Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV13MA115.pdf: 363959 bytes, checksum: 6e95b30ef3170c9a81eb55320f07a3ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The importance of pathogens that infect corn crop is a major obstacle to the continued increase in crop yield. Genetic resistance is a major strategy for disease control, however, in Brazil there is no information maize cultivars resistant to macrospora spot caused by the fungus Stenocarpella macrospora. With the objective to evaluate the resistance of different cultivars to macrospora spot, the impact of their occurrence on yield and quality of grain, get an ideal concentration of conidial S. macrospora to beused for inoculation of corn and investigate whether there are differences in disease severity from isolates of the fungus were developed four experiments. The first experiment tested six xoncentration: 0,60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 000 conidia mL-1 and the second tested isolates drom the regions of Vacaria, Passo Fundo, São Valentim, Campinas do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Quilombo e Lages, Santa Catarina state, and Pato Branco, Paraná state. The inoculum concentration data were subjected to regression analysis (P <0.05) while data from different isolates were submitted to Tukey test (P <0.05). the third study was conducted in a greenhouse, in 2011, with 92 cultivars and three isolates of the fungus and mountainous regions west of the State of Santa Catarina (OSC and SSC) and Campos de Cima da Serra of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (CCSRS). It was used a completely randomized designs with five replicates. It was evaluated the severity of the macrospora spot 21 days after inoculation. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and means were compared by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05) and genotype groups responses being analyzed by orthogonal contrast (P <0.05). the fourth experiment was conducted in the field in Lages, SC, 2011/2012 season, with eigth genotypes: CD 393, NBX 920YG, TORK TL, AS 1565, DKB 240YG, SG 6304YG, P30F53YG and SCS 155 CATARINA under inoculating conidia of S. macrospora in different stages (V10, V12 and tasseling) and a control. It was evaluated the incidence of white rot cob, percentage of rot grains, thousand grain weigth and grain yield. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then by Tukey test (P <0.005). Dunnett s test was conducted to compare the stages of inoculation with control for each hybrid. The results in these experiments have revealed that there was infection and expression of symptoms in all cultivars, differing in severity. The hybrids showed uo for the three most resistant isolates, indicating that the gratest genetic variability of VPA and HD did not guarantee greater resistance to macrospora spot. It was also verified differneces in aggressiveness among isolates from different regions, being isolated from the Quilombo showed that on average greater disease severity, for this isolated significant difference between transgenic and conventional cultivars. It can be confirmed that was not detected complete resistance to S. macrospora. From the regression analysis it was determined that with 180.000 conidia ml-1 was reached maximum severity. Of the eighjt hybrids tested, five had decreased productivity when inoculated with S. macrospora. For all hybrids increased incidence of white rot cob and rot grains compared stages of inoculation with the witness (check) and as the stadium came from tasseling inoculation increased the percentage of rot cob and rot grain. It was demonstrated in this study that there is genetic variation for resistance to white rot cob caused by S. macrospora with inoculum derived from leaf lesions / A importância dos patógenos que infectam a cultura do milho constitui um dos principais entraves para o contínuo aumento na produtividade da cultura. A resistência genética é uma das principais estratégias de controle de doenças foliares, no entanto, no Brasil não há informações de cultivares de milho resistente à mancha de macrospora causada pelo fungo Stenocarpella macrospora. Com o objetivo de avaliar a resistência de diferentes cultivares comerciais à mancha de macrospora, o impacto da sua ocorrência na produtividade e qualidade de grãos, obter uma concentração ideal de conídios de S. macrospora a ser utilizada na inoculação do milho e investigar se há diferença na severidade da doença a partir de isolados do fungo foram desenvolvidos quatro experimentos. O primeiro experimento testou seis concentrações de conídios: 0, 60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 mil conídios mL-1 e o segundo testou isolados oriundos das regiões de Vacaria, Passo Fundo, São Valentim, Campinas do Sul, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Lages e Quilombo, Estado de Santa Catarina, e Pato Branco, Estado do Paraná. Os dados de concentração de inóculo foram submetidos à análise de regressão (P<0,05) enquanto os dados dos diferentes isolados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey (P<0,05). O terceiro trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no ano de 2011, com 92 cultivares e três isolados do fungo das regiões Oeste e Serrana do Estado de Santa Catarina (OSC e SSC) e Campos de Cima da Serra do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (CCSRS). Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Avaliou-se a severidade da mancha de macrospora aos 21 dias após a inoculação. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott (P<0,05), respostas ente grupos de genótipos analisadas por contraste ortogonal (P<0,05). O quarto experimento foi realizado a campo no município de Lages, SC, safra 2011/2012, com oito genótipos: CD 393, NBX 920YG, TORK TL, AS 1565, DKB 240YG, SG 6304YG, P30F53YG e SCS 155 CATARINA, sob inoculação de conídios de S. macrospora em diferentes estádios de (V10, V12 e Pendoamento) e uma testemunha. Avaliaram-se incidência de podridão branca de espiga, porcentagem de grãos ardidos, massa de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância e posteriormente por teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Foi realizado teste de Dunnett para comparação dos estádios de inoculação com a testemunha, para cada híbrido. Os resultados obtidos em tais experimentos permitem afirmar que houve infecção e expressão de sintomas em todas cultivares avaliadas, diferindo no nível de severidade. Os híbridos simples demonstraram-se mais resistentes para os três isolados, demonstrando que a maior variabilidade genética da VPA e do HD não garantiu maior resistência à mancha de macrospora. Foi verificado também diferenças de agressividade entre os isolados de regiões diferentes, sendo o isolado de Quilombo o que apresentou na média maior severidade da doença. Para este isolado houve diferença significativa entre cultivares transgênicas e convencionais. Pode-se confirmar que não foi detectada resistência completa à S. macrospora. A partir da análise de regressão determinouse que com 180 mil conídios mL-1 foi alcançada máxima severidade. Dos oito híbridos avaliados, cinco apresentaram queda de produtividade quando foram inoculados com S. macrospora. Para todos os híbridos houve aumento de podridão branca da espiga e grãos ardidos quando comparados os estádios de inoculação com a testemunha e conforme o estádio de inoculação se aproximou do pendoamento aumentou espigas doentes e grãos ardidos. Ficou evidenciado neste estudo que existe variabilidade genética para resistência a podridão da espiga causada por S. macrospora com inóculo oriundo das lesões foliares

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_cezar_augusto_neuls.pdf: 3531690 bytes, checksum: 1f57047f6f307797c81023eb46375f5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of potassium and seed treatment of corn rot stalk disease. In experiment 1 and 2 were used five potassium doses (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1) in soils with levels of 190 and 120ppm of potassium respectively. In experiment 3, six doses of potassium (0, 65, 97.5, 130, 162.5, 195kg ha-1), but with levels of 40ppm in soil were tested. In experiment 4 was tested the potassium effect with seed treatment. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with four replications and plots of 21.0m2. The following corn hybrids were testes: Pioneer 30R50, NK Sprint and Agroeste 1560 respectively for experiment 1, 2, 3 and 4. Experiments were conducted according to corn technical recommendations. Grain yield, incidence of stalk rot were assessed. It was also determined the content of phenolic compounds. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using the F test, followed by the use of linear and nonlinear regression analysis. The following conclusions were taken: 1) potassium has effect on the incidence of CSR, only under conditions of low levels in the soil; 2) Seed inoculum is one way of introduction of CSR causal agent in areas not previously cultivated with corn; 3) potassium does increase phenolic acid concentration, given higher tolerance to corn stalk rot. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adubação potássica e do tratamento de sementes na incidência das podridões do colmo em milho, avaliando alguns efeitos fisiológicos e metabólicos. Nos experimentos 1 e 2 foram testadas cincos doses de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160kg.ha-1), em solos com níveis de 190 e 120ppm de potássio, respectivamente. No experimento 3, foram testadas seis doses de potássio (0, 65, 97.5, 130, 162.5, 195kg.ha-1), porém com níveis de 40ppm no solo. No experimento 4, foi testada a presença e ausência de potássio, associado ou não com tratamento de sementes. O delineamento experimental, para todos os experimentos, foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, parcelas de 21,0m2 (6,0 x 3,50m). Foram utilizados os híbridos: Pionner 30R50, NK Sprint e Agroeste 1560, respectivamente, aos experimentos 1, 2, 3 e 4. Na condução do estudo, as práticas culturais foram realizadas de acordo com as recomendações técnicas para a cultura do milho. Foi avaliado o rendimento de grãos e a incidência das podridões de colmo (PBCs) em milho, usando metodologia definida por Reis et al. (1998). Determinaram-se também o teor de compostos fenólicos no tecido do colmo do milho usando metodologia desenvolvida por Deschamps et al. (2002). Com base nos resultados, chegou-se às seguintes conclusões: 1) A aplicação de potássio em solos com baixos teores desse nutriente aumenta a tolerância da podridão da base do colmo em milho; 2) O potássio aumenta a concentração de ácidos fenólicos, proporcionando maior tolerância da podridão da base do colmo em milho; 3) O tratamento de sementes diminui a incidência da podridão da base do colmo em milho.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lincom Koguishi.pdf: 1991536 bytes, checksum: 2ab0674dbbe3a078502f0ecb0a0b2a5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-20 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of application timing of fungicides epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole in corn in the control of Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (Phaeosphaeria maydis), rust (Puccinia sorghi), Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora zea-maydis), stain Diplodia (Diplodia macrospora) and stem rot. Three experiments were installed in a randomized block design with four replications in plots measuring 3.2 x 5.0 meters. In experiment 1, we applied the fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin at a dose of 99.75 + 37.5 g ai ha-1, more mineral oil (Assist) at a dose of 500 mL pc ha-1 and Experiments 2 and 3 was applied fungicide azoxystrobin + cyproconazole at a dose of 70 gy + 28 ha-1, more paraffinic mineral oil (Nimbus) at a dose of 600 mL pc ha-1. In experiment 1, applications were made at the phenological stages V8, V16, V8 and V16, V12, V15, VT and R2, and evaluated the severity of Phaeosphaeria leaf spot and Cercospora leaf spot in at R3, R4 and R5 and rot stalk the stage R6. With the data of severity, we calculated the area under the disease progress curve to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot. The lowest AUDPC occurred in treatments with a V16 application, with two applications in V8 and V16, with controls from 74 to 80%. In Experiments 2 and 3, applications of fungicides were made in V8, V16, R2, V8 and V16, V8 and R2, and R2 V16, V8, V16 and R2. Was evaluated in experiment 2 to Cercospora leaf spot, Phaeosphaeria leaf spot and stem rot. In the control of Cercospora leaf spot were the best treatment applications in developmental stage V8, which coincided with the occurrence of disease in the crop. To Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, the lowest values were in AUDPC with two applications in V8 and V16, V16 and R2 and the three applications in V8, V16 and R2, with control ranging from 25 to 40%. In Experiment 3, we assessed the common rust, leaf spot Phaeosphaeria, stain and Diplodia stalk rot. To common rust treatments containing application in V8 were the most effective with the percentage of controls over 80%. In relation to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, the best treatment for AUDPC was the three applications (V8, V17 and R2) with 27% control. The treatments did not control the stain of Diplodia. In three experiments, was also evaluated damaged kernels, weight of thousand seeds and productivity, there being only in experiment 2, significant difference in the number and developmental stage of application for the variables weight of thousand seeds and productivity, highlighting the three applications in V8, V16 (17), R2 and applications V16 (17), R2, V8, V17. Keywords: Phaeosphaeria maydis, Puccinia sorghi, Cercospora zea / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da época de aplicação dos fungicidas piraclostrobin + epoxiconazole e azoxystrobin + ciproconazole na cultura do milho no controle da mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria (Phaeosphaeria maydis), ferrugem comum (Puccinia sorghi), mancha foliar de cercospora (Cercospora zea-maydis), mancha de diplodia (Diplodia macrospora) e a podridão de colmo. Foram instalados três experimentos, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, em parcelas medindo 3,2 x 5,0 metros. No experimento 1, foi aplicado o fungicida piraclostrobin + epoxiconazole na dose de 99,75 + 37,5 g i.a. ha-1, mais óleo mineral (Assist) na dose de 500 mL p.c. ha-1 e nos experimentos 2 e 3 foi aplicado o fungicida azoxystrobin + ciproconazole na dose de 70 + 28 g.i.a. ha-1, mais óleo mineral parafínico (Nimbus) na dose de 600 mL p.c. ha-1. No experimento 1, as aplicações foram realizadas nos estádios fenológicos V8; V16; V8 e V16; V12; V15; VT e R2, sendo avaliada a severidade da mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria e mancha foliar de cercospora nos estádios R3, R4 e R5 e a podridão de colmo no estádio R6. Com os dados de severidade calculou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença para a mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria. Os menores valores de AACPD ocorreram nos tratamentos com uma aplicação em V16, com duas aplicações em V8 e V16, com controles de 74 a 80%. Nos experimentos 2 e 3, as aplicações dos fungicidas foram realizadas em V8; V16; R2; V8 e V16; V8 e R2; V16 e R2; V8, V16 e R2. Avaliou-se no experimento 2 a mancha foliar de cercospora, mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria e a podridão de colmo. No controle da mancha foliar de cercospora os melhores tratamentos foram as aplicações no estádio fenológico V8, os quais coincidiram com a ocorrência da doença na cultura. Para mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria, os menores valores na AACPD foram os com duas aplicações em V8 e V16, V16 e R2 e as três aplicações em V8, V16 e R2, com controle variando de 25 a 40%. No experimento 3, foram avaliadas a ferrugem comum, mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria, mancha de diplodia e a podridão de colmo. Para ferrugem comum os tratamentos que continham aplicação em V8 foram os mais eficientes com porcentagem de controles acima de 80%. Em relação a mancha foliar de phaeosphaeria, o melhor tratamento para AACPD foi o com três aplicações (V8, V17 e R2) com 27% de controle. Os tratamentos não controlaram a mancha de diplodia. Nos três experimentos avaliou-se também grãos ardidos, peso de mil sementes e produtividade, constatando-se somente no experimento 2, diferença significativa quanto ao número e estádio fenológico de aplicação, para as variáveis peso de mil sementes e produtividade, destacando as 3 aplicações em V8, V16 (17), R2 e as 2 aplicações em V16 (17), R2 e V8, V17.

Diplodia pinea causes Diplodia tip blight on more than 30 different pine species. During the past 10 years, Diplodia tip blight has emerged as a serious problem in landscape and Christmas tree farms in this region. Surveys of diseased and symptomless Austrian pines revealed that latent infections of symptomless shoots by D. pinea were common. Latent infections may account for the recently observed rapid decline of mildly diseased pines in our region. To investigate the colonization habits of D. pinea within its host, molecular cytology was attempted and traditional histology was performed on naturally infected, diseased and asymptomatic Austrian pine tissues. I devoted much effort to developing a transformation system for D. pinea. Ultimately I did not succeed in this goal, but I was able to develop a highly efficient protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of another pathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola, in the process. The work that I did should help in future efforts to transform D. pinea, something that will be essential if it is to become a tractable system for the study of fungal latency. Traditional histological methods were more successful, and provided important information about the nature of latent infections. Very sparse epiphytic and subcuticular fungal growth was observed in healthy shoots, however, no fungal tissues were present within the shoots. In diseased and latently infected shoots, crevices created between the needle bundles and the shoots were filled with fungal material, and hyphae were observed colonizing the needle sheaths. Hyphae were also observed breaching the shoot epidermal layer in these crevices and colonizing the underlying periderm. D. pinea colonization was extensive in all tissues of diseased shoots early in symptom development. In contrast, localized pockets of degradation were observed in the periderm and adjacent cortical cells located around areas of needle attachment in asymptomatic, latently infected shoots. The mechanism that operates to prevent expansion of these infected pockets in the latently infected shoots is still unclear. Obvious signs of pine defense mechanisms were only observed in 2 shoots. My observations were consistent with the idea that colonization progresses into the vascular tissues, and that this results in symptom development. Vascular colonization may occur more readily if the host is stressed. My research lays the groundwork for future efforts to understand the nature of the transformation from latent to pathogenic infection.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / En los últimos años, la enfermedad descrita como “Botryosphaeria dieback”, se ha transformado en un grave problema al no existir un método de control químico efectivo, potenciando la búsqueda de alternativas de control biológico eficaces en limitar el daño provocado por patógenos de la madera de la vid. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la acción de distintos biocontroladores sobre Diplodia seriata, que es el principal agente asociado en Chile al decaimiento y muerte del brazo de la vid. Se evaluaron distintos biocontroladores, fungosos (Trizian 1, Trizian 2, Closea 1, Producto comercial a base de Trichoderma spp. (Trichoderma harzianum cepa Queule, T. virens cepa Sherwood, T. parceramosum cepa Traile)) y bacterianos (Ballus 1, Ballus 2 y Producto comercial a base de Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108). Estos tratamientos se compararon con un control químico a base de benomilo más mancozeb y controles inoculados y no inoculados con el patógeno. La evaluación se realizó mediante la determinación del índice de inhibición de la lesión en cada uno de los tratamientos. Se utilizaron sarmientos no enraizados de uva de mesa cv. Thompson Seedless, en los cuales se realizó una herida de 0,5 cm de diámetro. Una vez aplicados los tratamientos con los diferentes biocontroladores, se inocularon los sarmientos con un disco de micelio de D. seriata, cubriendo la zona de infección con parafilm. Los tratamientos fueron incubados por 30 días a una temperatura promedio de 20,3°C y una humedad relativa sobre el 98%. La inoculación con el patógeno se realizó en dos tiempos: 1 (tiempo 1) y 96 horas (tiempo 2) después de efectuados los tratamientos correspondientes. Los resultados mostraron que el mejor tratamiento fue el fungicida comercial con un 76,7% y 30,6% de eficacia tanto para el tiempo 1 como para el tiempo 2 respectivamente. Los mejores resultados de biocontrol con antagonistas bacterianos, se obtuvieron con el producto comercial a base de Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 y Ballus 2 con un índice de inhibición de 40,9% y 39,7%; menor porcentaje es el que obtuvo Ballus 1 alcanzando un índice de inhibición de 20%, en el tiempo 1. Los tratamientos en base a biocontroladores fúngicos que incluían Trichoderma spp.: producto comercial, Trizian 2 y Trizian 1, presentaron un índice de inhibición de 30,4%; 29% y 3,9% respectivamente en el tiempo 1, reduciendo a 0% la inhibición de D. seriata en el tiempo 2. A su vez Closea 1 logró un 20,3% de inhibición en el tiempo 1, siendo el único tratamiento que mejora su acción de biocontrol al aumentar el tiempo de inoculación del patógeno, alcanzando un 25,8% de inhibición en el tiempo 2. / In last years, the disease named "Botryosphaeria dieback", has been a serious problem due to ineffective chemical control methods. This has enhanced the search of effective biological control alternatives to limit the damage caused by trunk pathogens in grapevines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the action of different biocontrollers on Diplodia seriata, which is the main agent of shoots decay and death in the vineyards of Chile. Several biocontrollers were evaluated, fungal (Trizian 1, Trizian 2, Closea 1, commercial product based on Trichoderma spp. (Trichoderma harzianum strain Queule, T. virens strain Sherwood, T. parceramosum strain Traile)) and bacterial (Ballus 1, Ballus 2 and commercial product based Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108). These treatments were compared with a chemical control based on benomilo more mancozed and inoculated and uninoculated controls with the pathogen. The evaluation was made establishing the inhibition index of the lesion for each of the treatments. Unrooted canes of Thompson Seedless grapevines were used, in which a wound diameter of 0.5 cm was made. After applying the different biocontrollers treatments, the canes were inoculated with a mycelium disc of D. seriata, covering the area of infection with parafilm. Treatments were incubated for 30 days at 20.3°C on average and in a relative humidity above 98%. Inoculation with the pathogen was performed in two occasions: 1 (time 1) and 96 hours (time 2) after the corresponding treatments. The results showed that the best treatment was the commercial fungicide with 76.7% and 30.6% efficiency in time 1 and time 2, respectively. The best results of biocontrollers with bacterial antagonists were obtained with the commercial product based on Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 and Ballus 2 with an inhibition percentage of 40.9% and 39.7% respectively; the lowest percentage was the one managed with Ballus 1, reaching an inhibition index of 20% in time 1. Treatments based on fungal biocontrollers, as Trichoderma spp.: commercial product, Trizian 2 and Trizian 1 showed an inhibition percentage of 30.4%; 29% and 3.9% respectively at time 1, reducing to 0% inhibition of D. seriata in time 2. Closea 1 achieved a 20.3% inhibition at time 1, being the only treatment that enhanced the action as a biocontroller with increasing time of pathogen inoculation, reaching a 25.8% inhibition at time 2.

The fungus Diplodia maydis, (synonym Stenocarpella maydis (Berk)) is worldwide one of the most important cob rot pathogens of maize. The isolation of stenocarpin, a metabolite toxic to ducklings, from maize cultures of D. maydis as the 4,6-0-diacetate derivative and its structure elucidation has been reported in the literature. Detailed NMR studies established the structure as either (3S,4R,6R,7R)- or (3R,4R,6R,7R)-spiro[(4,6, 7-trihydroxy-7-methyl-8-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisochromane)-3 ,2' -tetrahydrofuran]. The absolute configuration of the C(3) spiroacetal stereogenic center remained unknown. The aim of the synthetic studies described in this dissertation was to develop a synthetic methodology for the spiroacetal moiety present in stenocarpin in order to establish unambiguously the C(3) absolute configuration. Retrosynthetic analysis of stenocarpin identified two model compounds (5S,lOR)- and (5R,lOR)-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-en-10-o1 as the synthetic target. In turn the retrosynthetic analysis of these model compounds led to commercially available L-arabinose as starting material. Two strategies, which differ in the timing for the formation of the spiroacetal moiety as well as the initial type of protecting groups, were employed in the development of the synthetic route. In the first route the spirocyclisation reaction of a benzyl protected intermediate followed by the syn elimination of the cis-diol group resulted in the formation of only the (5S, lOR) model compound. The use of the acetonide and TBDPS protecting groups from the outset of the synthetic route and once again a spirocyclisation reaction, led to the formation of two spiro compounds epimeric at the C(5) spiro stereogenic centre, which could be separated and transformed by a syn elimination of the cis-diol group to the two model compounds. The configuration of the spiroacetal intermediates formed in the two synthetic routes and the changes in conformation that occurred in each of the steps were deduced from extensive NMR studies and especially the NOE technique. The results established the 3S configuration for stenocarpin and provided a viable synthesis for the (5S,lOR)-l,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-en-1O-ol model compound that is to be used in the total synthesis of stenocarpin. In the dissertation the results of the first steps in a total synthesis, a study on the epoxidation of the double bond, is presented. / Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Chemistry / unrestricted

[EN] Almond is one of the main crops of Majorca Island. Since 2008, symptoms of severe decline of almond trees have been observed in several orchards from different areas of the Island. Disease symptoms are similar to those described by different authors in other parts of the world caused by fungal trunk pathogens. In order to study the etiology of this problem, surveys were conducted on almond orchards distributed throughout the main growing regions in Majorca for six consecutive years (2009-2014). Based on morphological and molecular identification, 14 fungal species were recovered from almond wood samples: Collophora hispanica, Diplodia olivarum, D. seriata, Eutypa lata, E. leptoplaca, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. mediterraneum, N. parvum, Omphalotus olearius, Phaeoacremonium amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum, Phellinus pomaceus and Pleurostomophora richardsiae and two species were recovered from one apricots orchard near almonds orchards: : Pm. minimum and Pm. venezuelense. Based on the DNA sequence analyses and morphological features, C. hispanica and Pm. amygdalinum proved distinct from all known species, and have been described. The most common species recovered from almond samples were P. richardsiae and D. seriata, followed by other species belonging to the family Botryosphaeriaceae and C. hispanica. The most frequently species isolated were also widely distributed and present in more regions. Subsequently, two pathogenicity tests were carried on almond trees by using representative isolates of some of the most frequent species. The first one was held for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) with five species of Botryosphaeriaceae (D. olivarum, D. seriata, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum and N. parvum) and two species of Diatrypaceae (E. lata and E. leptoplaca). Fungi were inoculated on 1-2 years old almond trees of four different cultivars ('Jordi', 'Ferragnes', 'Pons' and 'Vivot') under field conditions. Nine months after inoculation, the total length of internal necrosis was evaluated. All species were pathogenic on almond. Neofusicoccum luteum caused the longest average lesion during the first year, and N. mediterraneum and N. parvum caused the longest lesion during the second year. Eutypa leptoplaca caused the shortest lesion length in both years of study. In addition, fungal lesion length varied depending on the variety of almond evaluated. In the first year of study, the more tolerant variety was 'Jordi', while in the second year, 'Ferragnes' and 'Vivot' varieties showed the highest degree of tolerance to fungal infection. In the second trial, almond seedlings variety 'Ferragnes' were inoculated with C. hispanica, Pm. amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum and P. richardsiae. Six months after inoculation the lesion length was evaluated. All species inoculated were pathogenic on almond, being P. richardsiae the most virulent species. Finally, the ability of some commercial fungicides to protect pruning wounds from infection by four species of Botryosphaeriaceae (D. seriata, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum and N. parvum) was evaluated. This study was conducted in two phases, an initial in vitro evaluation (mycelial growth assay) with 10 fungicides, followed by an evaluation of five fungicides, which proved to be effective in the in vitro trial, applied on pruning wounds at 1 and 7 days after inoculation. Internal lesion length and the percentage of re-isolation of the pathogen were calculated. tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin were the most effective fungicides in the in vitro evaluation, followed by cyproconazole and thiophanate-methyl. Thiophanate-methyl was the most effective fungicide to protect pruning wounds from infections caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae. / [ES] Desde el año 2008, en parcelas de diferentes zonas de la isla se ha constatado la presencia síntomas de decaimiento de ramas y muerte de almendros, que recuerdan a los descritos por diferentes autores en otras zonas del mundo causados por hongos patógenos de la madera en diversos cultivos. Para estudiar su etiología se realizaron prospecciones en parcelas de almendros de la isla durante seis años (2009-2014). Se caracterizaron los síntomas y se tomaron muestras que se analizaron en laboratorio. En los análisis se obtuvieron 14 especies fúngicas de muestras de almendro: Collophora hispanica, Diplodia olivarum, D. seriata, Eutypa lata, E. leptoplaca, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. mediterraneum, N. parvum, Omphalotus olearius, Phaeoacremonium amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum, Phellinus pomaceus, Pleurostomophora richardsiae y dos especies encontradas sólo en muestras de una parcela de albaricoqueros junto a parcelas de almendros: Pm. minimum y Pm. venezuelense. Collophora hispanica y Pm. amygdalinum son dos nuevas especies fúngicas. Las especies más frecuentes en las parcelas de almendro estudiadas fueron P. richardsiae y D. seriata, seguidas por las otras especies pertenecientes a la familia Botryosphaeriaceae y por C. hispanica. Las especies que se aislaron con mayor frecuencia, fueron a su vez las que tuvieron una distribución más amplia; presentes en más comarcas. Posteriormente, se estudió la patogenicidad a almendro de algunas de las especies detectadas. Se realizaron dos ensayos de patogenicidad, el primero se realizó dos años (2013 y 2014) con las cinco especies de Botryosphaeriaceae (D. olivarum, D. seriata, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum y N. parvum) y las dos de Diatrypaceae (E. lata y E. leptoplaca) aisladas, que se inocularon en árboles de 1 a 2 años de cuatro variedades de almendro ('Jordi', 'Ferragnes', 'Pons' y 'Vivot') en una parcela experimental. El ensayo se evaluó a los nueve meses de la inoculación, midiendo la longitud de las necrosis internas producidas. En este ensayo se demostró la patogenicidad a almendro de las siete especies que se ensayaron. Las especies que causaron las lesiones de mayor longitud fueron N. luteum el primer año de ensayo, y N. parvum y N. mediterraneum el segundo año. Ambos años, la especie que causó las lesiones de menor longitud fue E. leptoplaca. La dimensión de la lesión producida por el hongo inoculado dependía de la variedad de almendro evaluada. La variedad 'Jordi' fue la menos sensible el primer año de estudio, y 'Vivot' y 'Ferragnes' lo fueron el segundo año. En el segundo ensayo se estudió la patogenicidad de las especies C. hispanica, Pm. amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum y P. richardsiae en plantones de almendro de la variedad 'Ferragnes' en invernadero. Nuevamente, la evaluación se realizó a los seis meses de la inoculación, midiendo la longitud de las lesiones internas. Todas las especies inoculadas resultaron patógenas a almendro, siendo P. richardsiae la especie que causó la mayor longitud de lesión. Finalmente, se evaluaron fungicidas para la protección de heridas de poda frente a la infección por cuatro especies de Botryosphaeriaceae (D. seriata, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum y N. parvum). Este estudio se llevó a cabo en dos fases; en primer lugar, una evaluación in vitro (reducción del crecimiento miceliar) con diez fungicidas y, posteriormente, una evaluación de cinco de estos fungicidas, elegidos entre los más efectivos in vitro, aplicándolos en heridas de poda uno o siete días tras el corte y la inoculación. Como en los casos anteriores, para evaluar este estudio se midió la longitud de la lesión, pero además también se calculó el porcentaje de reaislamiento del patógeno inoculado en cada caso. Los fungicidas tebuconazol y piraclostrobin, seguidos de ciproconazol y metil tiofanato, se mostraron como los más efectivos en la evaluación in vitro, mientras que el fungicida más efectivo para la protección de / [CAT] Des de l'any 2008, en parcel¿les de diferents zones de Mallorca s'han observat símptomes de decaïment de branques i mort d'ametllers, que recorden als que diferents autors han descrit en altres zones del món causats per fongs de fusta en diversos cultius. Per estudiar la seua etiologia es van realitzar prospeccions en parcel¿les d'ametllers de l'illa durant sis anys consecutius (2009-2014). En aquestes prospeccions es van caracteritzar símptomes i es van prendre mostres que es van analitzar al laboratori. En les anàlisis de laboratori es van obtenir 14 espècies fúngiques de mostres d'ametller: Collophora hispanica, Diplodia olivarum, D. seriata, Eutypa lata, E. leptoplaca, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Neofusicoccum luteum, N. mediterraneum, N. parvum, Omphalotus olearius, Phaeoacremonium amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum, Phellinus pomaceus i Pleurostomophora richardsiae i dues espècies trobades només a una parcel¿la d'albercoquers situada a prop de parcel¿les d'ametllers: Pm. minimum i Pm. venezuelense. Collophora hispanica i Pm. amygdalinum són dues espècies noves. Les espècies més freqüents en les parcel¿les d'ametller estudiades van ser P. richardsiae i D. seriata, seguides per les altres espècies pertanyents a la família Botryosphaeriaceae i per C. hispanica. Les espècies que es van aïllar amb més freqüència, van ser també les que van tenir una distribució més àmplia; presents en més comarques. Posteriorment, es va estudiar la patogenicitat d'algunes de les espècies detectades. Concretament, es van realitzar dos assajos de patogenicitat. El primer es va dur a terme dos anys (2013 i 2014), amb les cinc espècies de Botryosphaeriaceae (D. olivarum, D. seriata, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum i N. parvum) i les dues de Diatrypaceae (E. lata i E. leptoplaca) aïllades, que es van inocular en arbres d'1 a 2 anys de quatre varietats d'ametller ('Jordi', 'Ferragnes', 'Pons' i 'Vivot') en una parcel¿la experimental. L'assaig es va avaluar als nou mesos des de la inoculació, mesurant la longitud de les necrosis internes produïdes. En aquest assaig es va demostrar la patogenicitat respecte l'ametller de les set espècies que es van assajar. Les espècies que van causar les lesions de major longitud van ser N. luteum el primer any d'assaig, i N. parvum i N. mediterraneum el segon any. En els dos anys dels assajos l'espècie que va causar lesions de menor longitud va ser E. leptoplaca. Es va observar que la dimensió de la lesió causada pel fong inoculat depenia de la varietat d'ametller avaluada. La varietat 'Jordi' va ser la menys sensible el primer any d'estudi, i 'Vivot' i 'Ferragnes' ho van ser el segon any. En el segon assaig es va estudiar la patogenicitat de les espècies C. hispanica, Pm. amygdalinum, Pm. iranianum i P. richardsiae en plançons d'ametller de la varietat 'Ferragnes' en hivernacle. L'avaluació es va realitzar als 6 mesos de la inoculació, mesurant la longitud de les lesions necròtiques internes. Totes les espècies van resultar patògenes d'ametller, sent P. richardsiae l'espècie que va causar les lesions més extenses. Finalment, es va realitzar un estudi d'avaluació de fungicides per a la protecció de ferides de poda enfront de la infecció per quatre espècies de Botryosphaeriaceae (D. seriata, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum i N. parvum). Aquest estudi es va dur a terme en dues fases, una avaluació in vitro (reducció del creixement micelià) amb 10 fungicides i, posteriorment, una avaluació de cinc d'aquests fungicides, elegits entre els més efectius in vitro, aplicant-los en ferides de poda a 1 o 7 dies després del tall i la inoculació. Novament per avaluar aquest estudi es va mesurar la longitud de la lesió, però a més també es va calcular el percentatge de reaïllament del patogen inoculat en cada cas. Els fungicides tebuconazol i piraclostrobin, seguits de ciproconazol i metil tiofanat, es van mostrar com els més efectius in vitro, mentre que el fungicida més efect / Olmo García, D. (2016). Etiología y control de las enfermedades fúngicas de la madera del almendro en la isla de Mallorca [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/60158 / TESIS

This study was a part of the international collaborative IMPACT project, which aims to address the potential threat that the pitch canker disease poses to the use of Pinus radiata D. Don in plantations in New Zealand, Australia, and Chile. A field trial of 264 seedstocks was planted adjacent to a native stand of pitch canker infected P. radiata on the central coast of California, and disease symptom development was recorded over a period of 3 years. The results did not correlate with a greenhouse study of the same seedstocks inoculated with Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell, the causal agent of pitch canker. Three main types of symptoms were identified (branch flagging, pitchy buds, and chlorotic tips), and preliminary isolation analyses suggest that the disease observed is actually caused by Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. Survival analysis showed that the effect of tree genetic origin was significant to its time to disease, and that spatial location in the plantation was also significant. Average nearest neighbor analysis showed disease distribution to be significantly clustered, which also suggests that the disease is not pitch canker, but diplodia blight. This experiment illustrates the difficulty in performing naturally infected field trials when another similar-looking fungal disease is also present. It also provides data on seedstock resistance to diplodia blight, another fungal disease important to P. radiata forest managers.

No description available.

Diplodia ear rot (DER) of maize (Zea mays L.) caused by the fungus, Stenocarpella maydis (Berk.) Sutton has increased in incidence in localized fields over the past decade. My research focused on screening for resistance by examining the development of DER following inoculations prior to flowering, analyzing a diallel cross for DER resistance, and examining the genetic variability of the fungus from isolates collected from the U.S. and the Republic of South Africa. DER developed in maize following inoculations with a spore suspension prior to flowering in both greenhouse and field evaluations. A spore suspension gave a better differentiation of resistance responses than dried preparations of colonized millet, colonized ground popcorn, or kernels from a diseased maize ear, all applied in the whorl 10 to 15 days prior to flowering (V12 for inbreds), and natural occurrence of disease. General combining ability was significant for both 1994 and 1995 growing seasons in an analysis of the F₁ of the diallel cross, indicating that additive gene action may be responsible for resistance and could be introduced into commercial cultivars. Specific combining ability was significant in 1995 and indicates that dominant gene action or epistasis may play role in DER resistance. There were minimal numbers of isozyme polymorphisms found in my S. maydis collection. Two isolates were polymorphic for esterase, two isolates were polymorphic for hexokinase and malate dehydrogenase and one isolate was polymorphic for hexose kinase. Fungi that have limited isozyme polymorphisms often are biotrophs or fungi with formae speciales which are usually limited to one host. These groups of fungi usually have races and this may indicate that a gene-for-gene interaction exists. These findings suggest that i) the whorl inoculation separates genotypes into resistant, intermediate, and susceptible groupings; ii) additive gene action is predominant form of inheritance, and iii) there are few isozyme polymorphisms in the population of S. maydis sampled. / Ph. D.