Esta dissertação estuda os estereótipos sobre o negro na sociedade brasileira e, investiga, em especial, o investimento ideológico marcado no léxico para produção e reprodução de discriminação racial. Acreditamos que o conceito de estereótipo seja chave para entendermos as complexas relações raciais no Brasil e o controle social exercido sobre o negro na sociedade brasileira por meio do discurso. O escopo teórico para desenvolvimento desta pesquisa é baseado na teoria da Análise Crítica do Discurso, especialmente, nas contribuições teóricometodológicas de van Dijk (2008) e Norman Fairclough (1989). Recorremos aos estudos de Fernandes (2007), Bhabha (2005), Bauman (2001), entre outros, para explorarmos esta temática e estabelecermos relações entre discurso, escolhas lexicais e estereótipos. Para tanto, foram selecionados Boletins de Ocorrência Policial da Decradi/SP (Delegacia de Crimes Raciais e Delitos de Intolerância de São Paulo) e Depate/DF (Departamento de Atividades Especiais da Polícia Civil do Distrito Federal) sobre preconceito e discriminação racial em São Paulo, SP, e no Distrito Federal, DF, no período de 2000 a 2009. Este corpus permitiu reconhecer questões referentes ao preconceito, a partir de pistas lingüístico-discursivas utilizadas nos discursos dos acusados de racismo. / This dissertation studies the stereotypes on the Negro in the Brazilian society and researches, with special emphasis, the ideological investment registered in the lexicon for the production and reproduction of racial discrimination. We consider the concept of stereotype as a key element for understanding the complex racial relations in Brazil and the social control by the speech over the Negro in the Brazilian society. The theoretical guideline for the realization of this research is based on the theory of Critical Analysis of the Speech, specially the theoretic and methodological contributions of Van Dijk (2008) and Norman Fairclough (1989). We turn to the studies of Fernandes (2007), Bhabha (2005), Bauman (2001), among others in order to explore this thematic and to establish relations among speech, lexical choices and stereotypes. For such purposes, we selected Police Reports of Decradi/SP (Police Office against Racial Crimes and Intolerance Faults of Sao Paulo) and Depate/DF (Department of Special Activities of the Civilian Police of the Federal District) over prejudice and racial discrimination in Sao Paulo/SP, and in the Federal District/DF, in the period of 2000 until 2009. This corpus allowed the recognition of issues related to prejudice provided by the linguistic and discursive clues used in the speech by those accused of racism.

L'analyse à laquelle nous nous livrerons porte sur les fondements de l'attribution des moyens destinés à la politique de discrimination positive en matière d'enseignement en Communauté française de Belgique. Nous tenterons de répondre à une question principale, que nous pourrions formuler de la manière suivante : Partant du principe qu'il convient d'augmenter les moyens éducatifs destinés aux élèves les plus défavorisés de manière à leur assurer des chances égales d'émancipation sociale, la solution adoptée en Communauté française de Belgique, dans le cadre du décret du 30 juin 1998, pour identifier les établissements scolaires à aider a-t-elle des chances d'atteindre l'objectif visé ?<br />Le point central sera l'analyse de la méthode qui permet d'attribuer ou non ces moyens supplémentaires aux établissements scolaires ou à certaines de leurs implantations, et des mécanismes mis en œuvre pour réaliser cette identification. Ceci nous conduira à considérer successivement deux facettes du problème :<br />1) la validité interne, à savoir « les établissements identifiés sont-ils bien ceux qui accueillent les élèves les plus défavorisés »;<br />2) la validité externe, que l'on pourrait résumer par la question : « Ces élèves ont-ils bien des chances plus faibles que les autres de s'émanciper socialement ? »

Cette recherche explore les pratiques professionnelles confrontées à l'altérité dans le champ sanitaire, quand le public et l'offre de soins sont perçus comme mutuellement inadaptés. Elle a procédé par entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de 96 professionnels intervenant à différents niveaux de l'accès aux soins en Guyane. <br />Sont successivement analysées les catégorisations identitaires que les professionnels formulent à l'égard de leurs publics, de leurs partenaires professionnels et de l'Etat central, pour interpréter les difficultés d'accès aux soins dont ils sont les témoins ; les pratiques spécifiques qu'ils mettent en œuvre à l'égard de leurs publics ainsi catégorisés ; et enfin la façon dont l'appartenance ethnique du locuteur (créole/métropolitain) mais aussi d'autres variables, notamment d'ordre professionnel, modulent ces catégorisations et ces pratiques.

Esta dissertação estuda os estereótipos sobre o negro na sociedade brasileira e, investiga, em especial, o investimento ideológico marcado no léxico para produção e reprodução de discriminação racial. Acreditamos que o conceito de estereótipo seja chave para entendermos as complexas relações raciais no Brasil e o controle social exercido sobre o negro na sociedade brasileira por meio do discurso. O escopo teórico para desenvolvimento desta pesquisa é baseado na teoria da Análise Crítica do Discurso, especialmente, nas contribuições teóricometodológicas de van Dijk (2008) e Norman Fairclough (1989). Recorremos aos estudos de Fernandes (2007), Bhabha (2005), Bauman (2001), entre outros, para explorarmos esta temática e estabelecermos relações entre discurso, escolhas lexicais e estereótipos. Para tanto, foram selecionados Boletins de Ocorrência Policial da Decradi/SP (Delegacia de Crimes Raciais e Delitos de Intolerância de São Paulo) e Depate/DF (Departamento de Atividades Especiais da Polícia Civil do Distrito Federal) sobre preconceito e discriminação racial em São Paulo, SP, e no Distrito Federal, DF, no período de 2000 a 2009. Este corpus permitiu reconhecer questões referentes ao preconceito, a partir de pistas lingüístico-discursivas utilizadas nos discursos dos acusados de racismo. / This dissertation studies the stereotypes on the Negro in the Brazilian society and researches, with special emphasis, the ideological investment registered in the lexicon for the production and reproduction of racial discrimination. We consider the concept of stereotype as a key element for understanding the complex racial relations in Brazil and the social control by the speech over the Negro in the Brazilian society. The theoretical guideline for the realization of this research is based on the theory of Critical Analysis of the Speech, specially the theoretic and methodological contributions of Van Dijk (2008) and Norman Fairclough (1989). We turn to the studies of Fernandes (2007), Bhabha (2005), Bauman (2001), among others in order to explore this thematic and to establish relations among speech, lexical choices and stereotypes. For such purposes, we selected Police Reports of Decradi/SP (Police Office against Racial Crimes and Intolerance Faults of Sao Paulo) and Depate/DF (Department of Special Activities of the Civilian Police of the Federal District) over prejudice and racial discrimination in Sao Paulo/SP, and in the Federal District/DF, in the period of 2000 until 2009. This corpus allowed the recognition of issues related to prejudice provided by the linguistic and discursive clues used in the speech by those accused of racism.

Ce travail de thèse propose de s’intéresser aux insertions professionnelles et inscriptions économiques d’hommes et femmes originaires des pays du Maghreb et d’Afrique subsaharienne dans le travail intérimaire. L’accent sera porté dans un premier temps, sur la construction et l’expression de discriminations, révélatrices de formes de racisme plus ou moins fortes, plus ou moins directes, plus ou moins visibles, plus ou moins différenciées selon le genre, dans les cadres de l’intérim. L’analyse des processus identifiés nous amènera à parler d’un phénomène de démultiplication des cadres et de décentralisation des discriminations dans le travail intérimaire. Dans un second temps, nous nous intéresserons au racisme en tant qu’épreuve et nous soulignerons par quels mécanismes il se manifeste envers les salariés intérimaires, et comment ces derniers parviennent à gérer ou non des situations de mépris et de violence dans le travail. Nous verrons que tout autant que l’expression du racisme, les stratégies individuelles et collectives mises en exergue, participent à la réversibilité dans les carrières intérimaires, qu’elle se traduise par des résistances face à la stigmatisation ou par un renforcement et un durcissement des mécanismes de discrimination et d’exclusion. Mais d’autres stratégies individuelles et collectives peuvent se mettre en place face au racisme et aux discriminations, notamment celle consistant à se taire, à jeter un voile sur les violences, les situations de mépris, les insultes et autres humiliations. Etre victime de racisme consiste alors à « garder la face », à conserver un secret, sachant que ces stratégies peuvent aboutir à des bouleversements identitaires, voire, à la gestion « d’identités indicibles ». Les discriminations et les formes de racisme qui se construisent et s’expriment dans les cadres de l’intérim étant le plus souvent masquées, se présentant voilées, se glissant dans les plis des interactions, se cachant dans la répartition des tâches professionnelles ou l’attribution du sale boulot ; et les victimes se taisant ou n’étant pas reconnues comme telles, on parlera alors de discrimination silencieuse dans le travail intérimaire. / The aim of this thesis is to focus on the employment and economic integration of people originating from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa countries in temporary work. Firstly, emphasis will be put on the construction and expression of discrimination, revealing different types of racism that can be more or less strong, more or less direct, more or less obvious, more or less differentiated according to gender. The analysis of the identified process will lead us to mention the phenomenon of proliferation of frameworks and decentralization of discrimination in temporary work. Secondly, we‘ll consider racism as a test, and we’ll underline the mechanisms by which it occurs to temporary workers, and how they face contempt and violence in the workplace. We’ll see that as much as expression of racism, individual and collective strategies highlighted participate to reversibility in the temporary careers. This reversibility can express itself either by resistance against stigmatization or by strengthening and hardening of discrimination and exclusion mechanisms. But other individual and collective strategies can arise against racism and discrimination, in particular remaining silent, putting a veil over violence, contempt situations, insults and other humiliations. Then being a victim of racism consists in "saving face", keeping a secret, knowing that such strategies may end up in identity changes or even in "untold identities." Discrimination and racism that arise and exist in the framework of the temporary work is often hidden, veiled, slipping into the folds of interactions, hiding in the distribution of work tasks or in being given the dirty work; along with victims remaining silent or not even recognized as such, then we speak of silent discrimination in the temporary work.

La discrimination lors de l'insertion professionnelle contribue à marquer des frontières entre les individus nourrissant par là-même les ruptures inter-communautaires en société. Ici, elle est envisagée dans une perspective sociolangagière permettant d'appréhender les liens entre discours et conflits sociaux. Par le réinvestissement de plusieurs méthodologies (observation participante, observation directe, locuteur masqué, questionnaire d'évaluation et entretien semi-directif), la recherche est posée comme permettant de travailler conjointement à : – une réflexion théorique sur l'intégration des pratiques sociolangagières comme potentiels critères de discrimination pour observer comment certains accents peuvent être perçus plus légitimes à certains emplois professionnels et comment ces ressentis peuvent être transposés à l'égard des communautés dont ces parlers apparaissent représentatifs et, – une réflexion méthodologique sur le discours comme vecteur de discriminations où il s'agit de travailler à la création d'un nouvel instrument pour aider la lutte contre ces ségrégations injustifiées, ce par repérage d'indices langagiers récurrents comme preuve(s) d'attitudes discriminatoires / Discrimination at the time of professional insertion contributes to establish boundaries between individuals thus fueling cross-communities divisions in society. Discrimination is considered here within a sociolingual perspective allowing to grasp the links between discourses and social conflicts. Using several methodologies – participative observation, direct observation, concealed speaker, assessment questionnaire and semi-directive interview – the research is assumed as a possibility to work simultaneously on: – a theoretical reflection on the integration of sociolingual practices as potential criterias of discrimination to observe how certain accents may be perceived as more legitimate for certain professional positions and how these sentiments may be replicated to the communities apparently represented by those speeches and, – a methodological reflection on discourse as a vector of discrimination where it is about working on the creation of a new instrument to help fighting those unjustified segregations by spotting recurrent language indices as evidence(s) of discriminatory attitudes

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of classroom translations of some laboratory procedures for teaching simple auditory discriminations to learners with developmental disabilities. Three participants with autism and mental retardation were trained to make topographically distinct responses in the presence of two different stimuli, either a pure tone and silence, or two tones. A portable electronic piano keyboard was used to produce tones. Delayed prompt and differential reinforcement procedures were used to teach the responses. None of the participants performed the discriminations accurately without prompting despite numerous revisions to the procedures.

Dans le premier chapitre je montre que lorsque les minorités travaillent avec des managers plus biaisés contre leur type, leurs performances sont nettement moins bonnes, et ce sur une série d'indicateurs de performance. En revanche ils sont plus productifs quand ils travail avec des managers non-biaisés. C’est un fait empirique qui révèle une prophétie auto-réalisatrice selon laquelle les managers biaisés rendent les minorités moins productives et cela génère une discrimination statistique dans la politique d'embauche de l'entreprise. Le deuxième chapitre j’explore comment changer la valeur d'un poste vacant en offrant des services de recrutement gratuits aux entreprises a une incidence sur son offre d’emploi. En offrant des services gratuits de recrutement cela augmente fortement le nombre d’offres d'emploi postées sur Pôle emploi et génère une augmentation de création d’emploi en CDI. Ceci suggère que les politiques actives du marché du travail visant le processus de recrutement des entreprises peuvent avoir une valeur ajoutée substantielle sur le marché du travail. Dans le dernier chapitre, il est monté que les attentats de Charlie Hebdo ont provoqué une nette réduction aux efforts de recherche d'emploi des minorités par rapport à ceux issus de la majorité. Les employeurs réduisent également leurs efforts de recherche pour les minorités, mais seulement pour les CDI. Cette baisse est partiellement compensée par une augmentation des démarches des conseillers Pôle emploi après le choc, mais seulement dans les régions où la discrimination latente, mesurée grâce à la part des votes locaux pour le Front national, est relativement faible. / In the first chapter I study how the job performance of minorities changes depending on whether they work with managers who are more or less biased against their type. I show that when minorities work with more biased managers they perform significantly worse compared to majority workers on a range of performance indicators. Yet minority performance is higher when working with non-biased managers. We argue that this is evidence of a self-fulfilling prophecy whereby biased managers make minorities less productive and this generates statistical discrimination in the firm’s hiring policy. The second chapter explores how shocking the value of a vacancy through offering free recruiting services to firms affects their demand for labor. Offering free recruitment services leads to large increases in vacancy postings. Furthermore, this translates into significant increases in hires in permanent contracts. These results suggest that active labor market policies directed at generating firm labor demand may have substantial added value in the labor market. In the final chapter it is shown that the the Charlie Hebdo attacks significantly reduced Muslim minority job search effort. Frims also reduced their search for minority candidates, but only for the permanent contracts. This drop is partially offset by an increase in counselor matching effort made for minorities after the shock, but only in areas with low latent levels of discrimination, as measured by the local vote share for the Front National.

Sidman's (2000) theory of stimulus equivalence predicts an interaction between the development of analytic units and the development of equivalence relations. Previous research has documented these interactions (stewart, Barnes-Holmes, Roche, & Smeets, 2002; Vaidya & Brackney, 2014), therefore the current study attempted to replicate the effects seen in Vaidya & Brackney, 2014 (Experiment 2). Baseline conditional discriminations were trained for two sets of three, three-member classes, while participants simply observed stimuli in the third set which was arranged identical to those of Sets 1 and 2. Following equivalence tests where performance met the accuracy criterion of 85% for Sets 1 and 2, participants then entered a simple successive discrimination training phase where common responses were then trained with an equivalence class (pressing the Q key in the presence of A1, B1, or C1), cross equivalence classes (pressing the R key in the presence of A4, A5, or A6), or for stimuli where the participants had experience with them, but the contingencies were never arranged to facilitate equivalence class formation. Results showed a facilitative effect for common responses drawn from within equivalence classes (Set 1), and a retardation effect for common responses drawn from across equivalence classes (Set 2), for three of the five participants. Results for Set 3 showed an acquisition that fell intermediate to that of Sets 1 and 2, respectively, suggesting an interaction occurring between existing equivalence relations and the development of analytic units.

An important question in teaching language is, what accounts for the emergence of either receptive or expressive labels when teaching only one of them? The teaching procedures in the present study were intended to reproduce the natural development of bidirectional naming in which caregivers comment on the items a child is interacting with and children echo those vocalizations they hear. Thus, the only vocalizations presented by the researcher during teaching occurred after the learner pointed to a specific stimulus, and were specific to the stimulus being targeted. These vocalizations are referred to in this study as stimulus-specific consequences. The purpose of this research was to investigate if the stimulus-specific consequences could become discriminative stimuli for receptive labels, and lead to the emergence of expressive labels. Three studies were conducted, each with four adults. Results demonstrated that using a stimulus-specific consequence during teaching led to receptive labels for all participants, but led to the emergence of expressive labels for only four participants. In other words, bidirectional naming did not occur for the majority of participants. Factors that may improve interrelations between receptive and expressive labels were analyzed, but further evaluations are needed to account for the inconsistent demonstrations of naming.