This thesis investigates the reception of the updated directive, Energy Performance of Building Directive, from the EU. The focus of the study is to analyse eight referral responses from chosen stakeholders and investigate their perspectives on the updated directive, negative and positive, any specific interests, are there any patterns that emerge in their responses and what are their concerns regarding the possible impact on society. The intention is to map the possible outcomes in society, focusing on social sustainability, including issues such as economic impact, social justice, and community impact.    The empirical material in this study is eight different referral responses on the updated version of the Energy Performance of Building Directive. The chosen methodical approach for this study is document analysis and thematic analysis. The findings are presented in four themes and later analysed and discussed through the lens of the chosen theoretical framework, which is environmental justice.    The findings show a large focus on accessibility to housing, resources and cost efficiency, excessive regulation and micromanagement, and the need for financial support and incentives. The stakeholders fear that the number of details in the Energy Performance of Building Directive will sub-optimise Sweden’s production. Even though the directive states that this initiative will protect the most vulnerable groups in society, the stakeholders fear it will aggravate the situation due to increased rents and economic burdens in general for the whole society.    This study concludes that such details should be discussed at the national level and it is important to include an environmental justice approach to avoid increasing the current inequalities and ensure that the needed transition will not be made at the expense of vulnerable segments of the population.

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal documents allowing competent individuals to declare their treatment preferences in advance of a mental health crisis. The objective of this thesis is to examine psychosocial perceptions of legal and mental health professionals in Ontario and Quebec regarding their knowledge and willingness to implement PADs. Two hundred professionals---psychiatrists, psychologists, lawyers and administrative tribunal members---participated in an Web-survey measuring psychosocial perceptions of clinical, ethical, legal and implementation factors of PADs. Results indicate Quebec professionals are more willing to begin using PADs than Ontario professionals. Mental health professionals reported more concern than legal professionals for medical malpractice lawsuits for overriding PADs. Advantages of PADs most commonly reported are patients' ability to declare their clear wishes ahead of time, respect for autonomous choice, and establishing a collaborative treatment plan with physicians. Disadvantages included patients' lack of awareness, treatment refusal, and being self-bound to an earlier decision.

Le mandat est un contrat torturé. Figé dans une définition imprécise et plongé dans une diversification non maitrisée, il est aujourd’hui malaisé de déterminer ce qu’il est. Le contexte familial est symptomatique de cette crise d’identité. Le mandat est un outil particulièrement sollicité par les membres de la famille, dans le but d’organiser leurs relations ou d’anticiper des événements (la vulnérabilité ou la mort) susceptibles de générer certaines difficultés. En tant que contrat, il est peu contraignant à mettre en œuvre et s’acclimate facilement des particularités de ce contexte. Cependant, s’il est en principe l’œuvre consentie de deux personnes, le mandant et le mandataire, cet environnement a révélé qu’il pouvait aussi être imposé par un membre de la famille ou une autorité extérieure, telle que la loi ou le juge. Alors, le mandat se trouve directement altéré dans certains de ses caractères essentiels : sa source (la volonté) ou son effet (la représentation). Ces manifestations originales mettent la notion à l’épreuve et elles invitent à la repenser.La particularité du contexte familial lui imprime assurément une coloration particulière. L’idée est alors séduisante de créer un mandat familial, singularisé, pour se départir d’une définition légale insaisissable et façonner la notion à partir de ses différentes applications. Une telle démarche nuirait pourtant à ce contrat en nourrissant le phénomène d’hyperspécialisation dont il est l’objet. C’est pour cette raison qu’une autre voie doit être empruntée, celle de la redéfinition. Ce n’est qu’une fois doté d’une définition claire et précise que ce contrat pourra, à l’avenir, s’épanouir dans une pluralité de domaines, sans qu’il n’ait à subir, pour cela, de dénaturation. Reconstruit sur de solides critères, indispensables à sa bonne qualification et à la nécessaire requalification de ses usurpations, le mandat s’affranchira de sa fongibilité actuelle et des nombreuses confusions qui en altèrent la compréhension. / The mandate is a tormented contract. Fixed in a broad definition and shot through an uncontrolled diversification, it is currently hard to determine what a mandate is. The family context is symptomatic of this identity crisis. The mandate is a tool which is particularly used by the members of the family, as it is suitable for organizing the family relationships, as well as for anticipating events, such as vulnerability or death, that may create some difficulties. As a contract, it is not excessively burdensome to implement, and it deals easily with the particular features of the context. If it is normally the result of the will of two persons, the principal and the agent, nevertheless, the family context revealed that the mandate could be imposed by a family member or an external authority, such as the law or the judge. The mandate is thus directly corrupted in its essential characteristics : its source (the will) or its effects (the representation). Those original phenomena test the mandate and prompt to rethink the notion. The particularities of the family context give it a very specific ring. Therefore, it is an appealing idea to create a singled out family mandate, in order to divest from an elusive legal definition, and to shape the notion using its various applications. However, such an approach would be damaging the contract, feeding the hyperspecialization to which it is subjected. That is why another course must be taken : the mandate must be redefined. Once given a clear and precise definition, the mandate will be able to fulfill itself in many areas, without suffering any distorsion. Rebuilt on solid criteria, allowing to sort out good classifications from usurpations, the mandate will be liberated from its current fungibility and from the numerous confusions which are now detrimental to its correct understanding.

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Legal regulation of the status of persons with special needs in the EU Asylum directives (Abstract) By the very nature of their status, applicants for international protection and recognized refugees are among the most vulnerable persons. Within this group, there is also a subgroup of persons with special problems, risks and needs that make them even more vulnerable. This subgroup of persons with special needs is provided special protection within the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The foundation of this special protection consists of three legal acts commonly referred to as asylum directives - the Reception directive, the Qualification directive and the Procedural directive, adopted between 2003 and 2005 The legal status of persons with special needs is an important topic in the current discussion on the amendments to the Asylum directives and the general development of the CEAS system. The Dissertation "Legal regulation of the status of persons with special needs in EU Asylum directives" has an ambition to contribute to this core discussion on the future content of the European asylum acquis. The paper analyses EU regulations and related national laws relevant to the treatment of this group of applicants for international protection as defined in art. 17 para. 1 of the Reception directive. Based on...

The making of an end of life decision represents worldwide one of the most difficult issues that physicians can be confronted with - not only should it be regarded as consisting of medical and legal aspects, but ethics and moral values are present as well. Furthermore, it shall not be supposed that the economic parameter is negligible, unfortunately even to the contrary. The fact that the decision is often made by physicians under pressure caused by a system of limited resources (and therefore it can not avoid being distorted ) must be kept in mind. At any rate , according to Czech law under which neither assisted suicide nor life termination on the request is allowed, the legality and legitimacy of withdrawal and withholding of medical treatment is based on the argument of informed consent of the patient, advanced directives and the standard of lege artis treatment. These also shall be pleaded as defences in eventual criminal proceedings.

Esta dissertação reflete sobre as possibilidades da escola no cumprimento das determinações da atual Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB) nº 9394/96, que a reconhece como núcleo gestor responsável pelo seu próprio projeto político-pedagógico. Problematiza em que medida essa prática escolar tem influenciado os resultados obtidos pelas escolas públicas e viabilizado, localmente, a implementação das políticas educacionais desenvolvidas no âmbito dos sistemas de ensino. Caracteriza as concepções estruturantes sobre projeto político-pedagógico por meio de uma análise bibliográfica, discutindo o alcance que tais teorizações têm alcançado no cotidiano escolar. Apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa, realizada junto a uma rede pública de ensino, apontando potenciais evidências da crise de sentido e de método que tal prática revela. Recupera ainda o processo histórico que marcou a tramitação da atual LDB, demonstrando que a referida crise deve ser entendida primeiro como crise congênita, herdada da própria lei que a concebeu. No contexto do sistema educacional, essa crise também é caracterizada ao reunir elementoschaves presentes no pensamento pedagógico contemporâneo, que exploram o conceito de sistema e a sua relação com a unidade escolar. Finaliza a pesquisa problematizando princípios fundamentais para se pensar o projeto políticopedagógico na perspectiva do movimento da educação cidadã, com vista à superação da crise de sentido e de método que essa prática escolar tem demonstrado. / This paper reflects on the possibilities of the school in compliance of the determinations of the current Law of Directives and Bases of National Education (LDB) nº 9394/96, which recognizes it as the core manager responsible for its own political and pedagogical project. It questions the extent to which this educational practice has influenced the results obtained by the public schools and facilitated, locally, the implementation of educational policies developed within the education systems. It characterizes the structural concepts of political and pedagogical project through a literature review, discussing the scope that these theories have reached in the school day. Presents the results of a survey, carried out with a public school system, pointing out potential evidences of the crisis of meaning and method that this practice reveals. Recovers even the historical process that marked the course of the current LDB, demonstrating that the crisis must be understood first as a crisis congenital, inherited from the law that has conceived it. In the context of the educational system, this crisis is also characterized by bringing together key elements present in contemporary pedagogical thinking, exploring the system concept and its relationship with the school unit. Ends the research questioning the fundamental principles for thinking about the political and pedagogical project in view of the civil and educational movement, with a view to overcoming the crisis of meaning and method of the educational practice has shown.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone de Oliveira Andrade Silva.pdf: 1363082 bytes, checksum: 9d97d5f1cb68b0ecbdeedbcd4c5deb14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper aimed to identify guidelines as defined by the Brazilian Curriculum Directives for Early Childhood Education to the teaching and learning of mathematics persisted as guidance of teacher s work. The policy cycle approach, formulated by Stephen Ball and Richard Bowe, that presents the debate around to the analysis of educational policies and its contributions to the critical and contextualized analysis of them, was applied as a theoretical and analytical framework to examine this educational policy. This paper verified two contexts, namely: text production and practice. The documental analysis and qualitative analysis of RCNEI allow comprehending the context of text production. Teachers and coordinators were interviewed to enable the observation of context of practice. Analysis was supported by software ALCESTE. The research identified a text influenced by national and international policies, what it became confused and hard to interpret. The results of analysis indicated still that the education professional maintained their traditional of teaching, although they considered this document as a model unifying national guidelines for Early Childhood Education. Therefore, the education policy was useful as such organized of school documents, but no as a guideline of teacher practice / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de identificar as diretrizes que estão presentes no Referencial Curricular Nacional para a Educação Infantil (RCNEI) para o ensino de matemática que persistiram como orientações da prática docente do professor de EI. Para a análise dos documentos, tomou-se como referência a teoria-metodológica do Ciclo de Políticas, de Stephen J. Ball e Richard Bowe, que pressupõem que uma política educacional está sempre em movimento e só é possível entendê-la se analisados os seus contextos. No presente estudo, foram analisados os contextos de influência, de produção de texto e da prática. Para coleta de informações do contexto de produção de texto contou-se com dois procedimentos: análise documental e análise qualitativa do RCNEI. Para o contexto da prática foram realizadas entrevistas a professores e coordenadores pedagógicos de Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil (EMEI) do município de São Paulo. A análise dos dados contou com o apoio do software ALCESTE que permitiu identificar um documento que sofreu influências nacionais e internacionais, o que contribuiu para um texto confuso e de difícil interpretação e com muitas contradições. Os resultados das entrevistas revelaram que os profissionais mantiveram sua forma tradicional de ensino, embora tenham citado o documento como um modelo unificador nacional das diretrizes para a Educação Infantil. Portanto, o documento foi utilizado como estruturador do projeto pedagógico da escola, mas não como orientador da prática docente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CCA - Edvalda Araujo Leal.pdf: 858508 bytes, checksum: 7e2325b584a317267860440a0d8b2197 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The productive process in teaching hospitals is expensive due to the fact that it incorporates teaching activities, research and extension which make thee hospitals a reference for cutting edge technology. They also need to attend to the requirements established by new paradigms in society. Considering this challenge and the complexity of these organizations, it is essential to use cost methods that are able to reduce the level of uncertainty in deciding processes. This work presents an analysis of feasibility for applying cost activity methodology in the costs of a teaching hospital entity which is limited, in this study, to the heart surgery specialty. The research strategy used was the case study accomplished in the Surgical Centre of the Clinical Hospital of Uberlândia (HCU), in the last trimester of 2005. The development was conducted based on process analysis, identification of involved resources and the cost directives to the activities involved. After being defined the resources and their participation, the next phase tries to verify in which way the resources are used by the activities during the operation. After the process analysis, the activities are identified and a resource directive, which measures the activity use during surgeries, is established. The results indicate that the ABC offers detailing levels of the process of higher hospital services than those in the traditional cost systems. It is then possible to best perceive the use of resources during an operation and, therefore, calculate the cost of a major surgery more accurately. This work confirms the feasibility of the ABC cost methodology in the hospital segment, respecting its peculiarities of application, its philosophy, principles and methodology, analyzing the specific data of the HCU. The aim is to be able to measure more precisely the costs and improve hospital management / O processo produtivo dos hospitais de ensino é dispendioso, haja vista que incorpora atividades de ensino, pesquisa e extensão que os tornem um referencial em tecnologia de ponta, além de necessitarem acompanhar as exigências estabelecidas pelos novos paradigmas da sociedade. Frente a esse desafio, e considerando a complexidade dessas organizações, torna-se fundamental o uso de métodos de custos que consigam reduzir o nível de incerteza dos processos decisórios. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da viabilidade da aplicação da metodologia de custeio em atividades nos custos de uma entidade hospitalar de ensino - delimitado, neste estudo, à especialidade de cirurgias cardíacas. A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada é o estudo de caso realizado no Centro Cirúrgico do Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia (HCU), no último trimestre de 2005. O desenvolvimento parte da análise dos processos, identificação dos recursos envolvidos e os direcionadores de custos às atividades envolvidas. Definidos os recursos e sua participação, a fase seguinte busca verificar em que medida os recursos são empregados pelas atividades durante o procedimento cirúrgico. A partir da análise de processos, as atividades são identificadas, e estabelecido um direcionador de recursos que mensure o uso da atividade durante as cirurgias. Os resultados indicam que o ABC oferece níveis de detalhamento do processo de prestação de serviço hospitalar mais elevados do que nos sistemas tradicionais de custos e consegue-se perceber melhor o uso dos recursos durante o procedimento cirúrgico, em conseqüência, auferindo o custo da cirurgia por porte com maior precisão.O presente trabalho confirma a viabilidade da metodologia do custeio ABC no segmento hospitalar, respeitando suas peculiaridades de aplicação, sua filosofia, princípios e metodologia, analisando os dados específicos do HCU, visando à mensuração mais adequada dos custos e melhor gerenciamento hospitalar

Ce travail se divise en deux parties : la première concerne l'étude des structures périodiques planaires associées aux antennes et la seconde, les structures périodiques conformes. Même si la première partie est un sujet étudié depuis plusieurs années, cette thèse apporte une analyse nouvelle (source placée à l'intérieur de la structure, méthode basée sur la théorie des réseaux...) et de nouveaux résultats (lieux de résonance et extrema, obtention de structures avec la dualité des bandes interdites et propagées, adaptation d'une antenne insérée dans une structure périodique planaire, ouverture angulaire en fonction de la fréquence...). Les structures périodiques conformes sont par contre nouvelles. Il est fait une étude systématique de ces structures. L'application principale de la thèse est un projet RNRT dont l'objectif est de réaliser des antennes pour station de base GSM-UMTS. Une antenne utilisant une structure périodique conforme et répondant au cahier des charges, a été conçue.