The major hurdle in the development of transdermal route as a versatile drug delivery method is the formidable transport barrier provided by the stratum corneum. Despite decades of research to overcome the stratum corneum barrier, limited success has been achieved. The objectives of this research were to develop and characterize two different strategies to overcome the stratum corneum barrier for transdermal delivery of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines. In the first strategy, coated microneedles (sharp-tipped, micron-sized structures) were developed to enable delivery of drugs directly into the skin by bypassing the stratum corneum barrier. In the second strategy, instead of bypassing the barrier, microdermabrasion was used to selectively abrade stratum corneum with sharp microparticles for topical drug application. Coated microneedles For developing painless microneedles, the first detailed study was performed to characterize the effect of microneedle geometry on pain caused by microneedle insertions in human volunteers. This study demonstrated that microneedles are significantly less painful than a 26-gage hypodermic needle and that decreasing microneedle length and numbers reduces pain. Next, the first in-depth study of microneedle coating methods and formulations was performed to (i) develop a novel micron-scale dip-coating process, (ii) test the breadth of compounds that can be coated onto microneedles, and (iii) develop a rational basis to design novel coating formulations based on the physics of dip-coating. Finally, a plasmid DNA-vaccine was coated onto microneedles to immunize mice, to provide the first evidence that microneedle-based skin immunization can generate a robust in vivo antigen-specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte response using similar, or lower, DNA doses on microneedles as when using the gene gun or intramuscular injection. Microdermabrasion We demonstrated for the first time that microdermabrasion in monkeys and humans can selectively, yet completely remove the stratum corneum layer. Using a mobile mode of microdermabrasion, an increase in the number of treatment passes led to greater tissue removal. Furthermore, topical application of Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus after microdermabrasion induced virus-specific antibodies in monkeys. In conclusion, both coated microneedles and microdermabrasion were developed to enable delivery of biomolecules into the skin, indicating their potential for transdermal delivery of a wide range of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-16T11:47:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA MEDEIROS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 6622967 bytes, checksum: bfed827814b744a5e9e9e565d28f0682 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:47:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIANA MEDEIROS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 6622967 bytes, checksum: bfed827814b744a5e9e9e565d28f0682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Capes / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral sintetizar as membranas zeolíticas (Mordenita/α-alumina), utilizando os métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, crescimento secundário: dip-coating e transporte em fase vapor, para serem avaliadas no processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. Dentro deste contexto foram avaliados alguns parâmetros, destacando-se, a influência do tempo de cristalização na síntese da zeólita mordenita, a influência do precursor (sulfato de alumínio e gibsita) na síntese da membrana zeolítica, influência dos métodos de síntese das membranas zeolíticas e os testes de permeação de água e o processo de separação emulsão óleo/água. A síntese da zeólita mordenita foi realizada utilizando o método hidrotérmico a 170°C, com tempos de cristalização de 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas, a fim de avaliar a cristalinidade da zeólita, e selecionar o melhor tempo para a síntese das membranas zeolíticas. Os suportes cerâmicos α-alumina foram preparados a partir da decomposição dos precursores sulfato de alumínio a 1000°C e gibsita a 1200ºC por 2 horas, e conformados, compactados e sinterizados a 1300ºC por 2h, e então submetidos às técnicas de caracterização: Difratometria de raios X (DRX), Adsorção Física de Nitrogênio, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Fluorescência de raios X por Energia Dispersiva (FRX-ED) e Termogravimétrica/Térmica Diferencial (TG/DTA). As membranas zeolíticas foram sintetizadas pelos métodos de síntese hidrotérmica, crescimento secundário: dip-coating e transporte em fase vapor a 170°C por 72h e caracterizadas por DRX e MEV. Os suportes cerâmicos e as membranas zeolíticas foram avaliadas em testes de permeação de água e no sistema de separação emulsão óleo/água de um efluente sintético, utilizando um processo de separação por membrana (PSM). Os ensaios foram realizados nas condições de concentração inicial da emulsão 100 mg.L-1, temperatura de 25 °C e pressão de 2,5 bar, permitindo avaliar a permeabilidade e a seletividade a partir da variação da concentração do permeado em (mg.L-1) e da percentagem de rejeição ao óleo (%R). A partir dos resultados obtidos para a síntese dos materiais, pode-se observar a efetiva formação da zeólita mordenita em fase pura e cristalina. Os precursores foram decompostos de maneira satisfatória obtendo a fase α-alumina. A manutenção da fase α-alumina pós-produção dos suportes cerâmicos foi confirmada após caracterização. De acordo com os resultados exibidos pelas análises de DRX e MEV as membranas zeolíticas MZMOR/α-alumina apresentaram uma distribuição homogênea e uniforme dos cristais zeolíticos correspondentes à fase mordenita, sem a presença de impurezas, livres de defeitos e sem fissuras, confirmando a formação da estrutura da membrana zeolítica pelos três métodos de síntese, utilizados neste trabalho. A zeólita mordenita se mostrou excelente em relação à adesão e formação da camada zeolítica sobre o suporte cerâmico α-alumina. A partir da avaliação da permeabilidade e seletividade nos testes de separação da emulsão óleo/água, pode-se concluir que a inserção da zeólita mordenita aos suportes cerâmicos melhorou o processo de separação da emulsão óleo/água. Em termos de eficiência no processo de separação, considera-se que a membrana zeolítica MZMOR/α – Al2O3 (SHGB) foi a que apresentou melhor relação entre fluxo e capacidade seletiva, mostrando a eficácia da utilização das membranas zeolíticas. Todas as membranas zeolíticas sintetizadas e avaliadas mostraram-se promissoras. / The objective of the present work is to synthesize zeolite membranes (Mordenite/α-alumina) using hydrothermal synthesis, secondary growth: dip-coating and vapor-phase transport, to be evaluated in the oil/water emulsion separation process. The influence of the crystallization time on the synthesis of the mordenite zeolite, the influence of the precursor (aluminum sulphate and gibsite) on the synthesis of the zeolite membrane, influence of the synthesis methods of the zeolite membranes and the water permeation tests and the oil/water emulsion separation process. The synthesis of the mordenite zeolite was performed using the hydrothermal method at 170°C, with crystallization times of 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, in order to evaluate the crystallinity of the zeolite, and to select the best time for the synthesis of zeolite membranes. The α-alumina ceramic supports were prepared from the decomposition of the aluminum sulfate precursors at 1000°C and gibsite at 1200°C for 2 hours, and conformed, compacted and sintered at 1300°C for 2h, and then submitted to the characterization techniques: (XRD), Nitrogen Physical Adsorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (FRX-ED) and Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal (TG/DTA). The zeolite membranes were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, secondary growth: dip-coating and vapor-phase transport at 170°C for 72 hours and characterized by XRD and SEM. Ceramic supports and zeolite membranes were evaluated in water permeation tests and in the oil/water emulsion separation system of a synthetic effluent using a membrane separation process. The tests were carried out under the conditions of initial concentration of the emulsion 100 mg.L-1, temperature of 25°C and pressure of 2,5 bar, allowing to evaluate the permeability and the selectivity from the variation of the permeate concentration in (mg. L-1) and the percentage of oil rejection (% R). From the results obtained for the synthesis of the materials, it is possible to observe the effective formation of zeolite mordenite in pure and crystalline phase. The precursors were satisfactorily decomposed to give the α-alumina phase. The maintenance of the post-production α-alumina phase of the ceramic supports was confirmed after characterization. The MZMOR/α-alumina zeolite membranes presented a homogeneous and uniform distribution of the zeolite crystals corresponding to the mordenite phase, without the presence of impurities, free of defects and without cracks, confirming the formation of the structure of the zeolite membrane by the three methods of synthesis, used in this work. The mordenite zeolite showed excellent adhesion and formation of the zeolitic layer on the ceramic support α-alumina. From the evaluation of the permeability and selectivity in the oil/water emulsion separation tests, it can be concluded that the insertion of the mordenite zeolite to the ceramic supports improved the separation process of the oil/water emulsion. In terms of efficiency in the separation process, the zeolite membrane MZMOR/α-Al2O3(SHGB) was considered to have the best relationship between flow and selectivity, showing the efficacy of zeolite membranes. All zeolite membranes synthesized and evaluated were promising.

Le travail de thèse porte sur les méthodes de synthèse de nanostructures de dioxyde de titane et de leurs études physicochimiques afin de préciser les corrélations entre la morphologie, le dopage métallique, les caractéristiques structurales avec l'efficacité photocatalytique. Le grand intérêt pour les nanomatériaux TiO2 réside dans la mise au point de nouvelles sources d'énergie ou la conservation de l’environnement par des processus photocatalytiques. Cependant, la limitation principale de TiO2 est du au large gap électronique (eV ~3,2) du polymorphe Anatase. Ainsi, un des objectifs importants pour l'amélioration de l’efficacité des nanomatériaux TiO2 est d'augmenter leur photoactivité en décalantla création de paires d'électron-trou de l’UV à la gamme du visible. D'ailleurs, on a montré que l'utilisation de nanostructures 1D de TiO2 (nanotubes) a amélioré la collection de charges, en favorisant leur transport dans les structures 1D, qui par conséquent réduit au minimum la recombinaison et prolonge les durées de vie des électrons.La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à la synthèse des nanopoudres TiO2 dopées par des ions métalliques (Ag, Cu, Eu) préparés par sol-gel. Même avec différents éléments de dopage qui apparemment peuvent adopter le même état de valence (2+) (Cu2+, Ag2+, Eu2+), différents comportements ont été démontrés pour l'incorporation efficace de ces ions dans la structure de TiO2. L'anomalie entre les rayons ioniques des différents éléments utilisés module le rapport du dopage substitutionnel. Ceci est en effet réalisé pour Cu2+ mais dans moins d'ampleur pour Ag2+ tandis que les ions d'europium forment une ségrégation de phase Eu2Ti2O7. La dégradation de colorants de bleu de méthylène (MB) a étéaméliorée légèrement avec les échantillons dopés Ag. La raison a été attribuée aux clusters métalliques Ag qui ont été en effet mis en évidence à travers leur bande d’absorption plasmonique. La deuxième partie porte sur des couches minces de TiO2 dopés (Cu, Ag, et Eu) qui ont été élaborés par sol-gel et spin-coating et dipcoating. Les paramètres optimaux ont été obtenus pour réaliser les films cristallins mais présentant une organisation mésoporeuse qui dépend également du processus de dopage. Des études de Photocatalyse ont été également réalisées et l'efficacité des films ont été comparées en fonction des éléments dopants. La troisième partie de la thèse est liée à la modification morphologique des nanoparticules pour former des nanotubes à l'aide de la méthode hydrothermale sous pression contrôlée. Un plan d'expérience basé sur la méthode Taguchi a été utilisé pour la détermination des paramètres optimaux.Les nanotubes TiO2 augmentent la surface spécifique en comparaison avec les nanoparticules. La dégradation de bleu deméthylène par les nanotubes a montré une efficacité photocatalytique plus élevée qu’avec les nanopoudres TiO2 pures etdopés Ag. / The thesis work is focused on the synthesis methods of titanium dioxide nanostructures and their physico-chemical studies in order to point out the correlations between the morphology, metal doping, structural features with the photocatalytic efficiency. The great interest on TiO2 nanomaterials deals with new sources of energy or in the environment preservation through the photocatalytic properties. However, the main limitations is due to the wide band gap (~3.2 eV) of the anatase polymorph. Thus, a major objective for improvement of the performance of TiO2 nanomaterials is to increase theirphotoactivity by shifting the onset of the electron-hole pairs creation from UV to the visible range. Moreover, it was found that using onedimensional (1-D) TiO2 (nanotubes) improved the charge collection by 1D nanostructures which consequently minimizes the recombination and prolongate the electron lifetimes. The first part of this work is focused on the synthesis of TiO2 nanopowders doped with metallic ions (Ag, Cu, Eu) prepared by Solgel. Even with different doping elements which apparently can adopt the same valence state (2+) such as (Cu2+, Ag2+,Eu2+), different behaviors were demonstrated for the effective incorporation of these ions in the host structure of TiO2. The discrepancy between ionic radii of the different used elements modulates the ratio of the substitutional doping. This is indeed achieved for Cu2+ but in less extent for Ag2+ while Europium ions form segregated phase as Eu2Ti2O7. The experiments on the degradation of methylene blue (MB)dyes have shown slight improvement with Ag-doped samples. The reason was tentatively attributed to the Ag clusters which were indeed demonstrated through their plasmon optical band. The second part of the work concerns thin films of TiO2 doped (Cu, Ag, and Eu) which were elaborated by spin coating and dip coating. The optimal parameters were obtained to achieve crystalline films but presenting mesoporous organisation which also depends on the doping process. Photocatalysis investigations were also realized and the efficiency of the films compared as function of the doping elements.The third part of the thesis is related to the morphological modification from nanoparticles to nanotubes by using the hydrothermal method with controlled pressure. An experimental design based on Taguchi Method was employed for the determination of the optimal parameters. TiO2 nanotubes increase the surface area in comparison with TiO2nanoparticles. TiO2 nanotubes were tested for the methylene blue degradation and show a higher photocatalytic efficiency than TiO2 nanopowders and TIO2 doped with Ag.

The rise in the world population can be correlated with an increase in energy need. Fossil fuels are not going to able to cover this need in energy because not only are they limited, they also have a negative effect on the environment. A reason the more to switch renewable energy. One of the most popular renewable energy source is solar energy. The organic solar cell could be a low-cost, light-weight and flexible option for photovoltaics. This thesis will discuss the morphology of the active layer of an organic solar cell. The polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) and the fullerene derivate [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester were used as model components for the active layer. These two components were processed in different solvents, different ratios, different total concentrations and were either dip- or spin-coated on glass substrates. These samples were analyzed with atomic force microscopy, steady state and time resolved fluorescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The analysis show that the morphology of the films processed in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran would react very similar in α-phase and β-phase by dip- and spin-coated samples. Xylene would react the opposite as tetrahydrofuran and chloroform while ethylbenzene would react little with different samples. / De stijging in wereldpopulatie kan gelinkt worden met een stijging in energieverbruik. Het is niet aan te raden om fossiele brandstoffen te gebruiken voor deze energiestijging want niet alleen zijn ze beperkt aanwezig op aarde ook zijn ze niet goed voor het milieu. Een reden te meer om naar duurzame energie over te schakelen. Één van de meeste populaire energiebronnen is zonne-energie. Hierbij zou de organische zonnecel een goedkope, lichte en flexibele optie zijn. Deze thesis zal de morfologie van de actieve laag van een zonnecel bespreken. Het polymeer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) en het fullereen derivaat [6,6]-fenyl C61-butylzuur waren de twee model componenten voor de actieve laag. Deze twee componenten werden in verschillende oplosmiddelen, verschillende verhoudingen en verschillende totaal concentraties bereidt en werden vervolgens gedipcoated of gespincoated op glazen substraten. De stalen werden vervolgens geanalyseerd door atomic force microscopy, steady state en time resolved fluorescence en UV/Vis spectroscopy. De analyse toont dat de morfologie van de films bereidt in chloroform en tetrahydrofuraan gelijkaardig reageren in α- fase en β-fase bij gedipt- en gespincoaten stalen. Terwijl xyleen net omgekeerd reageert als chloroform en tetrahydrofuraan. Bij ethylbenzeen zou de fases maar heel weinig veranderen bij de verschillende stalen.

The work deals with the deposition of layers for electrochromic device with different methods. Transparent electrically conductive layer of SnO2 was deposited by pyrolytic decomposition of peroxostannate solution. Hydrogen peroxide in starting solution contributes to the oxidation process of growth layers and to increase the electrical conductivity. Active electrochromic layer of WO3 was electrolytic deposited from the peroxotungstic acid solution. Optimal deposition time and the optimal annealing temperature of deposited layers were found. Passive electrochromic layer of V2O5 was deposited using dip-coating method from peroxovanadate solution. A contribution of solution diluted with distilled water was investigated. Found results were used to construct complete electrochromic device with polymer gel electrolyte.

No description available.

La technique de trempage («dip-coating») est un procédé rapide et efficace pour former des films minces de copolymères à blocs (CPB) d’épaisseur et de nano-morphologies variées. Très peu d’études ont toutefois porté sur le trempage des CPB supramoléculaires et/ou photosensibles. Le trempage du CPB poly(styrène-b-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-P4VP) a premièrement été étudié avec des petites molécules (PM) d’acide 1-naphtoïque (NCOOH) et de 1-naphtol (NOH) capables de former des ponts hydrogène (ponts H) avec le bloc P4VP dans 4 solvants (tétrahydrofurane (THF), p-dioxane, toluène et chloroforme). Le ratio d’incorporation (RI) molaire PM/VP dans les films trempés augmente avec la vitesse de retrait mais sa variation dépend fortement du solvant et de la PM utilisés. Le RI et la morphologie des films minces dépendent de la possibilité (ou non) du solvant à former des ponts H avec la PM et de sa sélectivité au bloc de PS menant (ou non) à des micelles de P4VP/PM en solution dont la rigidité influence l’état cinétique du système en film mince. La dépendance en une courbe en V de l’épaisseur des films en fonction la vitesse de retrait définit deux régimes, nommés régimes capillaire et de drainage. Ces régimes influencent différemment le RI et la morphologie finale. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux complexes de PS-P4VP avec des azobenzènes (AB) photosensibles, le 4-hydroxy-4’-butyl-azobenzène (BHAB) et le 4-hydroxy-4’-cyano-azobenzène (CHAB). Ces AB peuvent non seulement former des ponts H avec le bloc P4VP mais aussi s'isomériser entre les formes trans et cis sous illumination. Les expériences avec PS-P4VP/BHAB dans le THF et le toluène ont révélé que l'irradiation pendant le trempage permet de provoquer une transition entre les morphologies sphérique et cylindrique à basses vitesses de retrait. Ces transitions sont expliquées par l’augmentation du ratio molaire BHAB/VP pris dans les films sous illumination et par le plus grand volume des isomères BHAB-cis par rapport aux BHAB-trans. L'irradiation permet également de moduler l'épaisseur des films sans égard à la présence des AB. Finalement, des solutions de PS-P4VP/CHAB et PS-P4VP/BHAB dans le THF avec un CPB de masse molaire plus élevée ont été étudiées afin de comprendre l’effet d'un temps de demi-vie plus court de l’AB et de la présence de micelles en solution. Le photocontrôle morphologique perd de son efficacité avec le CHAB car l’augmentation du RI de CHAB dans les films illuminés par rapport aux films non irradiés est moins prononcée que pour les complexes de BHAB. Le choix du PS-P4VP est également important puisque la présence de micelles dans les solutions de THF du PS-P4VP(36,5k-16k), même si elle n’influence pas les RI BHAB/VP, fige davantage la morphologie sphérique en solution par rapport à une solution non-micellaire de PS-P4VP(24k-9,5k), limitant les possibilités de transition morphologique. / Dip-coating is a rapid and efficient method for forming thin films of block copolymers (BCPs) of various thicknesses and nano-morphologies. However, very few studies focused on dip-coating of supramolecular and/or photosensitive BCPs. Dip-coating of poly(styrene-b-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-P4VP) BCPs was first studied using the small molecules (SM), 1-naphthoic acid (NCOOH) and 1-naphthol (NOH), which can form hydrogen bonds with the P4VP block, in four different solvents [tetrahydrofuran (THF), p-dioxane, toluene and chloroform]. The uptake molar ratio, SM/VP, in the thin films generally increases with the dip-coating rate, but its variation is strongly dependent on the solvent and the PM used. More specifically, the uptake ratio as well as the morphology of the dip-coated thin films depend on the ability (or lack thereof) of the solvent to form hydrogen bonds with the SM and its selectivity towards the PS block, which leads (or does not lead) to micellar P4VP/PM solutions, where the rigidity of the micellar cores influences the kinetic state of the dried thin film. The dependence of film thickness on the dip-coating rate, which is V-shaped, defines two regimes, termed capillarity and draining. These regimes influence the uptake ratio and final morphologies differently. Subsequently, we investigated a relatively low molecular weight PS-P4VP (24k-9,5k), which does not form micellar solutions in THF, complexed with two photosensitive azobenzene (AB) small molecules, namely 4-hydroxy-4'-butyl-azobenzene (BHAB) and 4-hydroxy-4'-cyano-azobenzene (CHAB). These ABs not only can form hydrogen bonds with the P4VP block but can also isomerize between trans and cis forms under illumination. Experiments with PS-P4VP/BHAB in THF (non-micellar) and toluene (micellar) showed that irradiation during dip-coating provokes a transition from spherical to cylindrical morphology at low dip-coating rates not observed in the dark. This transition is explained by the increase in the BHAB/VP uptake ratio under illumination and by the larger volume of the BHAB cis form relative to BHAB trans isomers. Irradiation also increases the film thickness, even without AB present, which is attributed to a heating effect. Thus, the combination of in-situ irradiation with dip-coating has been shown to be a useful and simple method for external control of photosensitive thin film patterns. Finally, THF solutions of PS-P4VP/CHAB and PS-P4VP/BHAB with the low molecular weight BCP (non-micellar) and a BCP of higher molecular weight (36,5k-16k, micellar) were investigated to understand the effect of shorter (CHAB) vs. longer (BHAB) AB half-life and the presence or not of micelles in solution. The morphological photocontrol loses some of its effectiveness with CHAB, as shown by the less pronounced increase in uptake ratio of CHAB compared to BHAB in the illuminated films relative to non-irradiated films dip-coated from THF solutions. The presence of micelles does not influence the (BHAB/VP) uptake ratio, but it slows down the morphological evolution in the drying films, as shown by the freezing in of greater spherical morphological character compared to the non-micellar solution, thereby limiting the possibilities of a morphological transition.

No description available.

Les bioverres du système quaternaire SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 obtenus par fusion doivent être coulés à 1400°C, ce qui ne permet pas la mise en forme de matériaux complexes comme par exemple des composites macroporeux en biocéramiques (HA et TCP) recouverts d’une couche uniforme de bioverre. Pour contourner cette limitation, la voie sol-gel a été utilisée dans cette étude. Le but principal a été de synthétiser par le procédé sol-gel, deux compositions quaternaires du système SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 habituellement obtenues par fusion. Il s’agit des compositions 45S5® de L.L. Hench et 47Q de C. Duée. Ces verres sont inversés, c’est à dire qu’ils contiennent plus d’éléments modificateurs (calcium et sodium) que d’éléments formateurs (silicium et phosphore). Pour la synthèse sol-gel, du TEOS (TétraEthylOrthoSilicate) et du TEP (TriEthylPhosphate) ont été utilisés pour introduire les formateurs. En utilisant des précurseurs minéraux pour le calcium et le sodium, il existe des difficultés à maintenir le gel amorphe lors de son séchage. En effet, les précurseurs minéraux sont le siège de mécanismes de dissolution-précipitation liés entre autres aux solvants choisis, à la nature et à la concentration des anions dans le milieu. L’étude s’est donc orientée vers l’utilisation d’autres précurseurs des modificateurs afin de limiter la part des anions qui contribuent au phénomène de précipitation non souhaité. Deux procédés de synthèse originaux ont été alors mis au point avec des précurseurs alcoolates, acétates et du glycérol. Avec ces procédés, la nature amorphe des composés a été confirmée et leurs caractéristiques thermiques ont été ensuite étudiées. Tous les verres sol-gel réalisés sont bioactifs. Les compositions de base, 45S5® et 47Q, ont été ensuite dopées avec de l’argent afin de doter les bioverres d’une action antibactérienne. Des cellules L132 ont été utilisées pour évaluer la toxicité des poudres des deux procédés solgel. Le procédé le moins toxique a été conservé pour la suite de l’étude. Les bioverres dopés et non dopés ont été alors déposés à la surface d’échantillons plats et macroporeux en HA et TCP par une technique de trempage-retrait. Des tests de prolifération et de formation de biofilms par Pseudomonas aeruginosa ont été réalisés sur des pastilles de TCP recouvertes et ont mis en évidence un effet toxique des dépôts contenant de l’argent. Des mesures de prolifération et de vitalité sur des cellules humaines MG63 ont été également réalisées et ont permis d’observer également un effet toxique. Cet effet n’est pas souhaitable dans ce cas car il affecte la biocompatibilité de l’implant. Il devrait cependant être confirmé par d’autres tests réalisés avec d’autres lignées cellulaires. / Bioglasses of quaternary system SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 obtained by melting are cast at 1400 ° C, which does not allow the shape of complex materials, for example macroporous bioceramics composites (HA and TCP) coated with an uniform layer of bioglass. To overcome this limitation, the sol-gel process has been used in this study. The aim has been to synthesize by sol-gel process, two quaternary compositions usually obtained by melting in the SiO2- CaO-Na2O-P2O5 system. These are two compositions: 45S5® of L.L. Hench and 47Q made by C. Duée. These glasses are reversed, ie they contain more modifiers elements (calcium and sodium) as formers elements (silicon and phosphorus). For the sol-gel synthesis, TEOS (TetraEthylOrthoSilicate) and TEP (TriEthylPhosphate) have been used to introduce the formers. When minerals precursors are used for calcium and sodium, there are difficulties to maintain amorphous the gel during its drying. Indeed, minerals precursors have some dissolution-precipitation mechanisms linked to the selected solvents and the nature and concentration of anions in the medium. The use of other modifiers precursors has been made in the study to limit the proportion of anions contributing to the undesired precipitation phenomenon. Two original synthesis methods have been developed with alkoxide precursors, acetates and glycerol. With these processes, the amorphous nature of the compounds has been confirmed and their thermal characteristics have been studied. All sol-gel glasses are bioactives. The compositions, 45S5® and 47Q, have been doped with silver to add an antibacterial action to the bioglasses. L132 cells have been used to test the toxicity on the powders of the two sol-gel processes. The least toxic process is has been retained for the other tests. Doped and undoped bioglasses have been coated on the surface of flat and macroporous samples of HA and TCP by a dip-coating technique. Proliferation tests and biofilms formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been made on coated TCP and show toxic effects of silver. Proliferation and vitality tests have been also made on MG63 human cells and have allowed to observe a toxic effect. This effect is not suitable in this case because it affects the biocompatibility of the implant. It would, however, be confirmed by other tests with other cell lines.

Die Filtration unter aggressiven Einsatzbedingungen, z.B. Einsatz in korrosiven Medien, Abgasfiltration, stellt besondere Anforderungen an das Filtermaterial. Sogenanntes "Liquid Phase Sintered Silicon Carbide" (LPS-SiC) erfüllt die Anforderungen sehr gut. Deshalb bestand das Ziel der Arbeit besteht darin, erstmals aus LPS-SiC asymmetrische keramische Membranen (grobporöses Substrat mit dünner, feinporiger Membran) herzustellen. Als Additivsystem fanden Yttriumoxid und Aluminiumoxid Verwendung. Es wurde Siliciumcarbid der Körnung F1200 auf Substrat der Körnung F500 abgeschieden. Dem Herstellungsverfahren kommt für die Qualität der Membran eine große Bedeutung zu. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit folgende Beschichtungsmethoden untersucht, um die optimale Methode zu identifizieren: Tauchbeschichtung, elektrophoretische Abscheidung, Druckfiltration und Einsatz von Transfertapes (Transfertapes: Mischung aus Polyacrylatkleber und Pulver). Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei die Druckfiltration. Hierfür wurde eine neue Apparatur konzipiert und aufgebaut. Für die schlickerbasierten Methoden wurde ein wässriges System entwickelt, bei dem auf den Einsatz von organischen Hilfsstoffen verzichtet werden konnte. Die elektrostatische Stabilisierung konnte durch gezieltes Anlösen von Yttriumoxid, Ausfällen von feinskaligem Yttriumhydroxid und Belegung des Siliciumcarbids mit dem Yttriumhydroxid erreicht werden. Die Elektrophorese führte zu keinen befriedigenden Ergebnissen aufgrund des undefinierten spezifischen Widerstandes des Substrats (siehe Dissertation Jan Ihle, Bergakademie Freiberg 2004). Die Druckfiltration erwies sich als das geeignetste Verfahren. Mit ihr konnten ohne Einschränkungen hochwertige Membranen erzeugt werden. Druck und Zeit sind bei gegebenen Feststoffgehalt frei wählbar. Der Druck wurde zwischen 2*10E4 und 1*10E5 Pa variiert. Höherer Druck führte zu feineren Porengrößen (mittlere und maximale Porengröße). Mit der Druckfiltration konnten Membranen ohne makroskopische Defekte erzeugt werden. Sie führte im Vergleich aller Verfahren zu der geringsten Rauhtiefe der Membranen. Die Tauchbeschichtung ließ sich in diesem System nur über den Feststoffgehalt steuern. Membranen aus der Tauchbeschichtung wiesen makroskopische Fehler (große oberflächliche Poren) auf. Die Methode führte hinsichtlich Porengrößen und Rauhtiefe zu den schlechtesten Werten. Die Transfertape-Methode als neuartiger Ansatz erwies sich für das LPS-SiC System als noch nicht ausgereift. Das direkte Bekleben der Substrate war möglich. Hinsichtlich der Membrandicke sind aber Grenzen bei ca. 50 µm gesetzt. Darüber hinaus reißen die Membranen. Es wurden Schwankungen in der Entbinder- und Sinterschwindung verzeichnet. Weiterhin werden große Hohlräume im Substrat nicht von den Transfertapes abgeformt. Beide Effekte erhöhen die Spannungen beim Sintern, so dass bei geringeren Schichtdicken Risse entstehen. / Silicon Carbide (SiC) fulfills many requirements, e.g. a high robustness in terms of corrosion, which makes it a suitable Material for ceramic membranes. The aim of this work was to produce ceramic membranes out of porous liquid phase sintered Silicon Carbide (LPS-SiC). As additives Alumina and Yttria were used. The SiC based on commercial abrasive powders F1200 (Membrane) and F500 (Substrate). Different techniques of membrane formation were applied in order to find the optimum processing procedure: Dip Coating, Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD), Pressure Filtration and the usage of so called Transfer Tapes, a blend of Polyacrylate and ceramic powders). For the slip based methods a water based system was developed without the need of organic additives. A pure electrostatic stabilization was facilitated by solving Yttria with Hydrochloride Acid and precipitation, resulting in the coverage of the SiC particles with finely dispersed Yttria. The EPD was not successful due to a undefined specific resistance of the substrate. The pressure filtration turned out to be the best, most versatile method, leading to defect free membranes with the lowest measured surface roughness. The pressure ranged between 2*10E4 and 1*10E5 Pa. Higher pressure lead to finer pores. The Dip Coating was controlled only by the solids content. Membranes by Dip Coating showed macroscopic defects. As a new concept for ceramic membrane fabrication the Transfer Tapes needed further investigation. The direct gluing on the substrate was possible. The thickness of the membrane was limited to 50 microns in order to keep free of cracks. The Transfer Tapes exhibited pronounced fluctuations in the debinding and sintering shrinkage, leading to increased tension during sintering. Furthermore cavities, (e.g. big pores) were bridged. Both effects lead to increased tension during sintering.