This dissertation examines mealtime conversations between parents and children in eight Swedish and eight Italian middle class, dual-earner households, exploring the ways in which children are engaged in the cooperative construction of social order. The study is part of an international project (cf. Aronsson & Pontecorvo, 2002), coordinated with prior work in the US (cf. Ochs & Kremer-Sadlik, 2013). Study I explores how children’s accounts work during family dinner conversations. So called proto-accounts (laments, multiple repeats, want-statements) and varied verbal accounts are analyzed in relation to age class or prior language socialization experiences. Study II focuses on the use of endearment terms in directive sequences between parents and children. The findings show an asymmetrical distribution of endearment terms, in that only parents make use of them when interactional problems – children’s non-compliance with parental requests in particular – arise.   Study III examines the ways in which Italian parents deploy the discourse marker dai (‘come on’) in directive sequences. This is a flexible linguistic resource that is employed by parents as a cajoling token when children fail to comply with parental requests, hindering the advancement of the in-progress activity. This thesis describes family mealtimes as parent-directed activities where sociality, morality and local understandings of the world (Ochs & Shohet, 2006) are collaboratively re-created and enacted. This confirms the crucial role of everyday family meals as rich cultural sites (Ochs & Shohet, 2006) for reasserting moral attitudes of the family: participants learn moment by moment how to be competent actors that are able to choose between alternative courses of action and that can therefore be held accountable for their actions (Bergmann, 1998: 284). From this point of view, a dinner is paradigmatic of the deep moral sense that permeates the making of a family.

L'importance considérable des marchés publics, parmi les activités économiques de l'administration de l'État moderne, a poussé l'Union européenne, pour plusieurs raisons socio-économiques, à établir une réglementation unifiant les règles nationales afférentes afin d'assurer dans l'espace de l'Union une concurrence libre et saine entre les opérateurs économiques intéressés. Pour ce faire, outre les préceptes impérativement édictés par son droit primaire, l'Union a imposé aussi son droit dérivé sur la matière par des directives bien détaillées. Une définition extensive de la notion de marchés publics, encouragée constamment par la jurisprudence de la Cour, une catégorisation des modalités du régime de « passation des marchés publics » et une réglementation européenne procédurale pour la protection des intéressés ont été élaboré. La question s'élève donc sur l'impact de ce droit ainsi établit en la matière par l'Union européenne sur des considérations de base du droit public hellénique. Dans ce cadre d'harmonisation des droits nationaux sur la matière, se trouve l'opération d'insertion du droit de l'Union européenne dans l'ordre juridique hellénique ; insertion effectuée par les autorités normatives nationales, législateur et administration ; tandis que sur le domaine procédural un contrôle juridictionnel s'exerce sur cette réception dans l'ordre juridique national tant par le juge européen que par le juge national. De cette manière on peut esquisser la marge de liberté contractuelle des autorités publiques helléniques à l'aune des exigences du droit de l'Union européenne. / The significance of public contracts amongst the economic activities of the modern state's administration, has led the European Union- for several socio-economic rationales- to establish a uniform regulatory framework so as to ensure fair and unbridled competition between the economic operators of the different Member States. To this end, in addition to the provisions of primary law, the EU has further enacted secondary legislation in the form of exhaustively detailed directives. In order to achieve the effective application of EU law in several public contracts a broad interpretation of the public contracts concept was developed, persistently encouraged by the Court's case law, and a categorisation of the public procurement types was adopted. Furthermore, European procedural rules were introduced with the aim of safeguarding rights that individuals derive from that law. The question thus is what is the impact of this comprehensive regulatory framework on the Greek public law considerations on the subject. It is in the context of national laws' harmonisation on the matter, that EU law is inserted in the Greek legislation ; this insertion is carried out via national regulatory authorities, the legislator and the administration ; moreover, in the procedural field, both the European and the national judge exercise judicial control over the reception of the EU law in the national legal order. By way of the aforementioned structure the contractual discretion of the Hellenic public authorities in the course of fulfilling the requirements imposed by EU law can be thoroughly explored.

As diretivas antecipadas de vontade para o fim da vida são documentos que expressam os desejos da pessoa relacionados aos procedimentos que podem ser aplicados a ela em uma situação de assistência médica no fim da vida. Nesse sentido, as diretivas são úteis para informar as equipes de assistência médica a respeito dos tipos específicos de tratamento que o paciente permite, ou não permite, quando não estiver apto a manifestar suas vontades em uma hipotética situação futura de incapacidade. Este tipo de documento foi elaborado nos Estados Unidos na década de 1970, e foi introduzido no ordenamento ético brasileiro pela Resolução 1995/2012 do Conselho Federal de Medicina. O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar essa norma ética sob o enfoque do direito penal, uma vez que as diretivas antecipadas de vontade para o fim da vida possuem uma íntima relação com a ortotanásia e a eutanásia, que são passíveis de sanção penal no Brasil. Assim, é fundamental analisar as diretivas antecipadas utilizando as ferramentas da doutrina penal, e princípios como os da dignidade humana e razoabilidade. O objetivo é pesquisar as qualidades, imperfeições e limites das diretivas antecipadas sob o ordenamento jurídico nacional, e também compreender as bases legais das diretivas antecipadas, que são os institutos da autonomia e do consentimento. Concluímos que, ainda que as diretivas antecipadas de vontade sejam uma norma ética bem-vinda, demandam algumas melhorias e refinamentos, que poderiam ser representados pelos planejamentos antecipados de tratamentos, um tipo de documento direcionado aos valores de vida das pessoas. Além disso, uma mudança de paradigma relacionada à eutanásia, particularmente a eutanásia passiva e a ortotanásia, no sentido de descriminalizá-las, seria importante para que as diretivas antecipadas tenham eficácia no Brasil. / Advance directives for dying patients are documents which express personal desires related to procedures that may be applied to people in a situation of medical assistance in the end of life. In this sense, they are useful to make health assistance teams know about what kind of specific treatment the patients permit, or do not permit, when they are not able to communicate their wishes in a hypothetical and future situation of disability. This kind of document was created in the United States in the seventies, and entered Brazilian ethical law by Resolution 1995/2012 of the Federal Council of Medicine. The aim of this dissertation is to study this ethical rule by means of the criminal law, because advance directives have a close relation to euthanasia and ortothanasia, which are prone to criminal sanction in Brazil. Therefore, it is paramount to analyze the advance directives using the doctrinal tools of criminal law and principles like human dignity and reasonability. The goal is surveying the qualities, inadequacies and limits of advance directives under Brazilian law, and also to understand the legal basis of the advance directives, which are the institutes of autonomy and consent. We concluded that, although advance directives for dying patients are a welcome ethical law, it demands some improvement and refinement, which could be represented by the advance care planning, a kind of document that is focused on the life values of people. Furthermore, a change of paradigm related to euthanasia, particularly passive euthanasia and ortothanasia, in the direction of making them apart of criminalization, would be vital to promote the adequate efficacy of the advance directives in Brazil.

Este trabalho volta-se ao estudo das diretivas antecipadas sobre o fim da vida na relação médica no Brasil. Pretende-se verificar a legitimidade bioética e a legitimidade e possibilidade jurídicas da prática das diretivas antecipadas sobre o fim da vida como objetivo central. Busca-se aferir a adequação, bioética e jurídica, das diretivas antecipadas como veículo próprio de autodeterminação da pessoa diante de suas possibilidades existenciais e da formulação de seu projeto de vida e de morte digna. Ademais, especificamente, procura-se determinar a possibilidade jurídica das diretivas antecipadas no Ordenamento brasileiro: a coerência com as garantias constitucionais e a existência de institutos aptos a tal prática. Propõe-se sustentar a legitimação jurídica das diretivas antecipadas no Brasil, indicando possíveis caminhos às soluções interpretativas no plano jurídico, e os efeitos na relação médica a partir, também, das considerações bioéticas. Com essa finalidade, pretende-se averiguar a compatibilidade entre as normas deontológicas de origem bioética e as normas jurídicas de status constitucional de proteção à pessoa humana. A tese também propõe a análise do contexto em que as diretivas antecipadas são utilizadas para (i) problematizar as ideias de capacidade e competência para a prática desse ato de autonomia pessoal, (ii) problematizar sobre como a perspectiva familiar, a perspectiva técnica dos profissionais da saúde e a perspectiva do Poder Judiciário contingenciam a liberdade desse ato e (iii) aferir a eficácia desses atos no espaço clínico e familiar. Para tanto, será empreendido estudo teórico mediante pesquisa bibliográfica e de referências, que levantará as publicações, nacionais e internacionais, sobre os temas da tese. O levantamento bibliográfico compreenderá, preferencialmente, obras sobre filosofia, ética, bioética e direito, que permitam a análise das questões teóricas envolvidas no estudo. O desenvolvimento do trabalho estrutura-se em três capítulos. O primeiro pretende estabelecer as bases conceituais e os fundamentos legais das diretivas antecipadas. O segundo capítulo apresentará a sistematização entre os valores bioéticos e jurídicos que se relacionam a tal prática. O capítulo três apresentará as questões fundamentais pertinentes à validade e eficácia da prática das diretivas antecipadas no Brasil. A partir das premissas construídas ao longo do desenvolvimento, o desfecho da pesquisa pretende reforçar seu argumento central demonstrando, então, a legitimação bioética e a legitimidade e a possibilidade jurídicas das diretivas antecipadas sobre o fim da vida no atual contexto brasileiro.

Els processos de presa de decisions directives i de gestió i mesurament de l'acompliment són centrals en la gestió estratègica. El procés de gestió estratègica és de caràcter dinàmic, continu i sistèmic. No obstant això, els factors que afecten l'estabilitat estratègica poden ser inesperats, volubles i irregulars. Aquesta tesi s'ha centrat en quatre objectes d'anàlisi: els sistemes de mesurament de l'acompliment, les decisions directives, la incertesa de l'entorn i l'acompliment de l'organització. En aquesta tesi, s'ha plantejat un estudi quantitatiu per contrastar una sèrie d'hipòtesis respecte d'aquestes qüestions de recerca. Les hipòtesis han estat sotmeses a un contrast empíric a partir de dades recollides de 179 respostes d'un qüestionari físic, que s'ha administrat a membres del TMT (top management team) d'organitzacions amb activitat a l'Equador i a Colòmbia. Els resultats de la recerca suggereixen que una primera aportació d'aquesta tesi en la literatura anterior és l'enfocament en la congruència entre les decisions directives com un atribut important en la interrelació entre el pla estratègic i el pla operatiu dintre del cicle de gestió estratègica (Kaplan i Norton, 2008, 2010), sobre el qual anteriorment s'havia prestat poca atenció. En segon lloc, la tesi contribueix a entendre que una de les vies per les quals els sistemes estratègics de mesurament de l'acompliment ajuden a acomplir millor la gestió és assegurant una congruència o una sincronia més grans entre les decisions directives, distingint com els diferents tipus de congruència afecten diferents aspectes de l'acompliment de la gestió. Respecte d'aquesta segona aportació, la tesi demostra específicament que, dintre de l'acompliment de la gestió, la més gran alineació estratègica interna està associada a la congruència entre les decisions estratègiques, mentre que la capacitat de qüestionament estratègic està associada a la congruència entre les decisions de caràcter operatiu, i la rapidesa de resposta estratègica està associada a la congruència entre les decisions de caràcter estratègic i operatiu. Finalment, la tesi contribueix a la discussió que s'ha obert recentment en la literatura sobre si els SPMS són adequats en entorns molt dinàmics, i conclou que l'impacte diferencial de l'ús de SPMS en l'acompliment de la gestió és més feble en entorns dinàmics, la qual cosa està en línia amb el corrent d'estudis que assenyala els riscos de rigidesa dels SPMS. / Los procesos de toma de decisiones directivas y de gestión y medición del desempeño son centrales en la gestión estratégica. El proceso de gestión estratégica es de carácter dinámico, continúo y sistémico. Sin embargo, los factores que afectan la estabilidad estratégica pueden ser inesperados, volubles e irregulares. Esta tesis se ha centrado en cuatro objetos de análisis: los sistemas de medición de desempeño, las decisiones directivas, la incertidumbre del entorno, y el desempeño organizacional. En esta tesis se ha planteado un estudio cuantitativo para contrastar una serie de hipótesis respecto a ambas cuestiones de investigación. Estas hipótesis han sido sometidas a un contraste empírico a partir de datos recogidos en base a 179 respuestas a un cuestionario físico, aplicado a miembros del TMT (Top Management Team) de organizaciones con actividades en Ecuador y Colombia. Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que un primer aporte de esta tesis a la literatura anterior es el enfoque en la congruencia entre decisiones directivas como un atributo importante en la interrelación entre Plan Estratégico y Plan Operativo dentro del Ciclo de Gestión Estratégica (Kaplan y Norton, 2008, 2010), y sobre el que anteriormente se había prestado poca atención. En segundo lugar, la tesis contribuye a entender que una de las vías por las que los sistemas estratégicos de medición de desempeño ayudan a un mejor desempeño de gestión es a través de asegurar una mayor congruencia o sincronía entre las decisiones directivas, distinguiendo cómo los distintos tipos de congruencia afectan a distintos aspectos del desempeño de gestión. Respecto a este segundo aporte, esta tesis demuestra específicamente que, dentro del desempeño de gestión, la mayor alineación estratégica interna está asociada a la congruencia entre las decisiones estratégicas, mientras que la capacidad de cuestionamiento estratégico está asociada a la congruencia entre las decisiones de carácter operativo, y la rapidez de respuesta estratégica está asociada a la congruencia entre las decisiones de carácter estratégico y operativo. Finalmente, la tesis contribuye a la discusión recientemente abierta en la literatura sobre si los SPMS son adecuados en entornos muy dinámicos, y concluye que el impacto diferencial del uso de SPMS sobre el desempeño de gestión es más débil en entornos dinámicos, lo cual está en línea con la corriente de estudios que remarcan los riesgos de rigidez en los SPMS. / The decision-making processes, management policies and the performance measurement are central issues in the strategic management literature. The strategic management process is dynamic, continuous and systemic. However, the factors affecting strategic stability can be unexpected, volatile and erratic. This thesis has focused on four objects of analysis: performance measurement systems, management decisions, perceived environmental uncertainty and organizational performance.This thesis is a quantitative study which compares a series of hypotheses; these hypotheses have been subjected to an empirical data collected from 179 responses to a physical questionnaire, applied to members of the TMT (Top Management Team) of organizations with activities in Ecuador and Colombia.The research results suggest that a first contribution of this thesis to the literature is the focus on the congruence between management decisions as an important attribute in the interface between Strategic Plan and Operational Plan within the Strategic Management Cycle (Kaplan and Norton, 2008 , 2010), which previously has received little attention. Secondly, the research contributes to understand that one of the ways in which strategic performance measurement systems helps management to achieve better performance is through ensuring greater consistency or synchrony between management decisions, distinguishing how different types of congruence affect different aspects of performance management. Regarding this second contribution, this thesis shows specifically that, within performance management, a greater internal strategic alignment is associated with the congruence between the strategic decisions, while the capacity of strategic questioning is associated with the congruence between operative decisions, and speed of strategic response is associated with the congruence between strategic and operational decisions. Finally, the thesis contributes to the recently opened discussion in the literature about if the SPMS are appropriate in highly dynamic environments, and concludes that the differential impact of the use of SPMS on performance management is weaker in dynamic environments, which is in line with current studies that highlight the risks of stiffness of the SPMS.

This study was carried out in Ronneby municipality during May 2006. I chose to compare three senior schools with regards to the implementation of objective orientated directives based on the teachers understanding of the task, motivation, resources allocated and their significance for the disparity between boys’ and girls’ grades. I carried out nine in-depth interviews: three at each senior school. From the interviews it emerged that teachers perceive objectives differently from parents and students. Teachers claim that they understand the directives but say that they lack the resources. According to those interviewed, the disparity in grades between boys and girls is due to biological factors, class affiliation and group dynamics. None of those interviewed feel that they contribute to the difference in grades. This study should not be seen as a generalisation but rather as a preliminary study to further research within the topic area.

The present paper discusses the results of a survey conducted in order to receive an answer to the question posed in the title, i. e. how directives are formulated in Swahili in terms of the directness level of the utterance, considering the mutual relationship between the interactants. The data corpus on which I have based my study comes from 82 Swahili-speaking Tanzanian students.

<p>Energy supply security is a hot topic today. It highly influences energy market, national security and also residents’ daily lives. However, due to different aims and study strategies, definitions of energy supply security are different. In this report, it is defined as stable energy supply processes that result from good infrastructure, delivery of energy sources, carriers and services, which are sturdily controlled by effective energy policies. Prices of energy supply system</p><p>are also maintained on a reasonable level over a continuous period thanks to the efficient crises assessment and management.</p><p>In order to make a comprehensive research, energy situation has been deeply investigated on worldwide, EU and Swedish levels, respectively. Results from these investments obviously certify that due to the big amount of populations, there are significant imbalances between energy supply and demands in developing countries. To make things better, these imbalances don’t exist in developed world, like EU Members including Sweden because of applications of advanced technologies and wide utilizations of renewable energy carriers. Oppositely, greenhouse gases emission is a severe problem in the world, which gives rise to temperature increasing year by year! Besides the global warming, some other factors also bring about uncertainties to energy supply security, so that efficient policies are necessary in order improve the recent</p><p>situations and to create a secure atmosphere for energy supply, such as</p><p>Directive 98/30/EC for natural gas supply security, Directive 2003/55/EC for integration and compatibility of the energy regulation and Directive 2003/54/EC, the first policy that regulates EU electricity market as well as IEM Directive, which is the improvement of Directive 2003/54/EC, etc.</p><p>Although several policies aiming at creation of competitive energy markets and achieving energy supply security, vulnerabilities still exist in EU energy supply system, such as limited primary energy sources and high dependence on nuclear powers, energy network capacity inadequacy, high voltage electricity transmission, etc. Concerning Swedish energy supply system, extreme low temperatures in winter, drilling technologies and high economic budgets for heat sources from underground, hurricanes, thunderstorms to wind turbines and man-made disruptions are all potential vulnerabilities. Regarding these negative aspects, recommendations are given on four different levels, which are global, EU, Swedish and individual perspectives. Specific suggestions to achieve energy supply security include independence of different energy supplies, to enhance international cooperation, periodic assessments and inspections for energy facilities, population control, to keep original energy policies updated, to enhance abilities to resist abnormal weather conditions, to develop heat pump technologies and try to use energy in efficient ways, etc.</p>

Nous présentons une étude numérique et expérimentale des propriétés de réfraction des matériaux à bandes photoniques interdites bidimensionnels diélectrique et métallique en micro-ondes. Nous examinons en particulier les effets d'ultraréfraction et de super prisme dans une gamme de fréquences 6 GHz et 16 GHz. L'étude numérique est concentrée sur des structures bidimensionnelles finies et infinies. Dans le cas des structures finies nous avons utilisé un logiciel de simulation basé sur la méthode des éléments finis. Quant aux structures infinies nous avons utilisé la méthode des ondes planes et la méthode de la super cellule. Les aspects expérimentaux sont concentrés sur la vérification des prédictions numériques. Nous montrons qu'un matériau à bandes interdites photoniques diélectrique se comporte comme un milieu homogène linéaire et isotrope dans sa première gamme de fréquences permises. Dans la première bande de fréquences interdites, nous vérifions que les photons ont une probabilité de transition non nulle dans une région de l'espace qui, classiquement leur serait interdite. Au bord de la bande interdite, nous obtenons un effet ultraréfractif. Puis nous étudions effet d'une répartition de défauts dans la structure diélectrique, et nous montrerons que les défauts de surface changent la trajectoire de l'onde dans le cristal photonique et permettent l'excitation de nouveaux modes électromagnétiques. Ces propriétés peuvent aboutir à une amélioration du rendement des antennes et des multiplexeurs en longueur d'onde. Dans le cas d'un matériau à bande interdite photonique métallique, nous montrons numériquement et expérimentalement qu'il se comporte comme un milieu homogène ultraréfractif dont l'indice effectif est compris entre 0 et 1. Nous vérifions aussi que dans la première bande de fréquences interdites, les défauts de surface dans les cristaux métalliques changent la trajectoire de l'onde électromagnétique et permettent l'excitation de nouveaux modes électromagnétiques

<p>This study was carried out in Ronneby municipality during May 2006. I chose to compare three senior schools with regards to the implementation of objective orientated directives based on the teachers understanding of the task, motivation, resources allocated and their significance for the disparity between boys’ and girls’ grades.</p><p>I carried out nine in-depth interviews: three at each senior school. From the interviews it emerged that teachers perceive objectives differently from parents and students. Teachers claim that they understand the directives but say that they lack the resources. According to those interviewed, the disparity in grades between boys and girls is due to biological factors, class affiliation and group dynamics. None of those interviewed feel that they contribute to the difference in grades.</p><p>This study should not be seen as a generalisation but rather as a preliminary study to further research within the topic area.</p>