Criminal law issues related to Advance directives Abstract The aim of this thesis is to describe the recent institute of Advance directives in the Czech legal system and to analyze criminal law issues related with it's aplication. The focus is on medical workers which can get into jeopardy of criminal liability by respecting the Advance directives. Furthermore in this thesis are compared the legislations of Czech republic and the Australian state Queensland conserning Advance directives. Also, key rullings of Australian courts and other common law courts related to the aplicaton of Advance directives are described in this thesis. Descreption methods were aplied to describe each institute and terms close to it, analyzing methods to analyze liability of medical workers and comparative methods to compare the Czech and Queensland legislations. The thesis is divided into seven chapters and many subchapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the institute of Advance directives, to it's definition, history and to the legislations it is based in. The second chapter describes fundamental human rights related to Advance directives. These are the Right to Life, Right to dignity and the Right to self- determination. Every one of these rights is closely described and a subchapter deals with their collisions. The third...

The patient's autonomy is very important part of medical and nursing practice and every patient should have a right to express their opinion about their treatment. Advance directives give person an opportunity to express even in situations when it is not possible to communicate with others. Although it is possible to write advance directives in the Czech Republic only negligible percentage of people take advantage of this possibility. Why is it so? I have set two goals in my thesis. My first goal is to determine the awareness of the general public about the advance directives in the Czech Republic and also I want to find out awareness about the possibility to appoint a guardian as a mediator of fulfilment of advance directives of an individual. It is also my goal to discover whether respondents would welcome greater awareness of this topic. My second objective is to determine the attitudes of respondents to the problematics of advance directives. I want to discover if the respondents have ever dealt with the idea of being in a situation which they could not communicate with their environment and if they would like to have an opinion to decide about their treatment and also if they would like to name their mediator. I would like to provide the results of my thesis to the department of quality...

The present paper discusses the results of a survey conducted in order to receive an answer to the question posed in the title, i. e. how directives are formulated in Swahili in terms of the directness level of the utterance, considering the mutual relationship between the interactants. The data corpus on which I have based my study comes from 82 Swahili-speaking Tanzanian students.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Kenntnis über Patientenverfügungen sowie deren Akzeptanz und dem Vorhandensein dieser Vorsorgedokumente innerhalb eines Studienkollektives von Senioren in Leipziger Alten- und Pflegeheimen. Der Gegenstand der Patientenverfügung selbst wird, unter Berücksichtigung soziodemographischer, persönlicher sowie gesundheitlicher Aspekte, evaluiert. Außerdem werden Standpunkte der Heimbewohner wie beispielsweise die Bereitschaft zu lebensverlängernden Therapien sowie zu Reanimationsmaßnahmen hinterfragt. Vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse werden Lösungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert, welche die Grenze zwischen medizinisch-technisch Möglichen und ethisch Vertretbarem bezüglich der Entscheidungen am Lebensende regulieren können.

The Swedish energy market consists of several different energy companies that possess different ownership structures. The strategical directions of the different energy companies are highly dependent on these ownership structures, due to the fact that the different owners decides the overall aim of the ownership which then is considered when creating a strategy. There are three dominant ownership structures for the energy companies within the Swedish energy market today which are; privately owned, governmentally owned and lastly energy companies owned by a municipality, often called regional energy companies. The strategical direction for the privately and governmentally owned energy companies are somewhat similar, where highprofitability often is prioritized combined with a sufficient sustainability. However, the strategical direction of the different regional energy companies differs greatly, depending on several different factors. The aim of this study is therefore to identify the strategical direction for 6 investigated regional energy companies, by examining different internal and external factors affecting this strategical direction.The study was based on 6 interviews with company representatives from each of the studied companies, where 5 of these representatives possessed the role as CEO and one possessed the role as senior advisor. These interviews was conducted in order to get a good understanding of the strategical direction of each company, and to identify the different internal and external factors affecting these.The results of this study identified several different external factors affecting the regional energy companies, which was then divided into 6 different categories; Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and lastly Legal. Different internal factors were also identified and categorized into five different areas, which were Politicians as owners, Aim of ownership, State of municipality, Risk management and Interpretation of municipal law. These factors was then used in order to identify the strategical directions of the studied regional energy companies, which differed substantially. However, there were areas within the different strategical directions that was similar to all investigatedcompanies. For example, all 6 investigated companies expressed the importance of aligning the energy companies and their offering with the changing customer demand that is highly connected to the increasing digitalization of the Swedish energy market.

The Fast Fashion industry, which operates on a take-make-waste model, has a significant environmental impact due to its high-water consumption, use of chemical substances, and waste production. Consequently, textiles and clothing waste have become a major global concern. In response, the Circular Economy model has garnered considerable attention worldwide, with theEuropean Union showing notable progress in transitioning towards this sustainable approach. New regulations are creating an enabling framework for the circular economy to thrive and for better waste management. This transition necessitates substantial changes in both legal and business practices. The present study aims to analyse EU measures that influence the development of sustainable practices and the shift to a circular economy in the Fast Fashion industry. It employs a legal analysis and a business case study to identify and evaluate the laws implemented by the EU and the strategies used by Fast Fashion companies to adapt their waste management practices to the circular economy.

En raison du manque de transposition des directives de l'Union européenne par les États membres, la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne a élaborée des instruments afin d’assurer l'exécution cohérente et effective des directives de l'Union européenne. Ces moyens sont l'effet direct, la responsabilité d'Etat en cas de la non-transposition de directives et, le procédé le plus complexe, l'interprétation conforme aux directives.Dans la première partie, les instruments susmentionnés sont décrits et leurs ressemblances ainsi que relations sont examinées. La jurisprudence de la Cour de justice européenne est analysée en détail en ce qui concerne les bases juridiques et les conditions de l'interprétation conforme aux directives. Dans la deuxième partie, la réception de ces instructions en Allemagne est étudiée. Après une description des rapports entre loi d'Union européenne et loi nationale, le modèle d'interprétation conforme à la constitution est exposé et comparé avec l’interprétation conforme aux directives. Il est décrit et analysé dans un dernier chapitre la mise en œuvre de l'interprétation conforme aux directives par la doctrine allemande et la jurisprudence.Dans la troisième partie, la doctrine et la jurisprudence française relative à l'interprétation conforme aux directives sont exposées. Le rapport entre le droit de l'Union européenne, le droit international public et le droit national et ses effets sur la qualification de la directive comme source de droit sont examinés. Les possibilités dans la méthodologie française pour une implémentation des conditions concernant l'interprétation conforme aux directives sont démontrées. / To guarantee the consistent and effective transposition of European Union directives by the member states, the European Court of Justice has developed three measures, namely, direct effect, state liability in the event of non-implementation and directive-conform interpretation, considered the most complex of these measures.In the first part, the author describes and compares these measures and examines their relationship to each other. The case law of the European Court of Justice establishing the legal basis and the requirements of directive-conform interpretation is analyzed in detail.In the second part, the acceptance and adoption of the aforementioned requirements in Germany is examined. After describing the relationship of European Union law to national law, the author engages in a discourse on the German model of constitutional-conform interpretation. The implementation of directive-conform interpretation as determined by German court decisions and from the German legal doctrine perspective is also set forth. In the third part, French legal doctrine and court decisions pertinent to directive –conform interpretation are presented. The relationship between European Union law, public international law and national law provides the starting point for this analysis. The author identifies the possibilities within French legal methods of implementing the requirements of the directive-conform interpretation.

Šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti ES prieglobsčio politikos įgyvendinimą Lietuvoje instituciniu ir teisiniu aspektais. Darbe yra tiriama ES prieglobsčio politikos teisinė bazė, išskiriant pagrindinius šią politiką reglamentuojančius teisės aktus ir įgyvendinančias institucijas. Taip pat yra atliekama dabartinės Lietuvos prieglobsčio politikos situacijos analizė bei nagrinėjama kaip Lietuvoje yra harmonizuojami be įgyvendinami ES prieglobsčio politikos teisės aktai. Empiriniu tyrimu buvo siekiama įvertinti ES prieglobsčio politikos įgyvendinimo Lietuvoje institucinės ir teisinės bazės probleminius aspektus. Šiuo metu yra įgyvendinamas antrasis BEPS kūrimo etapas, kuriuo yra numatyta iki 2015 m. liepos mėn. galutinai suvienodinti ES valstybių narių prieglobsčio sistemas. Lietuvos narystė ES nebuvo reikšmingas kriterijus pabėgėlių srautų padidėjimui šalyje, Lietuva tapo patraukli kaip tranzito valstybė. Didžioji dalis ES prieglobsčio direktyvų nuostatų atsispindi UTPĮ, tačiau jų yra ir poįstatyminiuose teisės aktuose. Dalies ES prieglobsčio direktyvų nuostatos yra perkeltos teisingai, tačiau kai kuriose srityse direktyvos turėjo neigiamą poveikį, ypač dėl papildomų pabėgėlio statuso netaikymo ir pasibaigimo nuostatų. Vertinant iš kitos pusės ES prieglobsčio direktyvų įgyvendinimas turėjo teigiamą poveikį, kaip, pavyzdžiui, nemokamos teisinės pagalbos prieglobsčio prašytojams įteisinimas, įvestos platesnės galimybės pasinaudoti švietimo ir sveikatos apsaugos sistema ir pan... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this paper is to analyse the implementation of EU asylum policy in Lithuania by institutional and legal aspects. This paper analyses the legal basis of EU asylum policy, marking the main laws which regulate EU asylum policy and its implementing institutions. It also examines the current situation of Lithuanian asylum policy and how the legal basis of EU asylum policy is harmonized and implemented in Lithuanian system. The empirical research was aimed at evaluating the problemical aspects of institutional and legal basis in the implementation of EU asylum policy in Lithuania. At the moment the second stage of common EU asylum policy system is being exercised. In conformity with it, the main asylum system procedures in EU member states should be equalized by July 2015. Lithuania‘s EU memebership was not a significant criterion for the increase of refugees‘ flows in the country but Lithuania has become attractive as a transit country. The main part of the provisions of EU asylum directives reflect in the law on the legal status of foreigners, though they also reflect in secondary legislation acts. The most of provisions are transfered correctly, however in some areas directives has had a negative impact, especially concerning the provisions about additional refugee status. On the other hand, the implementation of EU asylum directives has provided a positive effect in such areas as the validation of free legal assistance to asylum seekers, introducing wider... [to full text]

The purpose of this study is to explore what knowledge dementia caregivers have about advance care planning (ACP), how they learn to execute formal advance directives (ADs) or have engaged in an informal ACP process, and how they understand their roles as decision makers for the patients. Factors that contribute to the completion of an ACP process such as demographic, psychosocial, and situational factors are identified. From the grounded theory data analysis, a theory emerged about how ACP is accomplished and used by caregivers. Findings reveal that caregivers understand ACP as having the power to shape the dying process for dementia patients. It is not just about executing formal written ADs but how caregivers exercise that power. Caregivers’ knowledge and beliefs are reflected in their behavior regarding ACP in both how they do the ACP process and how they use ACP. For the caregivers in this study, the process of ACP occurs along a trajectory from: years before dementia to dementia diagnosis to end stage and death. At each of these stages, actions taken by the caregivers and their motivation are identified. Three key features of the ACP process in all three stages are examined: conversations within the family and with trusted others, gaining knowledge of ACP, and keeping ACP documents. How caregivers use ACP is based on how they define their roles as decision makers for their patients by: accepting responsibility for making difficult decisions regarding treatment for the patients, using ACP as an effective tool to shape the dying process for their patients, and doing battle with health care professionals to honor patients’ wishes. This definition is shaped by the meaning caregivers give to ACP, how caregivers understand life sustaining measures, and caregivers’ knowledge of patients’ end-of-life wishes. This new theory, the Dementia Caregiver Advance Care Planning Theory, adds new knowledge as the first model specific to dementia caregivers and adds dimension and depth to the current existing ACP models by detailing an ACP process, demonstrating the impact of conversations on the process, and identifying both the most important influences and the primary relationship in the decision making process.

Introdução As Diretivas Antecipadas de Vontade, também denominadas Testamento Vital constituem um documento com o registro expresso do desejo de um cidadão de recusar tratamento, caso venha a sofrer de alguma enfermidade terminal. Dessa forma, busca desconstruir uma cultura centrada no paternalismo que reduz o indivíduo doente a um paciente que deve aguardar, resignado e submissamente, que deliberações acerca de sua vida sejam tomadas por outros, sem que possa se manifestar ou decidir, autonomamente, como quer ser tratado ou que tipo de práticas de intervenção está disposto a aceitar. Objetivo - O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a representação do Testamento Vital para os enfermeiros que atuam na assistência à pacientes em situação de terminalidade. Método - Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa realizada com quinze enfermeiros que atuam na assistência à pacientes terminais, por meio de entrevistas norteadas pela seguinte questão Fale a respeito do Testamento Vital. Após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, houve a obtenção dos depoimentos que foram analisados de acordo com o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo com fundamentação na Teoria das Representações Sociais de Serge Moscovici. Resultados - A pesquisa identificou três categorias que compõem o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo: o enfermeiro frente às diretivas antecipadas de vontade; o enfermeiro frente à família contrária à vontade do paciente e o enfermeiro frente ao médico contrário à vontade do paciente. Conclusão - O testamento vital representa, na perspectiva dos enfermeiros, a autonomia e o direito do paciente pelas decisões nas situações de terminalidade que devem ser compartilhadas com seus familiares e profissionais de saúde. Não obstante, o enfermeiro pode vivenciar conflitos éticos nas situações em que o desejo manifestado por meio desse documento não é respeitado por familiares e/ou médicos. Diante dessa situação, o enfermeiro pode perceber a própria ação como limitada e sentir-se frustrado com a impossibidade de atender o desejo do paciente. / Introduction: Advance Directives also known as the Living Will Declaration constitute a manifestation of will by means of a document written by a person fully healthy of his mental faculties in order to dispose of the care, treatment and procedures that whether or not he or she wants to be submitted in case of a disease that is beyond therapeutic possibilities and incapable of manifesting his or her will freely. Objective - To know the representation of Living Will Declaration for nurses who work with terminally ill patients. Method - This is a qualitative research carried out with fifteen nurses who work in the care of terminal patients, through interviews guided by the following question \"Talk about the Living Will Declaration\". After the approval of the Committee of Ethics in Research, the interviews were obtained, which were analyzed according to the Collective Subject Discourse method based on Serge Moscovici\'s Theory of Social Representations. Results - The research identified three categories that make up the Discourse of the Collective Subject: \"the nurse in front of the advance directives \"; \"The nurse facing the family contrary to the will of the patient\" and \"the nurse facing the doctor contrary to the will of the patient\". Conclusion - The living will declaration represents, from the perspective of nurses, the autonomy and the right of the patient for decisions in terminal situations that should be shared with family members and health professionals. Nonetheless, nurses may experience ethical conflicts in situations where the desire expressed through this document is not respected by family members and / or doctors. Faced with this situation, the nurse can perceive the action as limited and feel frustrated with the impossibility of fulfilling the patient\'s desire.