This is the first longitudinal, retrospective, qualitative, descriptive and multi-case study of hurricanes in Puerto Rico, from 1899 to 1956, researching for planning purposes the key lessons from the disaster management changes that happened during the transition of Puerto Rico from a Spanish colony to a Commonwealth of the United States. The selected time period is crucial to grasp the foundations of modern disaster management, development and planning processes. Disasters are potent lenses through which inspect realpolitik in historical and current times, and grasp legacies that persist today, germane planning tasks. Moreover, Puerto Rico is an exemplary case; it has been an experimental laboratory for policies later promoted by the US abroad, and it embodies key common conditions to develop my research interface between urban planning and design, meteorology, hydrology, sociology, political science, culture and social history. After introducing the dissertation, I present a literature review of the emergence of the secular characterization of disasters and a recent paradigm shift for understanding what a disaster is, its causes and how to respond. Next, I summarize the multidisciplinary research and policy knowledge concerning Puerto Rican hurricanes. Subsequently, I explain my methodological sequential data analysis, beginning with three case studies, followed by cross-case comparisons and assessments, ending in answer, recommendations and conclusions. I implemented a version of Grounded Theory, combining deductive and inductive thinking, with a phenomenologist standpoint that valued people's experiences and interpretations of the world. I aimed to denaturalize so-called ‘natural disasters’, exposing with a political economy lens the political character of public decision-making before, during and after a disaster; and grasp how politics impacted the society under study. My research methods were archival research in the field and online, visual sociology and case study. Based on information-oriented sampling, I chose the destructive hurricanes San Ciriaco (1899), San Felipe (1928) and Santa Clara (1956), which occurred at critical historical junctures. I examined three themes: characterization, causation, and relief. Those themes divided into six sub-questions and thirty-eight variables, summarized later. Answer: Disaster management vastly improved mirroring shifting ideas of God, nature, knowledge and humanity; always influenced by the dependent position of the island. Historically, citizens tried to handle hurricanes through mythological beliefs, empirical observations, rituals and material practices; some of which endured colonization and modernization into the mid 20th century. Disaster management emerged haphazardly; at first it was ineffective and improvised relief, without much preventive or reconstructive policy-making. The official perception of hurricanes changed from being essentially uncontrollable religious or natural events, to natural events that could be tamed with technology, physical changes and policies. Yet, it was a more nuanced confluence of environmental, economic, social, cultural, and political factors that enabled storms to become destructive disasters affecting the Puerto Rican economy, environment and society. The social groups that experienced higher resilience or vulnerability during a disaster respectively corresponded to the groups that were best and least served during relief and who could or could not produce public transcripts and policies. Such division resulted from entrenched social and political arrangements, including citizens’ rights, colonial administrative policies, social hierarchy that merged local and external power dynamics, and notions of habitus . Eventually, the growing understanding of citizens’ rights was critical to reduce hurricane casualties and the worst forms of vulnerability through New Deal and Commonwealth developmental projects. By also including contentious aims though, they created other forms of underdevelopment and dependency from the US; whilst technology and modernity paradigms bolstered new risks that would become rather costly. Simultaneously, disaster management became a federal responsibility, which reached Puerto Rico; but it was the unplanned intersection of a hodge-podge of disciplines, approaches and institutions, centered on physical interventions and neglecting the role of culture and the political economy of disasters with negative lasting impacts. Although improvised, contradictory and controversial; the main factors enabling the rise of disaster management were increased governmental leadership, knowledge construction, public awareness, planning and investment in hard and soft infrastructure, and relief provision. My dissertation contributes to Puerto Rican Studies and to emerging planning discussions about the Circum-Caribbean. Also, it contributes to disaster management, an area of academic and practice-oriented literature relevant for planning, fastly growing given the rising frequency and intensity of multiple disasters; and which is usually focused on contemporary events, prospective forecasting and proposal-making. Contrastingly, my dissertation’s strengths reside in being a critical and exhaustive historical study of hurricanes that proposes an option to the customary deleterious disciplinary fragmentation of disaster studies and management, and to the emphasis on physical change that remain standards in most countries.

A dissertação apresenta um estudo das chuvas extremas relacionadas a quatro desastres naturais ocorridos no Brasil: as inundações do Vale do Itajaí SC, em novembro de 2008, a inundação histórica de São Luís do Paraitinga - SP, em janeiro de 2010, as inundações ocorridas no Vale do Mundaú AL, em junho de 2010 e as inundações e escorregamentos da Região Serrana - RJ, em janeiro de 2011. As chuvas catastróficas foram analisadas através de estatísticas básicas dos dados dos pluviômetros localizados nas regiões. No Vale do Itajaí, as chuvas registradas nos dias 23 e 24 de novembro foram elevadas, atingindo valores acima de 250 mm. Na estação Blumenau, choveu 243,5 mm e 250,9 mm nesses. Na estação localizada em São Luís do Paraitinga, choveu apenas 64,7 mm no dia 1 de janeiro de 2010, quando ocorreu a inundação. Porém, foram observados 205,7 mm em uma das estações localizadas em Cunha. Nesse caso, o elevado volume precipitado na cabeceira da bacia deflagrou as inundações observadas nos dois municípios. No Vale do Mundaú e Paraíba, choveu cerca de 200 mm no dia 5 de junho, em duas das seis estações analisadas. O elevado volume precipitado no dia 5, combinado com as chuvas ocorridas no período de 17 a 19, pode ter causado as inundações observadas no dia 19 nessas bacias. Os dados indicaram que, na Região Serrana do RJ, as inundações e escorregamentos foram causados pela chuva extrema ocorrida nos dias 11 e 12 de janeiro de 2011, que ultrapassou 270 mm no intervalo de 24 h em uma das estações. As chuvas acumuladas nos meses que antecedem os eventos e a alta declividade contribuíram para a saturação do solo e posteriores escorregamentos. Os eventos pluviométricos, classificados através do SPI resultaram, na maioria das estações, chuvas severas ou chuvas extremas A vulnerabilidade das regiões, onde inúmeras habitações estão localizadas em áreas de risco, também foi determinante para que os desastres acontecessem. Outros eventos de magnitude elevada foram observados anteriormente, o que indica que estes eventos são característicos das regiões estudadas. Constatou-se que as regiões analisadas estão sujeitas a chuvas extremas com frequência relativamente alta, muito embora tenha sido observado, em alguns casos, certo grau de raridade nesses eventos. Portanto, nessas áreas devem ser adotadas medidas regionais no sentido de disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo e reduzir os riscos dos desastres. É fundamental buscar medidas de adaptação da ocupação dessas áreas, considerando o regime hidrológico dessas regiões. / The paper presents a study of extreme rainfall related to four natural disasters occurring in Brazil: the floods in Itajaí Valley, state of Santa Catarina, in November, 2008; the historic flood in São Luís do Paraitinga, state of São Paulo, in January, 2010; the floods in Mundaú Valley, state of Alagoas, in June, 2010; and the floods and landslides in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro in January, 2011. The catastrophic rains were analyzed through basic statistical data collected from rain gauges located in those regions. In Itajaí Valley, extremely high rainfalls exceeding 250 mm were recorded on November 23 and 24. In Blumenau, it rained 243.5 mm and 250.9 mm on the same days. At the station located in São Luís do Paraitinga, it rained just 64.7 mm on January 1, 2010, when the flood occurred. However, 205.7 mm were observed in one of the stations located in Cunha. In this case, the high volume of rainfall at the headwater of the basin triggered flooding observed in these two cities. In the valleys of Mundaú and Paraíba, it rained nearly 200 mm on June 5, in two of the six stations analyzed. The high volume of rainfall on June 5, combined with the rains from the 17th to the 19th, may have led to the floods in these basins on June 19. The data indicated that, in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, the flooding and landslides were caused by massive rainfall on January 11 and 12, 2011, which exceeded 270 mm within a period of 24 hours in one of the stations. The rainfall accumulated in the months prior to the events and the high sloping land contributed to soil saturation and subsequent landslides. The rainfall events, sorted through the SPI, resulted in severe or extreme rains in most of the stations. The vulnerability of the regions, which include many homes located in hazardous areas, was also crucial for the disasters to happen. Other major events were previously observed, which indicates that these events are characteristic of the studied regions. It was noted that the analyzed regions are subject to extreme rains with a relatively high frequency, although in some cases these events have demonstrated to be somewhat rare. Therefore, in these areas, region-based measures should be adopted with a view to regulating the use and occupation of the soil and reducing risk of disasters. It is essential to seek adaptation measures of occupation of these areas, considering their hydrological regime.

No description available.

Submitted by Leonardo Lima (leonardoperlim@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T15:34:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) RUTZ, Elenice Crochemore.pdf: 8517082 bytes, checksum: 78a4d5508f644839d8d952e481a630f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T19:18:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 RUTZ, Elenice Crochemore.pdf: 8517082 bytes, checksum: 78a4d5508f644839d8d952e481a630f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T19:21:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 RUTZ, Elenice Crochemore.pdf: 8517082 bytes, checksum: 78a4d5508f644839d8d952e481a630f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T19:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 RUTZ, Elenice Crochemore.pdf: 8517082 bytes, checksum: 78a4d5508f644839d8d952e481a630f9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / Sem bolsa / A pesquisa aborda as consequências das fortes precipitações que aconteceram em Pelotas o que levou a ocorrência de uma grande enxurrada em 28 e 29 de janeiro de 2009. O recorte espacial da pesquisa é a bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Quilombo, Pelotas/RS, localizada em sua maior parte na zona rural de Pelotas e uma pequena área no município de Canguçu e outra pequena área no Município de Arroio do Padre. O recorte temporal é do inicio do século XX até o ano de 2009, data da enxurrada que atingiu a bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Quilombo (BHAQ), deixando consequências bastante significativas. As enxurradas podem ser consideradas como um desastre natural, tanto pela sua intensidade, quanto pelas suas consequências. Nesse sentido o referencial teórico trata da questão dos desastres naturais, a fim de se compreender alguns conceitos que geram certa confusão, é o caso dos termos: enxurradas, enchentes, inundações e alagamentos. Nesse sentido a revisão teórica que se apresenta, vem em busca de sanar esses e outros conceitos. Sendo assim, essa pesquisa tem como objetivos: Compreender os fatores que levaram à ocorrência da enxurrada de 28 e 29 de janeiro de 2009 na BHAQ, bem como as transformações geomorfológicas consequentes; Realizar uma revisão teórica sobre a temática dos desastres naturais, geomorfologia, transformações geomorfológicas, uso e cobertura da terra, enxurradas e as suas consequências; Realizar um resgate histórico das inundações no município de Pelotas, bem como um breve histórico das enxurradas na Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Quilombo; Realizar um estudo morfométrico da Bacia do Arroio Quilombo; Verificar o uso e cobertura da terra na BHAQ; Investigar sobre as transformações da paisagem após as inundações na bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Quilombo e Identificar e mapear as consequências geomorfológicas e os danos ao patrimônio provocados pelas cheias de 2009. A pesquisa mostrou que a enxurrada de 2009 não foi o único evento de grande intensidade a atingir a bacia do Arroio Quilombo. Porém, a bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Quilombo não apresenta condicionante a enxurradas, e que a enxurrada de 2009 não ocorreu em toda bacia, porém atingiu de forma intensa a baixa bacia do Arroio Quilombo, deixando algumas consequências como perdas de animais, de lavoura, materiais e infraestruturais. As entrevistas realizadas mostraram que as alterações geomorfológicas mais significativas ocorreram fora dos limites da BHAQ. / This research addresses the consequences of heavy rainfall that occurred in Pelotas, which led to a great flash flood on the 28th and 29th January 2009. The area of research is the Quilombo Creek Watershed, Pelotas municipality, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Most of the Watershed is located in the rural zone of the Pelotas municipality, but also has a small section in the Canguçu municipality and another small section in the Arroio do Padre municipality. The time frame starts at the beginning of the twentieth century until 2009, when the flash flood hit the Quilombo Creek Watershed, leaving very significant consequences. Flash floods can be considered as a natural disaster, both for their intensity and their consequences. Thus, the theoretical background deals with the issue of natural disasters in order to understand some flood concepts that frequently create confusion in Portuguese: “enxurradas”, “enchentes”, “inundações” and “alagamentos”. This way the presented theoretical background tries to solve this confusion and other conceptual problems. This research has the following objectives: understand the factors that triggered the flash flood of the 28th and 29th January 2009 in the Quilombo Creek Watershed, as well as the consequent geomorphological changes; expose a theoretical background about natural disasters, geomorphology, geomorphological changes, land use and land cover, flashfloods and their consequences; carry out a historical review of the floods in the Pelotas municipality as well as a historical review of the floods in the Quilombo Creek Watershed; carry out a morphometrical study of the Quilombo Creek Watershed; observe the land use and land cover in the studied area; study the landscape changes and identify the damage done to the patrimony in the area of study after the 28th and 29th January flash flood. This research shows that the 2009 flash flood was not the only high intensity event to touch the Quilombo Creek Watershed. However, the studied watershed does not present natural conditions that would trigger flash floods, and the 2009 flash flood does not affect the entire Watershed in the same way. It intensely hit the lower part of the watershed creating consequences such as animal loss, land crop loss and material loss. The interviews showed that the most significant geomorphological changes occurred outside the boundaries of the studied watershed.

Submitted by KÁTIA CRISTINA BORTOLETTO null (kbortoletto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-14T12:58:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Bortoletto estudo das vulnerabilidades social e ambiental corrigida.pdf: 11170949 bytes, checksum: 7ea17b267f30ccc43e923963c28d068e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-16T13:16:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bortoletto_kc_dr_rcla.pdf: 11170949 bytes, checksum: 7ea17b267f30ccc43e923963c28d068e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T13:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bortoletto_kc_dr_rcla.pdf: 11170949 bytes, checksum: 7ea17b267f30ccc43e923963c28d068e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como área de estudo a cidade do município de Caraguatatuba (SP), que apresenta um histórico de desastres naturais e de comunidades que convivem em áreas de riscos de desastres naturais. Os estudos de vulnerabilidades social e ambiental têm se mostrado de grande importância na modelagem espacial de riscos de desastres. O objetiva dessa pesquisa foi apresentar a análise das vulnerabilidades social e ambiental integradas a mapas do meio físico, com o intuito de gerar mapas síntese de áreas de risco de desastres no município de Caraguatatuba SP por meio de SIG para dois cenários, 2000 e 2010. A base metodológica em Cutter (1996) e Mendes et al. (2009). Os resultados mostraram que os desastres relacionados aos processos de inundação, alagamento e deslizamento que ocorreram nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro, março, abril, outubro e dezembro e precipitação média mensal de 120 a 400mm. Os anos com maior número de afetados foram 2005 e 2013 com 109 e 331 afetados, respectivamente por processo hidrológico (inundação e alagamento). Os desastres relacionados aos processos geológicos (deslizamento) foram registrados nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2015 e nos meses de janeiro, fevereiro, outubro e dezembro, apresentando um total de 54 pessoas atingidas. Os bairros envolvidos nos desastres, considerando-se as vulnerabilidades social e ambiental do ano 2010, foram: Olaria, Casa Branca, Perequê Mirim, Pegorelli, Travessão e Golfinho, inseridos na classe muito alta de vulnerabilidades social e ambiental. Os bairros Jaraguazinho e Barranco Alto estão na classe de vulnerabilidades social e ambiental alta. Esses bairros se localizam em áreas com características de urbanização precária e ocupadas por população com renda de até dois salários mínimos e incidência de população jovem. Na análise dos mapas sínteses de riscos de desastres na área urbana e na bacia do rio Santo Antônio, verifica-se que as áreas de risco alto e muito alto de desastres de deslizamento coincidem com as áreas de riscos existentes no município. As áreas com histórico de desastres de inundação alinham-se às áreas de riscos de inundação muito alto, alto e médio, decorrentes da análise multicritério desenvolvida nesta pesquisa. O estudo das vulnerabilidades social e ambiental e dos riscos propiciou a identificação de grupos vulneráveis e de indicadores socioambientais que contribuem para definição da vulnerabilidade das pessoas e dos lugares frente aos riscos de desastres naturais. Pode-se concluir também que o uso de critérios relacionados à percepção de riscos de desastres, de forma a contemplar o desenvolvimento de ações de mitigação e ou de enfrentamento de desastres, entre os principais atores da sociedade civil - a população que vive em áreas de risco, representantes do poder público e da sociedade civil – permite delinear cenários compatíveis com a realidade do local e poderão servir para análise e futuras intervenções do poder público na gestão e no enfrentamento de riscos de desastres. O entendimento das causas de desastres relacionados às chuvas torna-se um desafio para pesquisadores e gestores públicos, pois as questões chaves englobam os aspectos físicos, sociais e ambientais, os quais atuam em diferentes níveis, tanto de influência quanto de correlação, tornando sua análise e busca de soluções, uma tarefa complexa. Além disso, como recomendação para trabalhos futuros, pretende-se desenvolver estudos no contexto da participação popular em estratégias de RRD e de resiliências da população em situação de riscos de desastres. / The present study has as its research area the city of Caraguatatuba (state of São Paulo), which presents a historical of natural disasters and communities living in areas of natural disaster risk. Social and environmental vulnerability studies have shown to be of great importance in the spatial modeling of disaster risks. The aim of this study was to present an analysis of social and environmental vulnerabilities integrated to maps of the physical environment, in order to generate maps of disaster risk areas in the city of Caraguatatuba by means of GIS for two scenarios, 2000 and 2010. The methodological basis is in Cutter (1996) and Mendes et al. (2009). The results showed that disasters related to hydrological (flooding) and geological (landslides) processes occurred in the months of January, February, March, April, October and December and the average monthly precipitation was between 120 and 400mm. The years with the highest numbers of affected were 2005 and 2013 with 109 and 331 affected respectively by hydrological processes (flooding). Disasters related to geological processes (landslides) were registered in the years of 2012, 2013 and 2015 and in the months of January, February, October and December, with a total of 54 people affected. Districts involved in the disasters, considering the social and environmental vulnerabilities of 2010, were: Olaria, Casa Branca, Perequê Mirim, Pegorelli, Travessão and Golfinho - all of those inserted in the very high social and environmental vulnerability class. The districts of Jaraguazinho and Barranco Alto are in the high social and environmental vulnerability class. Districts with very high and high vulnerability are located in areas with precarious urbanization characteristics and occupied by population with an income of up to two minimum wages and incidence of youth population. In the analysis of landslides and flooding risk synthesis maps in the urban area and the Santo Antônio river basin, it can be seen that the high and very high risk areas of landslide disasters coincide with the risk areas in the city. The areas with a history of flood disasters are aligned to the areas of very high, medium and high flood risks, resulting from the multicriteria analysis developed in this research. The study of social and environmental vulnerabilities and risks has led to the identification of vulnerable groups and socio-environmental indicators that contribute to the definition of the vulnerability of people and places to the risks of natural disasters. It can also be concluded that the use of criteria related to the perception of disaster risks, in order to consider the development of mitigation actions and/or disaster response, among the main actors of civil society - the population living in areas of risk, public and civil society representatives - allow the definition of scenarios that are compatible with the reality of the site and that can be used for analysis and future interventions by public authorities in the management and response of disaster risk. Understanding the causes of disasters related to rainfall is a challenge for researchers and public managers, because since the key issues involve physical, social and environmental, which act at different levels of both influence and correlation, making their analysis and search for solutions, a complex task. In addition, as a recommendation for future research, it is intended to develop studies in the context of popular participation in DRR strategies and resilience of the population in a situation of disaster risks. / CNPq: 165490/2014-4

No description available.

O estudo apresentado fundamenta-se no evento extremo ocorrido em março de 1967, na Bacia do Rio Santo Antônio, no Município de Caraguatatuba, Brasil, tendo por objetivo esclarecer os reais impactos do fenômeno de debris flows, ou corridas de detritos, produzido por precipitações intensas. Os riscos intangíveis de vítimas humanas e tangíveis de danos materiais associados a tal evento na região são muito maiores nos dias de hoje, devido ao crescimento demográfico e à implantação de grandes empreendimentos industriais, como os do setor petrolífero, com reduzidos e, muitas vezes inexistentes, sistemas de defesa. Considerando tais fatores, a região necessita de estudos detalhados que possibilitem a elaboração de planos diretores mais eficazes, com objetivas diretrizes para a tomada de decisões, planos de contingência, regulação da distribuição da população, medidas estruturais mitigadoras e remediadoras. Para chegar aos resultados do estudo, foi definido o modelo digital do terreno a partir de análises topográficas, geográficas, hidrográficas e de uso e ocupação do território. A simulação de um evento similar ao ocorrido em 1967 resultou em valiosas informações para a definição de planos de evacuação, diretrizes de zoneamento, critérios de desmobilização, planos diretores para o município e implantação de obras de defesa. / The study here proposed aims to define the real impacts of the debris flows phenomenona, caused by a very intense rainfall, based on the disaster occurred in March of 1967, in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. The risk regarding mainly human casualties and material losses associated to such events in the region is higher nowadays, due to the increasing population rates and the settling of large companies such as oil industry, with reduced defense measures and works. Considering these factors, the region needs more detailed studies that will enable more effective master plans, decision making guidelines, contingency plans, population distribution regulation and structures of mitigation and remediation. In order to achieve these results, it was defined a digital terrain model through analysis of topographic, geographic, hydrographic and soil occupation data. The simulation of a similar extreme event as of 1967\'s on this model will result in valuable information to define evacuation plans, zoning guidelines, demobilization criteria, master plans and structural defenses.

A presente tese aborda a temática da vulnerabilidade da população frente às situações de ameaça e risco. A pesquisa realizou-se junto ao perímetro urbano da cidade de Santa Maria na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. A vulnerabilidade foi avaliada com relação aos fenômenos desencadeados pelas dinâmicas fluvial e de encosta, mais especificamente, movimentos de massa, inundações e erosão de margens. O objetivo principal do trabalho consiste na análise de variáveis determinantes para os graus de vulnerabilidade da população que reside em áreas sob ameaça de desastres naturais. A metodologia resume-se na análise de imagens DigitalGlobe obtidas via Google Earth Pro (2012) para a determinação das áreas urbanas ocupadas e susceptíveis aos fenômenos causadores de desastre junto às encostas e à rede de drenagem; para a obtenção dos graus de vulnerabilidade foi utilizada a base de informações referente aos Setores Censitários (IBGE, 2010): rendimento mensal, taxa de idosos e crianças, taxa de analfabetismo, à esses dados foram acrescidos o número de residências e o padrão urbano construtivo das moradias por área sob ameaça. A correlação das variáveis determinou quatro graus de vulnerabilidade: Grau I (Baixo), Grau II (Médio), Grau III (Alto) e Grau IV (Muito Alto). Verifica-se áreas sob ameaça nos patamares mais elevados das encostas, no entanto, existem situações perigosas em patamares com memores inclinações, devido, principalmente, às alterações realizadas nos taludes para a edificação das moradias. Quanto aos processos de dinâmica fluvial, a ameaça refere-se às inundações e à erosão de margens. A ocupação expandiu-se ao longo das planícies de inundação de inúmeros cursos fluviais ao longo do perímetro urbano, sendo, portanto, praticamente inevitáveis os episódios desta natureza. A erosão das margens fluviais são sentidas quase que exclusivamente pelos moradores que edificaram suas residências junto aos terrenos marginais, com distância aproximada de 5 metros do leito. A população mais vulnerável é aquela que apresenta situação socioeconômica menos favorecida, com idade superior à 65 e inferior à 15 anos de idade, com taxa elevada de analfabetismo e ausência de serviços urbanos básicos. Apesar da existência de leis e projetos relacionados à problemática dos desastres, o gerenciamento das áreas sob ameaça é ineficiente, favorecendo o surgimento de inúmeras situações perigosas. / This paper is about the risk ok the population in some kind of situations. The research was conduct in the urban perimeter of Santa Maria town, central part of Rio Grande do Sul state. The topic was the analysis of the vulnerability caused by the mass movements and floods in the river and also the deterioration on the banks. The main objective is the analyses of the level of risk areas of natural disasters that population face. To active this objective the study uses Google Earth Pro (2012) Digital Globes pictures to see where was the urban areas near at river banks with higher risk of disasters. To obtain the risk levels was used some parts of Census (IBGE 2010) more specific the how much money the families makes in one mouth also the number of young's and elderly and also the number and material used in construction of houses. Was stabilized four levels of risk in crescent order we have level one (Low risk), level two (Medium risk), level three (High risk) and level four (Very High Risk). Was possible the discover some areas in the higher level of risk in more elevate terrains and also some danger places in lower fields however the highest risk is in areas more flats but changed by manmade activities in special house constructions. The main danger caused by river stream is the floods and erosion of banks. The population occupied flat terrains near the rivers that were naturally flooded and because that is almost impossible to avoid this kind of disaster. The erosion on bank happens in land where houses was built near of 5 meters of rivers. The populations in higher danger is the more lower financial classes with ages up to 65 years and under 15 and high rates of analphabets and no basic state services. Even with laws and projects to prevent disasters situations the management of risk areas is inefficient and cooperate to more possible disasters.

This thesis is an exploration into the lives of street-connected young people living in disaster prone communities in the Caribbean country of Jamaica. Street-connected young people’s lives have been well documented over the past few decades in relation to their immediate spaces, activities and more recently, relationships. Street-connected young people have been found to be part of wider social structures in society which have bearing on how they prepare for, react to, negotiate and overcome challenges that they are faced with, both at the local level and on a much larger scale, including adverse events like ‘natural’ disasters. While this study appreciates the progression of the literature on this once overlooked social group, it suggests that there is still a gap in the literature in respect to how street-connected young people’s relationality is understood and explored. Jamaican street-connected young people’s relationality is complex and formed of context-specific networks and relationships. These not only include close knit relationships with family and friends but also wider community relationships with neighbours and extended family and relationships with people out with the community in other parts of Jamaica and abroad. The wider political, social and economic structures in place nationally which street-connected young people are embroiled are additionally considered, particularly in how it influences the coping mechanisms of street-connected young people. This thesis draws on street-connected young people’s relationality to examine how it shapes their resilience and to what extent their positon within this wider web of relationships in Jamaica is crucial to how they prepare and manage the hurricanes and flooding taking place there. Extant studies on young people’s resilience have begun to appreciate the role of the social context and relational networks in enhancing or reducing their resilience, looking beyond traditional studies focusing on an individual’s traits or personal attribute. In this research I have expanded upon the concept of relational resilience to look at how it manifests itself in the lives of street-connected young people, an area currently understudied. A participatory ethnography approach has been adopted in the methodology, using a range of participatory methods to develop a comprehensive and holistic understanding of life for street-connected young people, with the view to establishing their situation in disaster events, how they demonstrate resilience when faced with adversity and how best to tailor national disaster risk management and reduction strategies to suit them and their communities’ needs. By using methods which encourage participation among everyone, a space of collaboration and knowledge exchange can be generated to gain the most informed responses and outcomes.

Destructive events such as natural disasters and terrorist attacks occur not only in developing economies but also developed economies. Consequently, the response of these economies has been observed in case of both type of events. This dissertation is a collection of essays regarding natural disasters, terrorist attacks and the macroeconomy. Specifically, I examine the response of local labor markets that reflect a wide spectrum of economies, but also have a safety-net in the form of being part of a developed country in the aftermath of a violent tornado. Further, I explore the heterogeneity in the economies response to natural disasters and terrorist attacks. Additionally, I investigate the effects of terrorism on growth and its disaggregated value added components. The first chapter focuses on the effects of tornadoes on local labor markets. I examine the change in local labor markets caused by extreme tornadoes that occur in counties of the contiguous United States. I also investigate the effect these tornadoes have on neighboring counties and evaluate the labor market response in urban and rural counties separately as well. Using a generalized difference-in-difference approach on quarterly data spanning from 1975 to 2016, I find that counties experience persistently higher wages per worker two years following a violent tornado. The effects on urban county can be observed on employment, while the effect in the rural county is observed on wages per worker. Further, evaluating the response of labor markets by sectors reveals the industrial sectors that experience increased labor market activity. The second chapter evaluates the long-run effects of natural disasters and terrorist attacks on growth and the channels through which they affect growth. Using the conceptual framework of a Solow-Swan model I examine an unbalanced annual panel of 125 countries spanning from 1970 to 2015 and find that domestic terrorist attacks, floods, and storms have a similar negative effect on growth, while transnational terrorist attacks and earthquakes have no significant effect on growth. Examining the channels through which they affect growth brings to the forefront the differences between these different types of events. I find that domestic terrorist attacks lead to increased military expenditures in their wake, while floods lead to increased non-military expenditures in their aftermath. Reviewing the data by developed and emerging economies reveals that developed economies are better able to absorb the shock of terrorist attacks as well as natural disasters. I find that although emerging economies are able to absorb the shock of transnational and domestic terrorist attacks, they experience some adverse effects from floods and storms. The third chapter examines the path of GDP growth and its disaggregated industrial, service, and agricultural sector value added components in the aftermath of two types of terrorism - transnational and domestic terrorism. Using a panel VAR model on cross country annual data from 1970 to 2015 I find that fatalities caused by neither domestic nor transnational terrorist attacks lead to a significant change in GDP growth. Examining the disaggregated industrial, service, and agricultural sector components of GDP growth reveals that even disaggregated the value added components of GDP growth experience no adverse effects from the deaths caused by transnational and domestic terrorist attacks. I also distinguish the emerging economies from the entire sample to find that GDP growth in emerging economies experience no significant effects due to the casualties of transnational and domestic terrorist attacks.