O aumento do consumo no Brasil aparte com problemas de abastecimento de energia elétrica na década de 90, durante um período de más condições hidrológicas causou uma preocupação e instou uma pesquisa sobre as formas de redução do consumo. A qualidade de energia não era uma prioridade, cargas não eram tão sensíveis, nem os processos existentes exigiam tanto na qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica. A preocupação sobre a qualidade do abastecimento de energia aumentou, principalmente no setor industrial, com o aumento da concorrência nos mercados nacionais e no exterior. A qualidade e a quantidade da produção tornaram-se um item para distinguir o lucro. Desta forma, a qualidade do fornecimento de energia e a continuidade das linhas de produção tornaram-se mais importante. Este trabalho pretende mostrar resultados de um estudo experimental sobre lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas com reator integrado, e algumas conseqüências da sua utilização generalizada. / The increase of the consumption in Brazil aside with problems of supply of electrical energy in the decade of 90, during a period of bad hydrological conditions caused a concern and urged a search for ways of reduction of the consumption. The quality of power was not a priority, loads were not so sensitive nor the existing processes demanded as much as quality of the supply of electric energy. The concern on quality of energy supply increased, mainly in the industrial sector, with the increase of the competition in the domestic markets and overseas. The quality and the amount of production became a distinguished item for the profit. In this way, the quality of energy supply and the continuity of the production lines became more important. This work aims to show results of an experimental survey about compact fluorescent light bulbs with integrated reactor, and some consequences of its generalized use.

O aumento do consumo no Brasil aparte com problemas de abastecimento de energia elétrica na década de 90, durante um período de más condições hidrológicas causou uma preocupação e instou uma pesquisa sobre as formas de redução do consumo. A qualidade de energia não era uma prioridade, cargas não eram tão sensíveis, nem os processos existentes exigiam tanto na qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica. A preocupação sobre a qualidade do abastecimento de energia aumentou, principalmente no setor industrial, com o aumento da concorrência nos mercados nacionais e no exterior. A qualidade e a quantidade da produção tornaram-se um item para distinguir o lucro. Desta forma, a qualidade do fornecimento de energia e a continuidade das linhas de produção tornaram-se mais importante. Este trabalho pretende mostrar resultados de um estudo experimental sobre lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas com reator integrado, e algumas conseqüências da sua utilização generalizada. / The increase of the consumption in Brazil aside with problems of supply of electrical energy in the decade of 90, during a period of bad hydrological conditions caused a concern and urged a search for ways of reduction of the consumption. The quality of power was not a priority, loads were not so sensitive nor the existing processes demanded as much as quality of the supply of electric energy. The concern on quality of energy supply increased, mainly in the industrial sector, with the increase of the competition in the domestic markets and overseas. The quality and the amount of production became a distinguished item for the profit. In this way, the quality of energy supply and the continuity of the production lines became more important. This work aims to show results of an experimental survey about compact fluorescent light bulbs with integrated reactor, and some consequences of its generalized use.

La vision illusoire de soi positive (surestimation de soi) semble inhérente à la cognition humaine et fluctue dans son intensité en fonction de l’âge et du degré d’abstraction du concept évalué. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux illusions positives, mais aussi négatives, des perceptions que les enfants âgés de 8 à 11 ans ont vis-à-vis de leur compétence scolaire. Ces illusions sont mesurées à partir de l’écart entre les performances scolaires effectives des élèves d’une part et la perception qu’ils ont de leur compétence scolaire d’autre part. Le biais d’auto-évaluation de compétence scolaire, locution utilisée pour faire référence à cet écart positif ou négatif, a été étudié jusqu’alors en considérant les habiletés générales des élèves à l’école (voir Bouffard, Pansu & Boissicat, 2013). Dans cette thèse, le biais est abordé au niveau de matières spécifiques : le français et les mathématiques. L’objectif général est d’appréhender les liens entre les auto-évaluations biaisées de compétence, l’adaptation et la réussite scolaire des élèves dans ces deux disciplines. A un niveau individuel, un suivi longitudinal d’élèves de primaire (N = 677) sur trois années a permis dans une première étude de définir quatre trajectoires développementales du biais d’auto-évaluation : trois trajectoires assez stables, une positive, une modérée, une négative, ainsi qu’une quatrième évoluant d’un biais très négatif à un biais relativement modéré. Après avoir examiné les liens entre ces trajectoires et un ensemble de mesures liées à l’adaptation scolaire de l’élève, nous avons appréhendé dans une seconde étude l’autorégulation et la performance scolaire des élèves en fonction de leur auto-évaluation biaisée. La mise en lumière des liens entre le biais d’auto-évaluation, l’adaptation et le fonctionnement des élèves a permis de rendre compte du caractère plus ou moins délétère du biais selon qu’il soit positif ou négatif. A un niveau interindividuel, une troisième étude a porté sur le lien entre le biais d’auto-évaluation de compétence des élèves et le jugement de leur enseignant. Enfin, une dernière étude a examiné la capacité des enseignants à repérer les auto-évaluations biaisées chez leurs élèves. Si les enseignants jugent mieux les élèves surestimant leur compétence, les résultats de la dernière étude laissent à penser que ce processus est inconscient. / The illusive positive view of the self (overestimation of the self) seems inherent to human cognition. This illusion fluctuates in its intensity according to the age and degree of abstraction of the concept evaluated. In this thesis, we are interested in the positive or negative illusions of self-perceptions among elementary school student aged from 8 to 11. We put the focus in this thesis on the difference between a student's academic skills, measured by standardized tests, and the student’s self-evaluation of his competence. The self-evaluation bias of school competency refer to this gap studied so far by considering the general abilities of the students (see Bouffard, Pansu & Boissicat, 2013). In this thesis, the bias is approached in specific domains: in French and in mathematics. The overall goal is to understand the links between biased self-assessments of competency, student adjustments and academic achievements in these two disciplines. At an individual level, a three-year longitudinal follow-up study of third elementary grade to fifth grade students (N = 677) allowed to define four developmental trajectories of the self-evaluation bias: three fairly stable trajectories, one positive, one neutral, one negative, and the last trajectory evolving from a very negative bias to a positive one. We examined then the links between these trajectories and scholastic adjustment measures. Considering these results, in a second study we examined the self-regulation and academic performance of students according to their biased self-evaluation. The highlight of links between self-evaluation bias and students’ adjustment were relevant to account for detrimental or beneficial nature of the bias, according to its valence. At an inter-individual level, we were interested in a third study on the link between student self-assessment bias and the judgment of their teacher. At last, in a final study, we assessed the ability of teachers to identify self-biased evaluation in their students. In the case of teachers appraising students who overestimate their competence, the results of the last study conducted on this students two years later suggest that this process is unconscious.

Personality disorders have traditionally been considered refractory to psychological interventions. Two of the most common, and potentially harmful personality disorders are antisocial personality disorder / psychopathy, and narcissism. Although a great deal of conceptual overlap exists between psychopathy and narcissism, the empirical study of these constructs has proceeded largely independently of one another. Further complicating the discrimination of these constructs is the identification of the bi-factorial nature of psychopathy - conceptualised as primary and secondary psychopathy - as well as the identification of two distinct forms of narcissism, overt and covert. The recent resurgence of interest in the sub-clinical manifestations of these two constructs has led to the development of a number of easily administered instruments to measure each of the psychopathy and narcissism constructs, as dimensional traits, within normal populations. This has provided empirically validated and reliable instruments to further explicate these two overlapping constructs. The first of the two studies reported sought to discriminate between psychopathy and narcissism through the recharacterisation of these constructs in terms of the early maladaptive schemas outlined in Young’s early maladaptive schema theory (Young, 1999). Two hundred and ninety one participants completed questionnaires measuring primary and secondary psychopathy, overt and covert narcissism, and early maladaptive schemas. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that psychopathy and narcissism are discriminable in cognitive-interpersonal terms, as operationalised by early maladaptive schemas. Findings also call into question the earlier observed hierarchical structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire. The current analysis identified a two-factor structure to the schema questionnaire, rather than the previously stated 5-factors. Having demonstrated the usefulness of understanding psychopathy and narcissism in cognitive-interpersonal terms, the second study sought to further clarify the association between psychopathy and narcissism through the reconceptualisation of these constructs in cognitive terms, through the identification of the cognitive distortions operative in each disorder. One hundred and thirty two participants completed a cognitive distortions questionnaire developed by the author, along with the same measures of primary and secondary psychopathy, and overt and covert narcissism, as those administered in study 1. Findings were interpreted as providing support for the notion of psychopathy representing a sub-category of narcissism. Findings also provide further supportive evidence for the validity of the primary / secondary psychopathy, and overt / covert narcissism distinctions. The further clarification of the factor structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the replication of the reliability and construct validity of the measure of cognitive distortions developed for this research are highlighted as areas for future research.

La modélisation par éléments finis des conducteurs en mouvement nécessite généralement des calculs successifs et le remalliage de certaines régions. Une modélisation 3D de géométries complexes par les techniques classiques nécessite dès lors de gros efforts en terme de temps de calcul. Dans cette thèse, une méthode originale basée sur une approche par sous-problèmes, appelée méthode de perturbation, a été développée. Utilisant la méthode des éléments finis, cette technique consiste à subdiviser un problème entier en sous-problèmes. La complexité du problème initial est par conséquent diminuée en ne se concentrant que sur les zones les plus pertinentes. Appliquée aux systèmes en mouvement, la méthode de perturbation permet d'exploiter les résolutions antérieures au lieu d'effectuer un nouveau calcul pour chaque position. L'analyse par la méthode de perturbation des microsystèmes électromécaniques (MEMS) électrostatiques comprenant des parties en déplacement ou en déformation est en outre considérée dans ce travail. Il est notamment question de démontrer l'implication naturelle de cette approche pour des simulations plus efficaces et plus précises des MEMS électrostatiques.

Resolver, due to its reliability and durability, has been used for the aim of shaft position sensing of military rotary systems such as tank turrets and gun stabilization platforms for decades. Ready-to-use resolver-to-digital converter integrated circuits which convert the resolver signals into position and speed measurements are utilized in servo systems most commonly. However, the ready-to-use integrated circuits increase the dependency of the servo system to hardware components which in turn decrease the efficiency and flexibility of the servo system for changing system structures such as for changing resolver carrier frequency or changing position and speed sensors. The proposed solution to increase the efficiency and flexibility of the servo system is a software-based resolver-to-digital converter which does not require aforesaid special hardware components and presents a complete software-based solution for the conversion. The proposed software-based resolver-to-digital converter makes use of common programmable hardware v components, that is, FPGA and DSP which form the heart of the servo controller technology in recent years. The proposed structure for the conversion has three components. The first component is the signal conditioner which minimizes the disturbances coming from the resolver signals as harmonic distortions and noise. The second component, the phase-sensitive demodulator, as the name implies, is responsible for phase-sensitive demodulation of resolver signals. The third component is the estimator filter. In order to determine the optimal estimator filter, five different estimator filters with the aforesaid two components are implemented in ASELSAN&rsquo / s stabilized gun system STAMP and they are compared in terms of both estimation performance and computational complexity. The implemented filters include nonlinear observer type filter which is already proposed in the literature for resolver conversion, tracking differentiator adapted to resolver conversion and kalman filters adapted to resolver conversion in different forms such as linear kalman filter, extended kalman filter and unscented kalman filter. At the end of the study, stability and sensitivity analyses are also performed for the proposed system.

Les théories implicites (TIs) sont des croyances sous-jacentes et interconnectées qui influencent les pensées conscientes et le comportement (Ward, 2000). Elles ont été étudiées chez les délinquants et les délinquantes sexuels, ainsi que chez les délinquants violents, mais pas chez les délinquantes violentes. La recherche montre que les cognitions des délinquants violents peuvent être organisées en quatre TIs: 1) Battre ou être battu, 2) Je suis la loi, 3) La violence est normale, et 4) Je perds le contrôle (Polaschek, Calvert & Gannon , 2008). L’objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer quelles sont les TIs des délinquantes violentes afin de mieux comprendre leur comportement. Des entrevues semi structurées ont été menées avec 21 femmes violentes incarcérées. Dans l'analyse, les cognitions des participantes ont été extraites en utilisant l’analyse du discours (Angers, 2005). Ces cognitions ont ensuite été plus profondément analysées pour en ressortir les TIs en suivant la méthode de la théorisation ancrée (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Les résultats suggèrent qu’il existe six théories implicites liées au comportement violent des femmes. Deux d'entre elles sont neutres, car aussi retrouvées chez les hommes: 1) la violence est normale et 2) je perds le contrôle. Les quatre autres sont sexo-spécifiques: 3) ceux qui agissent injustement méritent d'être battus, 4) j'ai besoin de me protéger et protéger les autres, 5) je ne suis pas violente, et 6) ma vie est trop difficile. En outre, les résultats suggèrent qu'il existe deux groupes distincts d’agresseures en ce qui concerne les cognitions: les « antisociales » et les « classiques ». Les implications et explications théoriques de nos résultats seront discutées. / Implicit theories are defined as underlying and interconnected beliefs that influence conscious thoughts and their related behaviors (Ward, 2000). Implicit theories have been investigated in male and female sexual offenders and male violent offenders, but never in female violent offenders. Research shows that male violent offenders’ cognitions can be organized into four implicit theories: 1) Beat or be beaten; 2) I am the law; 3) Violence is normal; and 4) I get out of control (Polaschek, Calvert & Gannon, 2008). The aim of this study was to examine the implicit theories of violent female offenders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 convicted violent women. In the analysis, participants’ cognitions were extracted using the discourse thematic analysis method (Angers, 2005). These cognitions were then thematically organized into implicit theories using the Grounded Theory method (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Results show that women hold six categories of implicit theories. To of them are neutral, because there were also found in the male offender’s study: 1) Violence is normal and 2) I get out of control. The four other are gender-specific: 3) Those who act unfairly deserve to be beaten, 4) I need to protect myself and others, 5) I am not a violent person, and 6) Life is too hard on me. In addition, results suggest that there are two distinct groups of female offenders that differ in their cognitions: the “antisocial offenders” and the “classic offenders”. Implications and theoretical explanations of are results are discussed.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The quality of the electric energy emerges as an area of great interest to both consumers and supply authorities. Searching half the subject prescribed, it is recognized, in the present time, the national and international existence of recommendations, norms and criteria directed toward the orientation of the boundary-values or reference for the diverse pointers that characterize the desired standard of quality. Inside of this context, if a measured harmonic voltage distortion exceeds that which is permitted, mitigation procedures must be promptly considered. These procedures can cause great conflict between the supplier and the consumer due to a lack of consensus on who is the mainly responsible for the harmonic distortions. The objective of this study is to establish a just procedure for sharing the responsibility for actual harmonic voltage distortion at a given point of common coupling between the supplier and the consumer. The methodology is based on the analysis of measured voltage and current signals at the PCC and on information related to the harmonic impedances involved in the process. Both the supply and the load impedances are considered and an approach for coupling with consumer representation is presented. The method is applied to a laboratory arrangement which uses a programmable voltage source in combination with a load comprising linear and nonlinear components. The results highlight the consistence of the proposal when identifying the individual contribution of the supplier and the consumer. By finding the supply and load harmonic contributions it is possible to achieve fairer cost sharing when mitigation procedures are needed to reduce voltage distortion to admissible legislation limits. / A qualidade da energia elétrica se apresenta como uma área de grande interesse para os consumidores e concessionárias de energia. Buscando meios para regulamentar o assunto, reconhece-se, na atualidade, a existência de recomendações, normas e critérios nacionais e internacionais voltados para a orientação dos valores limites ou de referência para os diversos indicadores que caracterizam o padrão de qualidade desejado. Dentro deste contexto, as distorções harmônicas nos sinais de tensão e corrente surgem como uma das questões mais preocupantes. Almejando, pois a preservação da qualidade do suprimento no que tange às distorções harmônicas, assim como para os demais itens de definição da qualidade, faz-se, muitas vezes necessário, a utilização de técnicas para a identificação da responsabilidade entre supridores e consumidores quanto à presença de distorções harmônicas de tensão junto aos pontos de acoplamento comum das redes de suprimento. Focando este tema, esta tese encontra-se direcionada ao estabelecimento e avaliação de desempenho de um procedimento sistematizado para o compartilhamento das responsabilidades entre supridores e consumidores, quanto à presença de distorções harmônicas de tensão junto aos pontos de acoplamento comum entre as partes. A metodologia é fundamentada na análise de sinais de tensão e corrente, obtidos dos sistemas, e em informações associadas com as impedâncias harmônicas próprias aos sistemas elétricos envolvidos no processo. A questão da modelagem da carga é ressaltada de modo especial. O método almeja contribuir na direção do estabelecimento de medidas de compensação quando os valores limites das distorções são superiores àqueles previstos pela legislação. Finalmente, objetivando ilustrar a aplicabilidade da proposta, ensaios laboratoriais são realizados a fim de evidenciar sua potencialidade. / Doutor em Ciências