L’impact des technologies d'information et de communication est essentiel sur lesdroits de la personne, et en particulier la liberté d'expression et la protection de la vie privée. Les tensions relatives à l’établissement de la frontière entre l’espace public et l’espace privé en ligne se sont exacerbées avec la diffusion de l'informatique et la démocratisation des usages d'Internet, de la téléphonie mobile et, plus récemment, d'autres objets communicants et services numériques. De même, les libertés de s’exprimer, de communiquer et de s’informer sont mises en danger dans la mesure où, sous prétexte de la lutte contre la cybercriminalité et le cyberterrorisme, et dans un but général de maintien de l’ordre public, les autorités publiques interviennent dans les contenus publiés pour les contrôler, surveiller, restreindre ou interdire. Ceci d’autant plus que les capacités - tant des Etats que des acteurs privés - à constituer les bases de données extrêmement précises répertoriant les informations sur les habitudes de consommation, les itinéraires de déplacements ou encore sur les opinions ou pensées des personnes, augmentent progressivement. Ainsi, le besoin de la redéfinition de la manière dont est pris en compte le volet relatif au respect des droits fondamentaux des personnes face à l’environnement numérique devient pressant. / The impact of today’s information and communication technologies is essential forthe exercice of human rights, particularly concerning freedom of expression and privacyprotection. With the massive use of Internet, mobile phones and – more recently – other smart objects and digital services, the tension mounts with respect to establishing the limit between public and private space online. Likewise, the freedom of expression, communication and information are at risk as - under the pretext of fighting cybercrime and cyber terrorism, as well as maintaining public order - public authorities interfere with online contents by controlling, monitoring, restraining or prohibiting it. Especially as both States’ and private companies’ capacities in creating extremely precise databases identifying information on persons’ consumption habits, itineraries, thoughts and opinions gradually increase. Therefore, the need to redefine the way in which the respect of fundamental freedoms is taken into consideration in the context of digital environment becomes urgent.

Ce travail de thèse concerne, principalement, les mutations des pratiques professionnelles des travailleurs dans une team d’une multinationale américaine de l’hightech, dotée de technologie numériques de l’information et de la communication. Dans le cours de la recherche, on a cherché à développer une description dynamique et pratique du quotidien des travailleurs observés dans des « environnements technologiquement denses » (Bruni 2005; Bruni & Gherardi 2007), qu’ils habitent habituellement pendant leur activité de travail. La « narration » de ces environnements de travail a favorisé la compréhension du fonctionnement de l’ «infrastructure technologique » (Gherardi 2007) de la team qui s’occupe de gérer la présence de la multinationale sur les médias sociaux. On observe, donc, que cette infrastructure technologique diffère complétement de celles observées dans les années 90 du XXème siècle d’un certain nombre de recherche (Joseph 1994; Heath e Luff 1992; Suchman 1997; 2000; Star 1999; Grosjean 2004). Cette différence se traduit presque dans une mutation anthropologique et sociale qui est mise en évidence dans la façon de travailler et dans la manière de s’autoreprésenter au travail. / This thesis concerns, firstly, change in workers professional practices of a teamwork of an American high-tech corporation, pushed by ICT. During the research, we tried to develop a dynamic and practical description of the daily life of workers observed in “technologically dense environments” (Bruni 2005; Bruni & Gherardi 2007), who live habitually during their work activities. The “narrative” of these working environments has fostered understanding the operation of the “technological infrastructure” (Gherardi 2007) of the team in charge of managing the presence of that multinational on social media. So we observed that this technological infrastructure is completely different from those observed in the 90s of XX century by many scholars (Joseph 1994; Heath e Luff 1992; Suchman 1997; 2000; Star 1999; Grosjean 2004). This difference translates almost in an anthropological and social change which is evident in the way they work and represent themselves at work.

No description available.

The demographic time bomb means that older people will become a major part of tomorrow's society. This has become an increasingly pressing issue for older people and government policy alike. ONS (2009) statistics suggest that past retirement age, the sense of quality of life (QoL) experienced by older people begins to decrease, with the fastest decline occurring after the age of 70. This research therefore began by investigating how ICT could be implicated in the social life of the older person and thus improve their QoL. Literature reviews of the field of older people's involvement with ICT indicated that there was very little research between the more general studies of ICT involvement (which include far more than the purely social aspects) and the very specific (which involve examining the social impact of just one piece of technology). This study therefore aimed to fill the gap between the two extremes. It also aimed to generate theory in an under-theorised area. The study began with a focus group and interviews asking questions around how people thought social life had changed with the advent of new technologies, how they experienced the technology, and how things could be improved in the future. The study was qualitative in nature and adopted a grounded theory approach in order to inductively generate theory. The study of the lived experience of ICT also contributed to a phenomenological approach. Comparative analysis of transcripts obtained in Phase One (Year One) enabled a set of Grounded Theory Categories to be created which accounted for what was happening in the data. A core category of identity was identified which influenced subsequent data collection in Phase Two (Year Two). Phase Two participants were then involved in more focused interviews around identity concepts. Further analysis in Year Two enabled a Schema of Subject Positions to be created concerning (digital) identities which accounted for all of the participants in the study and the ways in which they viewed and interacted with technology. The Categories were also subsumed within a Grounded Theory Model involving a tripartite identity schema aligned with Giddens theory of the reflexive project of the self. Findings suggest that participants are implicated in methods of identity involvement which can be playful or pragmatic; can be viewed in moral, immoral and amoral ways (leading to ideas of the authentic and the inauthentic); and can represent the individual or explore new identities. Identity construction can ultimately be implicated positively with the use of ICT, and may lead to a virtuous cycle of ICT usage which can improve quality of life by affirming better self-views or enabling the testing of new views of selfhood. Positive technology identities can be offered as identity role models for other older people to follow.

La thèse porte sur les effets des usages des réseaux sociaux d’Internet dans la socialisation politique des jeunes au Brésil. Le but de l’étude est de vérifier comment les jeunes à l’âge du lycée, dans leurs pratiques ordinaires, traitent des sujets politiques dans leurs profils personnels Facebook. La question qui guide cette étude est la suivante : comment les profils personnels Facebook participent-ils à la socialisation politique des jeunes à l’âge du lycée ? L’hypothèse adoptée ici est que les jeunes construisent leurs opinions et valeurs depuis un travail de construction de leurs identités numériques. Celles-ci sont porteuses d’une quête de reconnaissance par les membres des groupes auxquels ils participent ou désirent participer. Ces jeunes se consacrent à affirmer leurs positions politiques et leurs valeurs de citoyen depuis un travail de filtrage des informations auxquelles ils ont accès sur Internet, en retenant celles nécessaires à cette reconnaissance. Le terrain de recherche choisi est la région du Nord-Est du Brésil, pendant la période de polarisation politique autour du gouvernement de Dilma Rousseff (Parti des Travailleurs) - entre novembre 2014 et juillet 2017. Le matériel empirique qui donne corps à cette analyse est issu d’une ethnographie en ligne et d’entretiens semi-directifs avec un groupe de lycéens d’une même ville - João Pessoa. Cette enquête démontre que l’importance des espaces numériques dans la socialisation politique des jeunes est liée, non seulement au fait qu’ils permettent le contact avec une grande diversité d’opinions et de visions du monde, mais surtout au fait qu’ils permettent la production d’une image de soi qui façonne les expériences politiques des usagers. La participation politique en ligne - en particulier celle des jeunes qui s’exposent le plus - se trouve associée à un besoin de reconnaissance des identités numériques. Les exigences de maintien d’une image tendent à imposer une organisation des valeurs pour être en conformité avec les exigences des publics choisis par les jeunes. / This thesis studies the effects of the uses of social networks on the political socialization of Brazilian high school students. The goal of the research is to observe how high schoolers address, by their grassroots practices, political subjects on their Facebook profile pages. The question that guided this study is: how do the personal Facebook profile pages contribute to the political socialization of high schoolers? The hypothesis was that youngsters build their opinions and values throughout the process of constructing their digital identities. They search for recognition from the other members of their group or of the group they wish to belong to. These youngsters affirm their political positions and their values by selecting information on internet and retaining those which are necessary for their recognition. The empirical research took place in the northeastern region of Brazil from November 2014 to July 2017, during a period of political polarization regarding Dilma Rousseff's government (Labour Party). Data is drawn from an online ethnography and semi-structured interviews with a group of high schoolers who live in the same town: João Pessoa. The results point that the relevance of social networks for the political socialization of youngsters lies not only on the possibility to be in touch with a great diversity of opinions and world views but also on the fact that they allow the construction of a self image that shapes the political experiences of social media users. The online political participation, specially those of youngsters who expose themselves the most, is linked to their need of having their online identity recognized. The need to preserve a self-image tends to impose a certain organization of values that conform to the demands of the students' target public.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-10T14:57:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna da Silva_.pdf: 5892378 bytes, checksum: 48ddb61078d9d34123c8e89cfb4539c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T14:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna da Silva_.pdf: 5892378 bytes, checksum: 48ddb61078d9d34123c8e89cfb4539c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho, que se insere na interface entre Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982; 1985) e Lexicografia Eletrônica, objetiva investigar a contribuição da noção de frame para o desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais online, a partir: (i) de uma análise metalexicográfica do Dicionário Olímpico (CHISHMAN, 2016) e de um conjunto de dicionários digitais online convencionais e (ii) de uma análise comparativa entre o Dicionário Olímpico e o conjunto dos demais dicionários, tendo como base o arcabouço teórico da Lexicografia Eletrônica, da Lexicografia tradicional e da Semântica Cognitiva. Para tanto, nos voltamos para a bibliografia da Semântica de Frames, de modo a dar destaque, num primeiro momento, aos preceitos subjacentes à noção de frame e ao potencial teórico desse conceito para a descrição do significado lexical e, num segundo momento, ao viés aplicado da teoria na relação com a Lexicografia (FILLMORE, 2003; FILLMORE; ATKINS, 1992). Porém, propomos uma ampliação da proposta original da interface, na medida em que nos voltamos para a literatura da Lexicografia Eletrônica. Nesse sentido, oferecemos um panorama relativo à área que se dedica ao desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais, de modo a tratar dos desafios, expectativas e demandas que se delineiam a partir da trajetória histórica do campo e de sua configuração atual. A metodologia pode ser dividida em quatro partes que correspondem: (i) à seleção do conjunto de dicionários digitais online convencionais a serem analisados; (ii) aos desdobramentos relativos à análise metalexicográfica, que apontaram para a necessidade de refletir sobre uma proposta de Metalexicografia Digital que sistematizasse os critérios metalexicográficos específicos da Lexicografia Eletrônica; (iii) à elaboração de formulários da análise metalexicográfica, relativos à composição e à natureza de dicionários online e à pesquisa da história da Lexicografia Eletrônica; e (iv) à descrição das estratégias de análise, contemplando os procedimentos de preenchimento dos formulários, a elaboração de fichas de observação e a montagem de rankings dos dicionários. A análise e discussão dos dados se deu a partir das informações obtidas por meio dos materiais de análise e teve como finalidade servir para a discussão acerca do modo como os dicionários evidenciam a identidade digital online e acerca do papel da noção de frame na construção da identidade digital online do Dicionário Olímpico. Os resultados evidenciaram que a falta de clareza sobre formas de assumir a identidade digital online de modo eficiente constitui o principal obstáculo para o desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais online; que a identidade digital se apresenta em diferentes níveis nas ferramentas analisadas e está relacionada ao fato de os dicionários possuírem ou não uma contraparte impressa; e que a noção de frame desempenhou o papel de fornecer as diretrizes para uma apresentação eficiente dos elementos digitais no Dicionário Olímpico. Por fim, constatamos que a noção de frame contribui para o desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais online na medida em que as noções de ‘conhecimento enciclopédico’, ‘empirismo’ e ‘continuidades entre linguagem e experiência’, subjacentes à noção de frame, são responsáveis pelo fato de, em um dicionário baseado em frames, os elementos digitais assumirem funções mais centrais na construção do significado. / This study that is inserted in the interface between Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1982, 1985) and Electronic Lexicography aims at investigating the contribution of the notion of frame to the development of online digital dictionaries, based on (i) a metalexicographic analysis of the Dicionário Olímpico (CHISHMAN, 2016) and a set of conventional online digital dictionaries and (ii) a comparative analysis between the Dicionário Olímpico and all other dictionaries, based on the theoretical framework of Electronic Lexicography, traditional Lexicography and Cognitive Semantics. Therefore, we return our attention to the bibliography of Frames Semantics, in order to highlight, in a first moment, the precepts underlying the notion of frame and the theoretical potential of this concept for the description of the lexical meaning and, in a second moment, the applied theory bias in relation to Lexicography (FILLMORE, 2003; FILLMORE and ATKINS, 1992). However, we propose an extension of the original interface proposal, as we turn to the literature of Electronic Lexicography. In this sense, we offer a panorama related to the area that is dedicated to the development of digital dictionaries, in order to deal with the challenges, expectations and demands that are outlined from the historical trajectory of the field and its current configuration. The methodology can be divided into four parts that correspond to: (i) the selection of the set of conventional online digital dictionaries to be analyzed; (ii) the developments related to the metalexicographic analysis, which pointed out the need to reflect on a proposal of Digital Metalexicography that systematized the specific metalexicographic criteria of the Electronic Lexicography; (iii) the elaboration of metalexicographic analysis forms, concerning the composition and nature of online dictionaries and the research on the history of Electronic Lexicography; and (iv) the description of the analysis strategies, including the procedures for completing the forms, the preparation of observation sheets and the assembly of dictionary rankings. The analysis and discussion of the data was based on the information obtained through the analysis materials and was intended to serve the discussion about the way in which the dictionaries show the online digital identity and about the role of the notion of frame in the construction of the online digital identity from Dicionário Olímpico. The outcomes showed that: the lack of clarity about ways to assume the online digital identity efficiently is the main obstacle to the development of online digital dictionaries; the digital identity presents itself at different levels in the tools analyzed and is related to the fact that the dictionaries have or do not have a printed counterpart; and the notion of frame played the role of providing the guidelines for an efficient presentation of the digital elements in the Dicionário Olímpico. Lastly, we find that the notion of frame contributes to the development of online digital dictionaries insofar as the notions of “encyclopedic knowledge”, “empiricism” and “continuities between language and experience”, which underlie the notion of frame, are responsible for the fact that, in a dictionary based on frames, the digital elements take on more central functions in the construction of meaning.

L'augmentation rapide du nombre de transactions en ligne dans le monde moderne numérique exige la manipulation des informations personnelles des utilisateurs, y compris sa collection, stockage, diffusion et utilisation. De telles activités représentent un risque sérieux concernant le respect de la vie privée des informations personnelles. Le travail actuel analyse l'utilisation des architectures d'identité fédérées (AIF) comme une solution appropriée pour simplifier et assurer la gestion des identités numériques dans un environnement de collaboration. Cependant, la contribution principale du projet est la proposition d'un modèle de respect de la vie privée qui complète les mécanismes inhérents de respect de la vie privée de la AIF afin d'être conformes aux principes de respect de la vie privée établis par un cadre législatif. Le modèle de respect de la vie privée définit une architecture modulaire qui fournit les fonctionnalités suivantes : spécifications des conditions de respect de la vie privée, représentation des informations personnelles dans un format de données standard, création et application des politiques en matière de protection de la vie privée et accès aux informations personnelles et registre d'évènement. La praticabilité pour déployer le modèle de respect de la vie privée dans un environnement réel est analysée par un scénario de cas pour le projet mexicain d'e-gouvernement. / The fast growth of the number of on-line transactions in the modern digital world requires the handling of personal information of users, including its collection, storage, use and dissemination. Such activities represent a serious risk regarding the privacy of personal information. The present work analyses the use of Federated Identity Architectures (FIA) as a suitable solution for simplifying and assuring the management of digital identities in a collaborative and distributed environment. However, the main contribution of the project is the proposal of a privacy model that complements the inherent privacy mechanisms of the FIA in order to comply with the privacy principles established by a regulatory framework. The privacy model has a layered and modular architecture that allows providing the following functionalities: specification of privacy requirements, representation of personal information in a standard data format, creation and enforcement of privacy policies and access to personal information and event logs. The feasibility for deploying the privacy model within a real environment is analyzed through a case scenario for the Mexican e-Government project.

Web 2.0 har möjliggjort och öppnat upp för en ny typ av mellanmänsklig kommunikation. Numera kan vem som helst starta sin egen offentliga och lättillgängliga webbplattform där digitala dialoger frodas och med det skapas attraktiva marknadsplatser för företag. Enligt forskningsluckan vi har identifierat anser vi att det saknas insikter om hur företag på bästa sätt ska arbeta med bloggare utifrån bloggarnas perspektiv. Bloggar är inte bara en attraktiv marknadsplats för företag utan också för bloggarna själva som skapar sitt personliga varumärke genom att bygga upp den digitala identitet som presenteras i bloggen. Således är syftet med vår uppsats att bidra till ökad förståelse för bloggares preferenser i relationen med företag och varumärken, samt hur de väljer varumärken att beröra i sin blogg utifrån sin digitalt konstruerade identitet. För att genomföra vår studie har vi valt en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats där vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju populära bloggare i Sverige. Den teoretiska referensramen som ligger till grund för vår studie är uppdelad i tre huvudkategorier; marketing public relations, word-of-mouth/word-of-blog samt personligt varumärke, där vi berör begreppen relationer, digitala dialoger, tvåvägs-symmetrisk kommunikation, digitalidentitet och källtrovärdighet. Resultatet i vår studie visar att bloggare önskar ett professionellt bemötande i relationen med PR-utövare men en personlig relation till varumärken. PR-utövare bör erbjuda bloggarna unikhet, involvering, nyhetsvärde och arvode för att skapa fördelaktiga tvåvägs-symmetriska bloggrelationer i syfte att gynna varumärket. Således förändras synen på traditionell PR vilket snarare innefattar relationer än finansiering. I vår studie presenterar vi därför en definition och modell av begreppet Blog Public Relations (BPR) vilket är vårt huvudsakliga bidrag till den vetenskapliga diskursen. Vidare visar vår undersökning att det finns tre faktorer som påverkar bloggare till att avvika från sin digitala identitet i samarbetet med företag. Förutom att de känner en press att uppdatera bloggen, och därmed ibland har valt att skriva om vissa produkter på grund av det, påverkar ett högt arvode eller ett riktigt bra och proffsigt bemötande från PR-utövarna den kommersiella avvägningen. / Web 2.0 has enabled and opened up for a new type of interpersonal communication. Nowadays, anyone can start their own public and accessible web platform where digital dialogues flourish and thus the creation of attractive markets for companies. According to the research gap we have identified, we believe that there is a lack of understanding of how companies’ best should practice blog relationships according to the bloggers. Blogs are notonly an attractive marketplace for companies but also for the bloggers themselves since they create their own personal brand by building up their digital identities that are presented in the blog. Thus, the purpose of this essay is to contribute to a better understanding of bloggers' preferences in their relationship with companies and brands and how they choose brands to mention in the blog from their digitally constructed identities. To carry out our study, we chose a qualitative method with an abductive nature where we have carried out semistructured interviews with seven popular bloggers in Sweden. The theoretical framework that forms the basis of our study is divided into three main categories; marketing public relations, word-of-mouth/word-of-blog, and personal brand, where we touch the concepts of relationships, digital dialogues, two-way symmetrical communication, digital identity and source credibility. The result of our study shows that bloggers wish for a professional approach in the relationships with PR practitioners and a personal relationship with the brands. PR practitioners should offer bloggers uniqueness, involvement, news-value and emolument to create beneficial two-way symmetric blog relationships in order to promote the brand. Moreover, this approach is changing the perception of traditional PR, which includes relationships, rather than financing. In our study, we therefore present a definition and model of the term Blog Public Relations (BPR) that is our main contribution to the scientific discourse. Furthermore, our study shows that there are three factors that influence bloggers to deviate from their digital identity in collaboration with companies. Besides that they feel pressured to update the blog, and thus sometimes chose to write about certain products because of it, a high emolument or a really good and professional behavior from PR practitioners affects the commercial balance.

Durante la última década, el dominio digital se convirtió en una parte integral de nuestra vida cotidiana. Hoy en día, la transición que experimentábamos anteriormente mudando de los espacios actuales de comunicación al ciberespacio, cuando Internet era una novedad en nuestras vidas, ya no es aplicable, pasamos de uno al otro con la facilidad de pasar de una habitación a otra. En este contexto, conocimos la arquitectura participativa de la Web 2.0 y el concepto de las redes sociales online, y poco a poco, hemos pasado de la invisibilidad del ciberespacio a la super-visibilidad que tenemos hoy en día. Con todos estos factores en juego, nuestras formas de definir, entender y construir nuestras identidades han cambiado considerablemente.

Le point de départ de notre analyse est celui de la construction de l'identité digitale considéré comme un processus complexe qui peut être également abordé sous plusieurs angles. En mutation constante, les différents acteurs présents sur Internet possèdent plusieurs rôles dans cette construction identitaire de l'individu en ligne. D'une part l'émergence du web social, sous la forme du profil, fait de l'utilisateur un acteur pluri-positionnel (énonciateur, récepteur, transmetteur, etc.) et lui donne, en outre une identité relationnelle. D'autre part, les contraintes imposées par le réseau et les enjeux situés à des différents niveaux, suggèrent la remise en cause hiérarchie horizontale de nœuds, – unités minimales qui composent le réseau –, et à son tour les nœuds incarnés par les utilisateurs. Cependant, pourrait un nœud être social ? La communication digitale interactive pourrait-elle se fonder sur de présupposés qui excluent l'individu ? Au-delà de cette identité relationnelle du web social, est-il possible de concevoir une identité digitale qui soit homologable à l'identité nominale d'un individu d'une société quelconque ? Les conditions, les prémisses et la confluence de plusieurs pratiques digitales sont les facteurs à analyser afin de trouver des réponses possibles à ce type de problématique. Certes, les critères à prendre en considération pour envisager une telle identité, ainsi que la préservation de l'identité réelle de l'utilisateur en tant que citoyen sont les axes fondamentaux de notre analyse. Une analyse qui se contente de faire l'état de lieu et l'état de l'art de l'Internet contemporain par rapport à l'individu, tel que nous le concevons à nos jours. / On the basis of this analysis, we propose to take into consideration the digital identity as a complex process of construction, which may be regarded from several angles. In a constant mutation, a variety of stakeholders present in the Internet perform different roles in the on line individual's construction identity. On the one hand, an emergence of social web converts the user, in the form of a social media profile, into a multi-positional actor ( sender, transmitter, receiver, etc.) and gives him/her a relational identity as well. On the other hand, the constraints imposed by the net and the issues placed in different levels of analysis may suggest to review the horizontal hierarchy between nodes, being these ones the web's minimal units which in turn are embodied by the users. Therefore, could a node be social ? The digital interactive communication could it be based in presumptions excluding the individual ? Beyond the relational identity of social web, could it be conceived a digital identity equivalent to the real identity of an individual on any society? Conditions, premises and the confluence of different digital praxis are indeed the elements to be analysed in order to find suitable answers to our general problem. Certainly, the criteria to take into consideration a concept such an identity, and the preservation of user's real identity as a citizen are the main axis of our analysis. More precisely, an analysis which is focused in the current state of contemporary Internet regarding the individual, as we conceive him nowadays.