The recent usage of presidential directives by President Barack Obama and President Donald Trump initiated debates around limits of presidential power. Research on the presidential power has shown lack of focus on the presidential directives, misinterpretation and wrong terminology which resulted in false accusations of presidential overreach and abuse of power. This thesis argues that the political gridlock and increasing passivity of Congress have contributed to a shift between the executive and legislative power of government. This thesis will trace the extent to which Congress has become resistant to pass two of the key priorities of President Obama's political agenda - immigration reform and gun regulation, after which the President had to act on the issues unilaterally. The main aim of the thesis is to show that presidential directives of President Obama were not issued in a vacuum and that there were debates, persuasion and negotiations preceding the executive actions in an attempt to advance President's agenda in a form of bipartisan legislation rather than unilateral presidential directive.

The purpose of this article is to synthesize the evidence on advance care planning (ACP), determine what is applicable to the home health (HH) setting, and find where gaps in knowledge may exist. An integrative review methodology was chosen. Although there is ample literature on the topic of ACP, most research has been conducted in the acute care, outpatient, and general community settings. There is limited literature regarding ACP with patients living with chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary illnesses, who comprise the majority of the HH population. Some literature has been published regarding the interprofessional team's role in ACP in the HH setting. A gap in knowledge exists regarding ACP in HH, and recommendations for future research are provided.

Bakgrund: Polismyndighetens mål och budget återfinns i regleringsbrevet som varje år ges ut av regeringen. Genom regleringsbrevet vill regeringen på så sätt styra polisverksamheten. Det kan uppstå ett problem i denna process då politikerna inte alltid innehar den insikt som krävs för att sätta målen på ett verklighetsenigt sätt, vilket innebär att målen inom offentlig sektor ofta ses som otydliga. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att förstå hur Polismyndigheten styr utifrån regeringens mål samt vilka problem som kan uppstå. Dessutom ligger fokus på att ge insikt i hur målen hanteras och omvandlas i praktiken samt hur man förstår dem på olika nivåer inom organisationen. Vidare undersöks hur prestationsmätning utförs i praktiken samt vilka problem som uppstår i detta arbete. Metod: Genom en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och en abduktiv ansats har en enfallstudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Även dokument har studerats som ett komplement till de semistrukturerade intervjuerna. Slutsats: Regleringsbrevet bryts ner till en verksamhetsplan (Strategi 2024) och den operationaliseras sedan ute på de olika avdelningarna och regionerna. Problemen vi fann är en brist i förståelse mellan politiker och Polismyndigheten gällande kunskap samt att myndigheten inte äger hela rättsprocessen då andra myndigheters arbete också spelar in här. En enorm mängd mätningar görs både av kvalitativ och kvantitativ art. Under senare år har ett stort fokus lagts på effekten av insatserna vilket också är en del av problemet då effekter är svåra mäta. Uppföljningen handlar om att se till effekterna som målen ska leda till men det är däremot svårt att veta om ett mål är uppfyllt eller inte då målen är av ökande, minskande eller bibehållande art. Informationen från uppföljningarna används av högre uppsatta chefer för utvärdering samt förbättringar i verksamheten. / Background: The police agencies goals and budgets are given from government directives which are given out each year by the government. Through these directives the government means to manage the police operation. A problem can occur in this process since politicians do not always have the required understanding of needed to set realistic targets, which leads to goals within the public sector often being seen as obscure. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how the Swedish police agency is managed through the governments goals and which problems can occur. The aim is also to provide insight these goals are handled and transformed in practice as well as how these goals are understood on different levels within the organisation. Furthermore, we examine how performance measurement is used in practice as well as which problems occur in the process. Method: Through a qualitative research strategy and an abductive approach, a case study containing semi-structured interviews has been completed. Documents have also been studied as a complement to these semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The government directives are broken down into a business plan (Strategy 2024) which is further operationalised in the different departments and regions. The problems we found were a lack of understanding between the politicians and police agency regarding knowledge as well as the agency itself does not own the entire legal process, since other agencies also play a part in it. An enormous number of measurements are being performed of both qualitative and quantitative sorts. During the last years, a large focus has been put on the actual effect of their efforts which also is a part of the problem since effects are difficult to measure. Monitoring is about looking at the effects that the goals are intended to provide but it can be difficult to assess whether a goal is attained or not since these goals are set in a way that they must always increase, decrease or be maintained. The information from the monitoring process is used by leaders within the organisation for evaluations as well as for making improvements to the organisation.

This study examines how university academics understand and enact knowledge requirements embedded in official teacher education policies. The research probes faculty understandings of what constitutes ‘relevant and appropriate pedagogies’ in teacher education curricula, and the basis of such knowledge selections in the absence of a stable ‘knowledge base’ of teacher education. In teacher education, new national norms and standards are intended to guide curriculum processes in new programmes. However, policies remain open to wide interpretation and assume common understandings among the teacher education community with regard to knowledge, practices and values. This study, conducted in three university-based Faculties of Education, analyses the curriculum motivations, processes and practices of education academics, in an attempt to understand and explain their responses to policy requirements. The conceptual framework of Paul Trowler is employed to examine the Teaching and Learning Regimes (TLRs) at work in academic contexts. By lifting out the discursive repertoires, identities in interaction, tacit assumptions, connotative codes, implicit theories of teaching and learning, power relations, rules of appropriateness and recurrent practices among faculty members, this research demonstrates how knowledge is mediated in and through institutional contexts. Three parallel Faculty portraits elucidate stark differences in approaches to curricula and in curriculum processes, a consequence of the lack of a stable knowledge base and the perceived vagueness of policy directives. Significantly, institutional histories and traditions feature prominently as ‘shapers’ of academic responses to change, factors that, the study argues, government policies have not taken into account. / Thesis (PhD (Education Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

The number of individuals aged more than 65 years in the United States and their life expectancy has been increasing in the past decades. In spite of the presence of federal and accreditation policies recommending completion of advance directive documents by patients admitted to health care settings, advance directive completion rates are low in most health care organizations. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of advance directive completion among home health patients. The health belief model provided the theoretical framework that guided this study. A retrospective chart review was carried out in a home health agency with about 51 patients. Demographic details, including age, gender, ethnicity, nature of illness and type of health insurance were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the percentage of home health patients with existing advance directives and those who do not have an advance directive. The study revealed that only 25% of the patients in the home health care agency had a completed advance directive. The finding indicate a disconnect between the recommended and the actual practice with regards to end of life issues. There is a pressing need for more complete documentation of the patient's desires and wishes regarding end of life care at home health care facilities. Documenting the patient's end of life preferences and wishes may potentially ease the decision-making process, making the end of life days less stressful for the patients and their families at the same time promoting the provision of personalized health care at the end of life.

Individuals who are facing death today are doing so in an environment that is significantly different than it was in the past. Medical technology is increasingly able to keep people alive even with multiple complex chronic conditions. While these advances in medicine are beneficial to many, it can also unnecessarily prolong inevitable deaths. Concerns over the ability to have a death that is in alignment with personal values has increased the interest in the use of formal end-of-life planning including writing an advance instructional directive and assigning a durable power of attorney for health care. Although research has indicated that the use of these formal planning strategies is beneficial, not everyone completes them. Using a current nationally representative sample, the three specific aims of this study were to examine whether there are racial and ethnic differences in formal end-of-life planning done by older African American, Hispanic, and White adults; to examine socioeconomic factors including education and income in formal end-of-life planning as well as assess the contribution of these factors in explaining racial and ethnic differences in formal end-of-life planning; and to examine the role of religiosity in formal end-of-life planning and to assess its influence on racial and ethnic differences in explaining formal end-of-life planning. Logistic regression was run on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in order to analyze the completion of formal end-of-life plans by African American, Hispanic, and White decedents. Exit interviews conducted with knowledgeable proxies in 2008 or 2010 were combined with data from earlier waves of the HRS survey in order to analyze the completion of formal end-of-life plans, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and religion. Both Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to complete a written advance directive, assign a proxy, or complete both forms of formal planning than were Whites. Group differences remained after controlling for region of death and cause of death. Both Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to complete any form of formal planning than Whites. Group differences remained after additionally controlling for gender, age, marital status, whether the decedent had children, income, education, religious preference, importance of religion, and frequency of attending religious services. Higher levels of income and education both increased the odds that formal advance planning would take place. Religious preference was not significant, but decedents who had stated that religion was very important were less likely to plan while those that attended services frequently were more likely to plan. I speculate that the role of cultural capital may partially explain the persistent racial and ethnic disparities and the importance of income and education. Additionally the dominant religious doctrines of Christianity may have a greater influence than the different religious teachings of Protestant and Catholics around end-of-life medical care. Contrary to expected findings, reference groups of those who attend religious services frequently may assist in formal planning. These finding may help guide interventions that can diminish disparities in the end-of-life experience. Understanding who are completing formal plans can help ensure end-of-life care that is in alignment with personal beliefs and values.

This study examines the response of Generation Z females in Sweden to fast fashion web advertisements incorporating six linguistic persuasion strategies. The aim is to identify which of these strategies can be effectively employed in this context to persuade the targeted demographic. An online survey consisting of twelve fast fashion web advertisements was distributed over the social media platforms Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn. The respondents' objective was to choose a preferred advertisement from two options, one featuring a linguistic strategy of persuasion and another where the linguistic strategy had been changed or removed, while the respondents had to consider questions related to the linguistic strategies’ persuasive aims. The result from 44 target respondents revealed that the strategies of reader pronouns, directives, and the subject position effectively reached their persuasive aims, while the results for boosters, rhetorical questions, and engagement markers were inconclusive. Still, open-ended non-mandatory answers indicated that the three strategies that got inconclusive results also received negative reactions from the demographic and therefore likely failed at their persuasive aims.

The purpose of this article is to synthesize the evidence on advance care planning (ACP), determine what is applicable to the home health (HH) setting, and find where gaps in knowledge may exist. An integrative review methodology was chosen. Although there is ample literature on the topic of ACP, most research has been conducted in the acute care, outpatient, and general community settings. There is limited literature regarding ACP with patients living with chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary illnesses, who comprise the majority of the HH population. Some literature has been published regarding the interprofessional team's role in ACP in the HH setting. A gap in knowledge exists regarding ACP in HH, and recommendations for future research are provided.

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