Organisational culture plays an important role in the success of the adoption of technology and the development of the organisation; therefore, it is very important to understand how organisational culture impacts the process of implementing technology, either positively or negatively. The aim of this study is to explore the role of organisational culture in digital government implementation in Omani public sector organisations. This study used mixed methods as a research methodology. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with top and middle management and at operational levels in the Omani public sector organisations. In the quantitative phase, a survey was distributed to employees within the public sector organisations to build on the findings of the first stage and develop an understanding of the relationship between organisational culture and implementation of digital government in Oman. This study found that there is a relationship between organisational culture and digital government implementation. It was found that the type of organisational culture has some impact on the digital government implementation as it was found that the organisations with the clan culture type had low levels of implementation of digital government whereas, organisations with the hierarchy culture type had high levels of implementation. Moreover, the study found that middle managers in public sector organisations in Oman had a critical impact on the digital government implementation.

Organisational culture plays an important role in the success of the adoption of technology and the development of the organisation; therefore, it is very important to understand how organisational culture impacts the process of implementing technology, either positively or negatively. The aim of this study is to explore the role of organisational culture in digital government implementation in Omani public sector organisations. This study used mixed methods as a research methodology. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with top and middle management and at operational levels in the Omani public sector organisations. In the quantitative phase, a survey was distributed to employees within the public sector organisations to build on the findings of the first stage and develop an understanding of the relationship between organisational culture and implementation of digital government in Oman. This study found that there is a relationship between organisational culture and digital government implementation. It was found that the type of organisational culture has some impact on the digital government implementation as it was found that the organisations with the clan culture type had low levels of implementation of digital government whereas, organisations with the hierarchy culture type had high levels of implementation. Moreover, the study found that middle managers in public sector organisations in Oman had a critical impact on the digital government implementation.

No / Digitally-Enabled Service Transformation (DEST) projects in public sector institutions are viewed as a choice of strategic response towards changes in policy. Such transformation can destruct institutional stability and legitimacy and result in failure if the complex institutional setting of the public sector is not comprehended in the change-institutionalisation effort. Through a multiple case enquiry, this study examines how institutional pressures contribute towards the emergence of DEST in public agencies and how newly introduced transformation is implemented and diffused within the institutional setting. The findings highlight that as a form of technology driven change, DEST is characterised and shaped dominantly by continuous interplay with institutional elements and the impact of these interactions define the institutionalisation, deinstitutionalisation and re-institutionalisation of DEST. Ability to recognise such stages and provide the required support will determine a public institution's ability to effectively manage DEST and attain its strategic goals.

Yes / Having its origin in public administration, trustworthiness is a significant concept in digital government research, influencing the relationships between citizens and governments. However, the interrelationships between the facets of trustworthiness are given inadequate attention. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop a theory detailing the factors affecting citizens’ perceptions of e-government trustworthiness. A comprehensive review of public administration and information systems literature highlighted 20 pertinent variables. The interrelationships of these variables were identified and categorized according to their driving and dependence power by employing interpretive structural modelling. The proposed model was then drawn based on the level partitioning of variables and interrelationships of the variables determined using the final reachability matrix. The findings reveal that current conceptualizations of digital government trustworthiness take a too narrow view. The findings can help government policy makers with understanding the interrelated factors associated with trustworthiness in the context of digital government services and implement them in effective strategic planning.

E-Government applications have emerged rapidly in the developing world. This is due to its usefulness as an enabling tool to increase efficiency and enhance transparency. This research focuses on insights into the implementation process of e-Government within the context of developing countries. Institutional theory was the change theory applied since it explains why organisational structures and values endure. The neo-institutional theory was adopted by using multi-level approach and multi-stakeholder analysis, and these enable environmental forces to be used with other factors such as organisational and role of network actors. Due to its flexibility, institutional theory has been combined it with other theories and models such as: Lewin’s 3-stage model (deeply enriches understanding of how change occurs as well as the role of change agent); Driver-Barrier model (to assist in recognising the potential drivers and barriers that might influence successful e-Government implementation); Comprehensive Barrier framework (relevant for study of e-Government and information system barriers that could be used as checklist for project planning and evaluation);and Three-Quarter Moon model (developed for e-Commerce adoption and applied the model to e-Government implementation) The research questions and proposed framework were tested and validated by carrying out qualitative analysis using multi-methods approach for data collection. Case study research was adopted with focus on government-to-employee (G2E) within public sector organisations in Nigeria, West Africa. The research collection strategy included an in-depth investigation of organisations’ information systems using both primary and secondary data collection. The series of techniques adopted are questionnaire responses, interviews, document analysis and observation. The research findings suppose that most of the factors – internal and external, and characteristics – benefits, barriers and risks, identified as influential to e-Government implementation are similar to those discussed in existing literature, although some may be specific to the Nigerian public sector context. Based in the findings, the researcher was able to reconceptualise the developed model for e-Government implementation, which was specific to the case study. The model was then extended for application by other countries. A novel subset model – Rectangular Four-Actor-Activity - was also developed for identifying e-Government implementation key actors and their main activities, which is a subset of the holistic framework. The conceptualised model should help managers and academicians to understand the step-by-step guide to e-Government implementing process by ranking and mapping of relevant concepts and factors within the framework, understanding the difference between theory and practice in terms of e-Government implementation. The researcher therefore accomplishes that this study extends to the knowledge in the aspect of e-Government implementation from organisational perspectives, Government-to-Employee (G2E); thus contributing to the Information System (and e-Government implementation) literature through reviewing the range of studies using a wider multi-level and multi-method approach. This includes combining institutional theory with other models. This enables development of a holistic conceptual model for implementing e-Government, including a subset model for e-Government key actors and their main activities throughout the development life cycle.

Electronic government (e-Government) is a purposeful system of organized delegation of power, control, management and resource allocation in a harmonized centralized or decentralized way via networks assuring efficiency, effectiveness and transparency of processes and transactions. This new phenomenon is changing the way of business and service of governments all over the world. The betterment of service to citizens as well as other groups and the efficient management of scarce resources have meant that governments seek alternatives to rendering services and efficient management processes. Analog and mechanical processes of governing and management have proved inefficient and unproductive in recent times. The search for alternative and better ways of governing and control have revealed that digital and electronic ways of governing is the best alternative and beneficial more than the mechanical process of governing. The internet, information and communication technology (ICT/IT) have registered a significant change in governments. There has also been an increased research in the area of electronic government but the field still lacks sound theoretical framework which is necessary for a better understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of electronic government systems, and the integration of various electronic government applications. Also the efficient and effective allocation and distribution of scarce resources has become an issue and there has been a concerted effort globally to improve the use and management of scarce resources in the last decade. The purpose of this research is to gain an in depth and better understanding of how electronic government can be used to provide accountability, security and transparency in government decision making processes in allocation and distribution of resources in the educational sector of Ghana. Research questions have been developed to help achieve the aim. The study has also provided detailed literature review, which helped to answer research questions and guide to data collection. A quantitative and qualitative research method was chosen to collect vital information and better understand the study area issue. Both self administered questionnaire as well as interviews were used to collect data relevant to the study. Also a thorough analysis of related works was conducted. Finally, the research concluded by addressing research questions, discussing results and providing some vital recommendations.  It was also found that electronic government is the best faster, reliable, accountable and transparent means of communication and interaction between governments, public institutions and citizens. Thus electronic government is crucial in transforming the educational sector of Ghana for better management of resources. It has also been noted that information and communication technology (ICT) is the enabling force that helps electronic government to communicate with its citizens, support e-government operation and provide efficiency, effectiveness and better services within the educational sector of Ghana.

政府資訊公開不僅是民主政治的最佳武器，更可以提升國家的競 爭力，於是我國乃於94 年12 月制定通過政府資訊公開法，以促進行 政透明化與滿足人民知的權利。近來受到數位化浪潮的影響，各國政 府互相推行所謂電子化政府，期望藉由電子化作業方式以提高政府的 行政效率。故本文就是試圖瞭解政府機關如何透過電子化方式以落實 執行政府資訊公開政策。 首先本文就根據政府資訊公開法規範內容，分為主動與被動資訊 公開二個公開面向來做分析研究，本研究藉由面訪問卷調查與深度訪 談來探究政府資訊公開電子化執行現況，希冀有助於瞭解政府機關對 於政府資訊公開法制的落實施行情形，以做為政府資訊政策之參考。 研究發現，在資訊主動公開部分，就資訊公開類型而言，以行政 指導有關文書公開情形最佳，請願之處理結果及訴願之決定、書面之 公共工程及採購契約公開情形最差；就公開電子化程度與多元公開管 道上而言，經檢視27 個機關均有明顯偏低情況，累計分數都在電子化 程度最低門檻 60 分以下（總分304 分），以及多元公開道最低指標121 分以下（總分608 分），顯見所有機關均有待再加強。 在資訊被動公開部分，在申請公開件數與申請方式上，政府資訊 公開法通過前後並無太大差異，機關平均申請件數大多在0~30 件之間 且以「書面申請」免付費方式提供；在作業標準與准駁理由上，幾乎 都沒有訂定審查機制，完全由業務單位主管來決定，更無提供明確申 訴管道。 是以，要致力於建構一個開放政府、改善課責與透明的政府行政， 除了政府資訊公開法制的訂定，仍需要有相關政策、制度面之配合與 獨立的個體加以監督與管控，才能落實並保障人民政府資訊取得權。 關鍵字：電子化政府、政府資訊公開、主動公開、被動公開 / The transparency of government information is not only a best weapon for democratic politics but also promotes the competitively of a country. The government passed Freedom of Government Information Law in December, 2005 so as to promote the transparency of government operation and fulfill the rights that people should know it. Under the influence of digitization, every country has impelled to promote the concept of e-government. The administrative efficiency can be uplifted by information technology. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to know how the government executes the policy of opening government information. The study analyzes the active and passive information opening according to the contents of the Law on Government Information Freedom. Interviews and surveys were utilized to undertake the execution of opening the government information. This study will help people understand how information has been executed and will serve as a reference for government strategies for information transparency. As to the type of information for actively opening, the administrative documents have mostly been actively opened. The results of petitions and the decisions of administrative appeals, documents related to public works and procurements are the worst for opened information. As to the level of e-opening and approaches by which they open information, 27 bureaus do not reach the lowest the threshold, which scored less than 60 with the total score 304 and less than 121 with the total score 608. The findings suggest that the bureaus still have to practice the idea of actively opening information. As to the passively-opened information, the request documents and the way to apply did not change much before and after the Law on Government Information freedom, with 0-30 pieces of request in average. They used to be written form and this request was free of charge. In this study, we found that most bureaus do not standardize relative of all application, making the directors the only judgment for acceptance or rebuttal. iii Therefore, to set up an open government and to improve the accountability, transparency of administration, policies and systems need to be coordinated. It also entails independent individuals to supervise and control, besides the practice of the Law on Government Information Freedom. In this way, people’s rights to the government information will be taken care of. Keywords: electronic government, e-government, digital government, transparency, government information

Submitted by Luiz Gustavo Meira Homrich (lghomrich@gmail.com) on 2018-08-23T13:09:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Gustavo Meira Homrich.Versão final.pdf: 2141833 bytes, checksum: 908bf9330eace0a3b060192d38e4792c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-09-10T15:05:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Gustavo Meira Homrich.Versão final.pdf: 2141833 bytes, checksum: 908bf9330eace0a3b060192d38e4792c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T17:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Gustavo Meira Homrich.Versão final.pdf: 2141833 bytes, checksum: 908bf9330eace0a3b060192d38e4792c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-12 / Objetivo – O objetivo geral do estudo foi conhecer a avaliação de ouvidores e demais servidores de ouvidorias públicas do Poder Executivo federal sobre a adoção do sistema e-Ouv. Em seus objetivos específicos, pretendeu: descrever a percepção do público-alvo sobre facilitadores, benefícios, satisfação e qualidade, por meio de nove fatores; identificar as mudanças na gestão das ouvidorias; e identificar pontos de melhoria do sistema. Metodologia – Empregou-se pesquisa de natureza descritiva, com abordagem mista - quantitativa e qualitativa, ambiente de campo e recorte transversal. A coleta de dados empregou levantamento eletrônico, por meio de questionário. Os dados foram tratados com uso de estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo categorial temática. Resultados – Os resultados das análises indicaram: bons níveis de concordância dos pesquisados com os nove fatores avaliados; características positivas e de mudanças de modernização, em 10 dimensões, com ganhos não apenas para as ouvidorias, mas também para os cidadãos usuários do serviço; e pontos de melhoria em oito dimensões, com destaque de frequência para três temáticas: relatórios, filtros de pesquisa e pesquisa de satisfação. Contribuições práticas – Considerando os aspectos investigados, constatou-se que o e-Ouv é uma solução tecnológica bem-sucedida para apoiar a gestão das ouvidorias do Poder Executivo federal, facilitar o acesso do cidadão ao serviço e promover a transparência. Contribuições sociais – O estudo supre uma lacuna avaliativa sobre o e-Ouv, cujos resultados podem fornecer subsídios à Ouvidoria-Geral da União e auxiliar órgãos e entidades do Poder Executivo federal na decisão de aderir ao e-Ouv. Originalidade – A literatura é relativamente limitada no foco escolhido (tecnologias digitais em unidades de ouvidoria). Além disso, é a primeira investigação empírica sobre o sistema e-Ouv. / Purpose – The general objective of the study was to know the evaluation of ombudsmen and other professionals from public ombudsman offices of the federal Executive Branch on the adoption of the e-Ouv system. In its specific objectives, it aimed to: describe the perception of the target audience about facilitators, benefits, satisfaction and quality, through nine factors; identify changes in the management of ombudsmen; and identify points of improvement of the system. Design/Methodology – Research was of descriptive nature, with a mixed approach - quantitative and qualitative, field environment and cross section design. The data collection used an electronic survey, with a questionnaire. The data were treated with the use of descriptive statistics and analysis of thematic categorical content. Findings – The results of the analyzes indicated: good levels of agreement of the respondents with the nine factors evaluated; positive characteristics and modernization changes, in 10 dimensions, with gains not only for the ombudsman offices, but also for the citizens who use the service; and improvement points in eight dimensions, with emphasis on frequency for three themes: reports, research filters and satisfaction survey. Practical implications – Considering the aspects investigated, it was verified that e-Ouv is a successful technological solution to support the management of the ombudsman's offices of the federal executive branch, facilitate citizen access to the service and promote transparency. Social implications – The study fills an evaluative gap on the e-Ouv, whose results can provide subsidies to the Ombudsman-General of the Union and assist agencies of the federal Executive Branch in the decision to join the e-Ouv. Originality – Literature is relatively limited in its chosen focus (digital technologies in ombudsman offices). In addition, it is the first empirical investigation of the e-Ouv system.

El estudio evalúa la transparencia económica en un gobierno digital que facilite el acceso del control social, en el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho, periodos 2019-2020. Para ello, se ha manejado investigación de tipo aplicada con nivel de investigación descriptiva - correlacional, enfoque mixto y método de investigación inductivo-deductivo. Estudio de caso con muestreo no probabilístico por juicio, que implicó la aplicación de una encuesta dirigida a 71 funcionarios y servidores públicos de la entidad. Instrumentos utilizados: un cuestionario con opción de respuesta múltiple, dos entrevistas virtuales y la observación del canal informativo disponible. En principio, los ciudadanos que suministran recursos al Estado a través de impuestos y otras obligaciones fiscales, tienen el derecho de exigir a las entidades públicas la rendición de cuentas sobre la gestión y el uso de los recursos públicos. Tal es así que la gobernabilidad de una entidad pública requiere de la intensiva implementación para la obtención de notables avances en digitalización, en los elementos puntuales como son la transparencia económica y control social. Sin embargo, existen indicios de que, en realidad, las entidades no están a la altura de estas condiciones, entonces surge la pregunta ¿De qué manera la transparencia económica en un gobierno digital facilitó el acceso del control social, en el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho, durante los periodos 2019-2020? Los resultados obtenidos dictaminan que el gobierno digital en transparencia económica del Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho en los años 2019 y 2020 no facilitó el acceso del control social, dado que solo se obtuvo un 30% de índice correspondiente al desarrollo de transparencia económica en el marco de gobierno digital, promedio de la dimensión presupuestaria (47%) y contable (13%). Además, el 84.2% de los encuestados calificaron el nivel de comprensibilidad igual o por debajo de la puntuación media; y finalmente, según cifras de INEI, solo el 19% de hogares en Ayacucho tuvieron acceso a internet en 2020. Por otro lado, el 95,5% de los encuestados calificó el nivel de participación ciudadana en el ejercicio del control social igual o por debajo de la puntuación media, el cual coincide con lo manifestado por el entrevistado, García, M. (30 de agosto de 2021), quien ha considerado que la participación ciudadana es insuficiente. Además de ello, en los años 2019 y 2020, solo se emitieron cuatro informes de orientación de oficio relacionados a denuncias ciudadanas. Por otro lado, los encuestados opinaron que, el nivel de comprensibilidad y la accesibilidad de internet, no satisfacen las necesidades de sus ciudadanos ni permite ejercer eficazmente el control social. Ahora bien, los resultados, apoyados con el coeficiente de correlación “r” de Spearman, nos permite confirmar la existencia de asociatividad de las variables, como también afirmar lo siguiente: La limitada transparencia económica en un gobierno digital propicia el acceso del control social insuficiente, en el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho. Por lo tanto, para el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho resulta necesario implementar mecanismos que garanticen una apropiada transparencia económica que facilite el acceso del control social y que propicie a mayor participación ciudadana a través de control social. / The study evaluates economic transparency in a digital government that facilitates access to social control, in the Regional Government of Ayacucho, periods 2019-2020. To this end, applied research has been conducted with a descriptive-correlational research level, a mixed approach, and an inductive-deductive research method. Case study with non-probabilistic sampling by trial, which involved the application of a survey addressed to 71 officials and public servants of the entity. Instruments used: a questionnaire with a multiple response option, two virtual interviews and the observation of the information channel available. In principle, citizens who provide resources to the State through taxes and other fiscal obligations have the right to demand accountability from public entities regarding the management and use of public resources. Such is the case that the governability of a public entity requires intensive implementation to obtain notable advances in digitization, in specific elements such as economic transparency and social control. However, there are indications that in reality, the entities are not up to these conditions, so the question arises: How did economic transparency in a digital government facilitate access to social control, in the Regional Government of Ayacucho, during the periods 2019-2020? The results obtained dictate that the digital government in economic transparency of the Regional Government of Ayacucho in the years 2019 and 2020 did not facilitate access to social control, since only a 30% index was obtained corresponding to the development of economic transparency in the framework of digital government, average of the budgetary dimension (47%) and accounting (13%). In addition, 84.2% of the respondents rated the level of comprehensibility equal to or below the average score; and finally, according to INEI figures, only 19% of households in Ayacucho had internet access in 2020. On the other hand, 95.5% of those surveyed rated the level of citizen participation in the exercise of social control equal to or below the average score, which coincides with what was stated by the interviewee, García, M. (30 de August 2021), who has considered that citizen participation is insufficient. In addition to this, in 2019 and 2020, only four ex officio guidance reports related to citizen complaints were issued. On the other hand, those surveyed believed that the level of comprehensibility and accessibility of the Internet do not meet the needs of its citizens or allow social control to be effectively exercised. Now, the results, supported by Spearman's "r" correlation coefficient, allow us to confirm the existence of associativity of the variables, as well as to affirm the following: The limited economic transparency in a digital government favors the access of insufficient social control, in the Regional Government of Ayacucho. Therefore, for the Regional Government of Ayacucho it is necessary to implement mechanisms that guarantee an appropriate economic transparency that facilitates access to social control and that promotes greater citizen participation through social control. / Tesis

This study aims to examine active, digital transparency levels in Swedish municipalities, aswell as its potential explanatory factors using a stakeholder-oriented index design. All 290municipal websites are examined to create a representative index which can be analyzedbased on theoretical assumptions of why transparency and digital administration is developed.Transparency levels in Sweden seem internationally competitive compared to some previousstudies. However, there is still room for most municipalities to increase their activetransparency levels, especially in order to better meet their constituents’ political interests.Four bivariate and two multivariate regression models are developed and examined, showingonly population size correlates significantly with active, digital transparency levels. Thiscould be due to factors of scale, or a greater lack of connection to political leadership inmunicipalities with a larger population.