As diretivas antecipadas de vontade para o fim da vida são documentos que expressam os desejos da pessoa relacionados aos procedimentos que podem ser aplicados a ela em uma situação de assistência médica no fim da vida. Nesse sentido, as diretivas são úteis para informar as equipes de assistência médica a respeito dos tipos específicos de tratamento que o paciente permite, ou não permite, quando não estiver apto a manifestar suas vontades em uma hipotética situação futura de incapacidade. Este tipo de documento foi elaborado nos Estados Unidos na década de 1970, e foi introduzido no ordenamento ético brasileiro pela Resolução 1995/2012 do Conselho Federal de Medicina. O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar essa norma ética sob o enfoque do direito penal, uma vez que as diretivas antecipadas de vontade para o fim da vida possuem uma íntima relação com a ortotanásia e a eutanásia, que são passíveis de sanção penal no Brasil. Assim, é fundamental analisar as diretivas antecipadas utilizando as ferramentas da doutrina penal, e princípios como os da dignidade humana e razoabilidade. O objetivo é pesquisar as qualidades, imperfeições e limites das diretivas antecipadas sob o ordenamento jurídico nacional, e também compreender as bases legais das diretivas antecipadas, que são os institutos da autonomia e do consentimento. Concluímos que, ainda que as diretivas antecipadas de vontade sejam uma norma ética bem-vinda, demandam algumas melhorias e refinamentos, que poderiam ser representados pelos planejamentos antecipados de tratamentos, um tipo de documento direcionado aos valores de vida das pessoas. Além disso, uma mudança de paradigma relacionada à eutanásia, particularmente a eutanásia passiva e a ortotanásia, no sentido de descriminalizá-las, seria importante para que as diretivas antecipadas tenham eficácia no Brasil. / Advance directives for dying patients are documents which express personal desires related to procedures that may be applied to people in a situation of medical assistance in the end of life. In this sense, they are useful to make health assistance teams know about what kind of specific treatment the patients permit, or do not permit, when they are not able to communicate their wishes in a hypothetical and future situation of disability. This kind of document was created in the United States in the seventies, and entered Brazilian ethical law by Resolution 1995/2012 of the Federal Council of Medicine. The aim of this dissertation is to study this ethical rule by means of the criminal law, because advance directives have a close relation to euthanasia and ortothanasia, which are prone to criminal sanction in Brazil. Therefore, it is paramount to analyze the advance directives using the doctrinal tools of criminal law and principles like human dignity and reasonability. The goal is surveying the qualities, inadequacies and limits of advance directives under Brazilian law, and also to understand the legal basis of the advance directives, which are the institutes of autonomy and consent. We concluded that, although advance directives for dying patients are a welcome ethical law, it demands some improvement and refinement, which could be represented by the advance care planning, a kind of document that is focused on the life values of people. Furthermore, a change of paradigm related to euthanasia, particularly passive euthanasia and ortothanasia, in the direction of making them apart of criminalization, would be vital to promote the adequate efficacy of the advance directives in Brazil.

Orientador: Matilde V. R. Scaramucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T23:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelino_RaquelGomes_M.pdf: 2341125 bytes, checksum: bf477cecb2b951b81a97092a1e54ebad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A formação do professor de inglês oferecida por inúmeros cursos de Letras não tem demonstrado cumprir efetivamente o seu papel formador. Em 2001, foram criadas as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os Cursos de Letras (DCL) enunciando autonomia e flexibilidade aos cursos para a elaboração de seus documentos. Os cursos de Licenciatura em Letras, por sua vez, devem orientar-se também pelas Diretrizes para a Formação de Professores da Educação Básica. A partir desse cenário, este estudo focaliza os níveis de proficiência em Língua Estrangeira (LE) considerados adequados para o professor ao final da graduação. Assim sendo, os objetivos deste trabalho são: i) caracterizar a proficiência do licenciado de acordo com as DCL; ii) conhecer as exigências das Diretrizes Curriculares para a Formação de Professores da Educação Básica em termos da proficiência em LE do professor; e iii) caracterizar a proficiência do licenciado em Letras conforme os projetos pedagógicos e os planos das disciplinas de três Cursos de Letras (Português/Inglês) do Estado de São Paulo. Esta investigação define-se como qualitativa e de cunho etnográfico (ANDRÉ, 2004; ERICKSON, 1986), sendo o método utilizado para a coleta de dados a análise documental, seguida da análise de conteúdo. Primeiramente, desenvolvemos a análise de conteúdo das "competências e habilidades" exigidas nas DCL para conhecermos o(s) perfil(is) de proficiência em LE do graduado em Letras. Em seguida, analisamos as Diretrizes para Professores da Educação Básica por ser um documento oficial que orienta a formação de futuros professores (de língua inglesa) no Brasil. Propusemo-nos, também, a analisar os projetos pedagógicos, no que se refere ao perfil profissional do egresso, e os planos das disciplinas direcionadas ao desenvolvimento da proficiência do professor de LE. O trabalho teve como arcabouço teórico a abordagem do inglês para fins específicos (HUTCHINSON & WATERS, 1987; CELANI, 1997; VIAN JR, 1999; BASTURKMEN & ELDER, 2004; RAMOS, 2005), a proficiência em termos da finalidade que a rege (STERN, 1983; SCARAMUCCI, 2000; LLURDA, 2000), além de estudos como os de Ellis (1988) e Elder (1994) que caracterizam professores eficientes em situações de ensinoaprendizagem de LE. Os resultados advindos da análise documental das DCL não trazem especificações de como deve ser a proficiência em LE do professor. Nossos dados revelam também que os documentos dos três cursos de Letras propõem perfis de proficiência distintos, sendo que dois deles não parecem focalizar a proficiênca em LE de um futuro professor. Vale salientar que em relação a um perfil de proficiência adequado em LE do professor, a linguagem da interação e a linguagem do ensino demonstram repetir-se em estudos no Brasil e internacionalmente. Em suma, a Licenciatura Dupla não contribui para uma formação adequada do professor. No entanto, os projetos pedagógicos são dinâmicos e têm que atender às exigências legais. Assim, tendo em vista a nova Proposta Curricular do Estado de São Paulo para a LE, bem como a inclusão dessa disciplina no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático, nosso trabalho poderá trazer contribuições na redefinição do(s) nível(is) de proficiência em LE adequados para o professor / Abstract: A considerable number of English language courses from Letters undergraduate programs have not been preparing high-quality teachers. In 2001, the National Brazilian Directives for the Letters undergraduate programs were published to guide and provide some autonomy for the Letters courses to produce their documents. Besides those official documents, the Letters undergraduate programs for teachers have to be guided by the National Brazilian Directives for the Education of Teachers of Basic Education. Under the scenario, this study focused on the English language proficiency levels considered appropriate for the teacher at the end of the Letters course. We aimed at investigating the official documents that direct the education of future (English) teachers; and at the same time the documents prepared by three Letters (Portuguese/English) undergraduate programs located in São Paulo state. In order to carry out the research, our data collecting method was document analysis, followed by the content analysis. The theoretical framework was based on the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) approach (HUTCHINSON & WATERS, 1987; CELANI, 1997; VIAN JR, 1999; BASTURKMEN & ELDER, 2004; RAMOS, 2008), the issue of what constitutes proficiency (STERN, 1983; SCARAMUCCI, 2000; LLURDA, 2000); and the adequate proficiency for the foreign language teacher in the classroom (ELLIS, 1988; ELDER, 1994). Our results revealed that the official documents do not make specific requirements for the foreign language teacher. The data from the three Letters undergraduate programs enabled us to identify very different proficiency profiles. Our results also led to the fact that adequate proficiency profiles of foreign language teachers are composed of the language of interaction and the language of instruction. In conclusion, Letters undergraduate programs which prepare English and Portuguese teachers concomitantly do not contribute for the teacher effective professional performance. Nevertheless, the pedagogical projects designed by the Letters courses have to change according to the educational policies. Currently, there is a new Curricular Proposal for Foreign Language Teaching in the state of São Paulo, as well as the inclusion of foreign languages in the Textbook National Program. In that case, our study can contribute to the Letters courses redefine the adequate proficiency levels in the foreign language of the teacher / Mestrado / Lingua Estrangeira / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

The project was concerned with action research aimed at improving the range and effectiveness of reading-to-learn. Students (Advanced Level and Undergraduates) report reading-to-learn problems but they are only vaguely aware of the cognitive organisation (intuitive tactics and strategy) which underlies and structures their reading behaviour. The research emphasis was therefore primarily learner oriented. 2. This approach clarified such issues as: (i) Learner interpretation of instructional directives to learn for specific tasks. (ii) Learner methods of translating the task definition into an operational plan for reading. (iii) The systematic relationship between the tactics and strategies of reading (the time-structure of reading behaviour), and the variety of reading outcomes, within sentence, paragraph and chapter sized texts. (iv) Training procedures (incorporating feedback of performance) by which a student can explore now tactics of reading-for-learning. 3. This approach has required the development of three now techniques: a) A method for recording reading behaviour. b) A method by which the ‘structure of a text’ can be systematically described. c) A system of training procedures for encouraging students to develop more effective methods of reading-for-learning. 4. The empirical data showed that there were two related aspects in developing more effective reading-for-learning; the first was to develop a clearer definition of instructional directives and the second was the ability to translate these into effective operational plans. As a result of individual differences in cognitive structure and skill, students differ in their operational task definition in relation to specific learning outcomes. The plans of a 'beginner' or an 'expert' may bring about the same outcome but they differ considerably. Students also differ in their training needs within a training procedure for reading-to-learn effectively. This emphasises the need to level a hierarchically organised learner-controlled programme of self-diagnosis and training. 5. The theoretical outcome of the research was a tentative model of the student learning by reading. This model is based on the concept of a dynamic interaction between the learner's cognitive structure and skill, the learner's task definition and how this becomes operational, and the syntactic and semantic structure of the text. The model can be considered as a hierarchically organised multi-level description of the reading process. The reading strategy formed of the tactics and the learning outcome, represent the observables of this interaction. The model was influenced by the theories of J. Bruner, G. Miller, N. Chomsky and R. Gagné. 6. The research was directed towards the identification of strategies and outcomes of reading-to-learn, with the double aim of investigating these areas and training students to increase their skill; both these aims were in line with endeavours to increase self-organisation and individual autonomy in learning. 7. Whilst the goals of the research were largely achieved, the results have illuminated a number of practical and theoretical issues that need further investigation.

Interaction with local speakers of a second language (L2) in a naturalistic setting during study abroad is beneficial to language learning in many respects; particularly in the development of pragmatic competence, or the awareness and ability to use the appropriate language for a specific social context (Kinginger, 2011; Magnan & Back, 2007; Schauer, 2009; Shively, 2011). Service-learning - volunteering in the local community combined with an academic pursuit - during study abroad provides the opportunity for meaningful interaction between language learners and local speakers of the L2 in authentic and collaborative settings (Overfield, 2007). This study examines the interactions of Italian L2 users and local speakers of Italian while engaged in service-learning in Italy. A sociopragmatic framework revealed emergent trends and linguistic norms in this context. Using a discourse analytic approach, this study offers a detailed description of directive use of the L2 learners and the local Italian speakers (Blum-Kulka, et al, 1989; Ervin-Tripp, 1976; Nuzzo, 2007). The study also examines (mis)understandings and relational work (Locher & Watts, 2008) that occur in the interactions. Primary data consists of audio recordings of the naturally-occurring interactions at three service-learning sites during a short-term summer study abroad program in Italy. Secondary data consists of interviews with the L2 users and their interlocutors. The data reveal that the majority of directives came from the local Italian speakers, not the L2 users, likely due to the clear power dynamic and the nature of the activities at each site. The directives were most commonly in the imperative with little or no mitigation for purposes of clarity or urgency of the tasks. Misunderstandings expressed by the L2 users were primarily linguistic, although there were also instances of pragmatic misunderstanding. Relational work emerged in the interactions, yet clear, explicit direction took precedent over face-work and rapport building among interactants. Findings from this study can be used to inform foreign language pedagogical practice in myriad ways; from developing practical applications for situated language use, to using actual transcripts from the data in pre-departure language and cultural activities in U.S. Italian language classrooms. Findings also provide community partners with data regarding the challenges, linguistic and otherwise, that L2 user/volunteers face during service-learning in Italy, and suggest areas for further research.

This thesis deals with the issue of dividend taxation in the European Union. Dividends are subject to double taxation, which constitutes an obstacle to the single internal market. To remove this obstacle the Parent -- Subsidiary Directive 90/435/EEC was adopted (hereinafter "Directive"). In the thesis I described the implementation in selected European Union countries and the issues that contributed to a better functioning of the internal market and whether there are further obstacles it the internal market. I mentioned also the current harmonization steps of the institutions of the European Union. Comparative analysis of the tax treatment of selected Member States showed that there are still situations in which national legislation can come into conflict with the Directive. However, I found by calculating the effective tax rate on dividends paid from the Czech Republic to selected countries that the implementation of the Directive has contributed to a better functioning of the internal market.

Ce travail de thèse est composé de deux partie distinctes. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude et la modélisation des métamatériaux et tout particulièrement à leur caractérisation. Il s'agit donc de proposer des paramètres constitutifs équivalents (permittivité, perméabilité et couplage magnéto-électrique) qui permettent de remplacer les métamatériaux, composés à l'origine de réseaux périodiques de cellules discrètes, par des milieux homogènes et continus. Deux régimes sont considérés : sub-longueur d'onde et longueur d'onde. Dans le premier régime, les dimensions de la cellule de base, en particulier la période du réseau, sont très faibles devant la longueur d'onde. Le métamatériau est alors modélisé par un milieu bi-anisotrope continu. Pour le deuxième régime, les dimensions et la période sont comparables à la longueur d'onde. Les paramètres constitutifs sont alors définis au sens "local" qui prend en compte le caractère discret et périodique de la structure. Enfin, la caractérisation consiste à extraire les paramètres constitutifs à partir des coefficients de réflexion et de transmission d'une lame de métamatériau. Pour cela, nous appliquons la méthode d'inversion sous sa forme classique pour le régime "sub-longueur d'onde" et son extension aux structures périodiques pour le régime "longueur d'onde". L'une des contributions majeure de ce travail est l'application des incidences obliques (à l'interface air-métamatériau) pour extraire les paramètres constitutifs longitudinaux. La seconde partie de ce travail de thèse concerne le développement d'antennes directives à partir de sources rayonnantes à modes orthogonaux. Il est bien connu que la directivité est directement limitée par les dimensions de l'antenne ou par le nombre de sources dans un réseau. L'objectif est de mettre en œuvre une méthode alternative qui, tout au moins sur le plan conceptuel et théorique, ne relie pas la directivité à la taille de l'antenne. Nous utilisons donc la combinaison de modes rayonnants orthogonaux pour maximiser la directivité d'antennes tout en minimisant les dimensions du réseau et en limitant le couplage. Chaque source du réseau se doit rayonner un mode propre et unique qui, combiné avec une autre source, permet d'augmenter la directivité. Pour cette étude, le développement théorique des modes sphériques puis cylindriques est tout d'abord présenté afin de mettre en évidence le lien entre la directivité et les modes. En pratique, la mise en œuvre de modes sphériques a révélé des difficultés de conception, si bien que des solutions d'antennes basées sur l'anneau rayonnant sont proposées pour réaliser des sources à modes orthogonaux "cylindriques". Les topologies de structures rayonnantes directives proposées associant des antennes anneaux sont validées en simulation et par la conception puis la mesure de prototypes. / The work presented in this thesis concerns two parts: characterisation methods for metamaterials and directive antennas using space eigen-modes. The first one describes the homogenisation methods of metamaterials to retrieve the constitutive parameters from scattering parameters of the metamaterial's slab. We investigated the metamaterials which present the most common properties of media: bi-isotropic metamaterials (chiral), anisotropic metamaterials (BC-SRR), uni-axial bi-anisotropic metamaterials (double omega medium) and bi-axial bi-anisotropic metamaterials (EC-SRR). The transverse and longitudinal constitutive parameters characterising the anisotropic and bi-anisotropic require to examine the media at normal and oblique incidences. In the analysis we considered to distinguish continuous media restricted to long wave limit and resonating particles lattice which are out of long wave limit. The application of continuous media approach to the resonating particle lattice with size not satisfying the long wave limit can leads to violation of causality and passivity laws. The main different between proposed two approaches is interpretation of boundary conditions (Maxwellian/non-Maxwellian) for the metamaterial slab. The inclusions of lattice we ascribe as electric and magnetic dipole moments to develop an homogeneous resonating particles lattice and to retrieve the constitutive parameters. We validated the proposed approaches and compared the retrieved constitutive parameters according to physical laws. We found that the application of Bloch admittance and equivalence to electric and magnetic dipole moments provides the physical constitutive parameters. The second part of the thesis refers to directive antenna using space eigen-modes. The directivity of the antennas is limited to the size of the antenna or number of elements in an array. In common with keeping small sizes of the array the space between radiation elements has to be minimised. The proposed directive antenna considers the radiation elements determine by the orthogonal modes, i.e. each radiator of the array corresponds to unique space eigen-mode. This allows to ensure small distance between the array elements without introduction of high mutual coupling between them. The original approach refers to superposition of spherical modes however it is not practical. Instead of spherical modes we propose superposition of cylindrical modes which are easy to be realised. For the constructive summation of cylindrical modes and maximisation of directivity in end-fire plane we determine amplitudes of the cylindrical modes excited by electric and/or magnetic vector potentials. The cylindrical modes we obtain by the annular ring antennas and miniaturised annular rings. The superposition of cylindrical modes is achieved with a stacked antenna of annular rings and a coplanar cylindrical annular rings antenna. The both antennas we realised and measured.

The aim of this thesis is to analysis the current consumer protection in the case of bankruptcy of the tour operator in the Czech Republic, review of the present situation in selected member states of the European Union and a draft for the specific alternative options for the Czech Republic to increase the protection of clients of the tour operator. The theoretical part is devoted to the definition of the fundamental and legislative terms relating to the issues under examination. The practical part outlines the current situation of bankruptcies of the tour operators and ensuring the conditions in the Czech Republic and also in the European Union. The merit of the practical part is the result of the market research implementation, aimed at evaluation of the attitude and opinions of the professional public on the current situation in the branch. Based on the obtained information, the specific options for the tour operators and adjustments in the Czech tourism industry are provided, so the consumer protection in the case of bankruptcy of the tour operator would be sufficient.

This paper seeks to understand the relationship between the European Unions (EU)2008 directive over environmental crimes and the member states which wasimplemented it into their systems of law. The aim of the paper is to investigate theEUs power and influence over the member states through directives such as the2008 directive and how the member states implemented and perceived it. UsingCarol Bacchis WPR-approach for discourse analysis the power dynamics betweenthe EU and member states were investigated. The member states chosen to beanalysed were Sweden and former member United Kingdom (UK). The analysisfound that the member states were mostly receptive of the 2008 directive. AsSweden is the one left in the EU now, they also look upon the new proposeddirective from 2021 favourably however there are parts they question which can beoverstepping from the EU. The UK on the other hand did like the 2008 directive butas they left, they put forward a plan to better their environmental policies makinguse of the EU and international policies as guides. The power of the EU created bythe 2008 directive was limited due to lack of statistical data, proper reporting to theEU from member states and slow acting on circumstances changing quickly. Thenew 2021 proposed directive has been created to try address the issues found in the2008 directive.

Background: Advance directives allow patients to put in writing the type of health care they want if they are unable to make decisions due to their medical condition. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in senior nursing students’ knowledge, attitudes, and confidence based on when the information is positioned in the curriculum. Theoretical: Social cognitive learning theory and Zimmerman’s self-regulation model provided the theoretical framework. Methods: This study reflected a non-experimental, exploratory design, with a convenience sample of senior nursing students from 2 different nursing programs in central Illinois. One program offers advance directive education in the first year and the other program offers the information in the second year. A total of 131 students participated in the study that used subscales of the Knowledge, Attitudinal, Experiential Survey on Advance Directives. Results: The group that received the information the second year rated themselves as having more confidence with advance directives. However, both groups scored low in the area of knowledge of advance directives, the Patient Self-Determination Act, and Illinois law. Students who reported higher knowledge levels had higher attitudes about end-of-life care. There was no difference in attitudes between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the need to review nursing curricula specifically relating to end-of-life care content and its placement in the curriculum.

Integration in the European Union (EU) in terms of the legal as well as economic spheres has grown in depth, scope and speed since its establishment. The EU has significantly affected various fields of policies within its member states, including the environment. This is understood as the 'Europeanisation process'. The Netherlands, considered one of the pioneering countries to establish environmental measures, has approximately 80% of its legislation in the environmental field derived from European legislation. The thesis seeks to answer how Dutch environmental policy has been affected by the EU over the past twenty years. The implementation process of three environmental directives is analysed concerning water, biodiversity and air, to understand this process. The concept of Europeanisation and the related theory of goodness of fit is applied to argue that the implementation process of European environmental directives in the Netherlands is effective if there are no major adjustments necessary in the national setting, i.e. there is no policy or institutional misfit between domestic and European legislation, and no veto players impede the process. On the other hand, the implementation process is significantly more complicated if the directive needs extensive transformations. It is concluded that...