereinterviewed as follow-up to the diaries. The results of both methods showed that parentsof children under two mainly used restrictive mediation, active mediation and distantmediation. Restrictions regarded time, content, devices, and location. However, theserestrictions were no clear formulated rules yet but affiliate to the high awareness that theparticipants stated regarding media use with their children, probably also influenced bymoral panics. The same applies to distant mediation: even though media was used inmoments when parents needed to do e.g. housework, most parents refrained fromreferring to media as a ‘babysitter’. The most intriguing finding is that first-time parentsrestrict their own media use so that their child’s screen time is as little as possible.Acting as role models, parents would hide their devices when their child becomes awareor look at it somewhere where their child cannot see it. Factors that influencedmediation strategy decisions were high awareness also due to official recommendations,concerns of parents, positive notions towards media use, tendency to show more aschild grows, and negative emotions connected to media. With these findings, this thesiscontributes to contemporary research on mediation strategies of parents under twowhich is still scarce now but needs to be considered in further research as this studyproves.

The revision of the Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education in the Czech Republic from 2021 introduces a new educational area called Informatics. The area has a completely different content than the former Information and Communication Technology area. It is necessary for teachers to have a sufficient number of high-quality didactic materials to choose from for teaching this new educational area. The first goal of this diploma thesis is to review teaching materials of informatics for Grade 1 to 5 of primary schools available in Czech language, and thus make it easier for teachers to find their way around them. During conducting the review, a lack of materials for teaching the principles of digital devices and basics of the principles of the Internet was noticed. The second goal is therefore to create new didactic materials for those topics. The didactic materials were created in cooperation with the Laboratory of Advanced Multimedia Education of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University and the children's channel of Czech Television ČT: D and are gradually published on this channel's website. KEYWORDS informatics, digital devices, digital technologies, internet, primary school, didactic material, Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education