O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as doenças dos gatos domésticos pertencentes à casuística do Serviço de Patologia Animal do Departamento de Patologia da FMVZ/USP entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2008. Foram identificados e analisados os dados de 634 exames necroscópicos e 585 exames histopatológicos. Os dados escolhidos para o presente estudo foram: número de registro (exame histopatológico/exame necroscópico), data de entrada, idade, sexo, raça, coloração da pelagem, local da lesão, diagnóstico e no caso do exame necroscópico, causa mortis e moléstia principal. Foram elaborados dois bancos de dados, sendo um para exame histopatológico e outro para exame necroscópico, utilizando-se o programa Excel®. Salienta-se que não foi realizada a revisão de lâminas. As doenças foram classificadas em infecciosas, inflamatórias, neoplásicas e outros processos (hipertrofias, hiperplasias, displasias). Além disso, as doenças foram relacionadas a faixa etária, sexo, raça e coloração de pelagem, nos casos em que havia dados suficientes, foi abordada a relação entre causa mortis e moléstia principal. O presente estudo revelou que a maior causa de mortalidade em gatos domésticos são as complicações cardio-respiratórias, provenientes principalmente de intoxicações exógenas por carbamatos e por peritonite infecciosa felina, afetando principalmente animais até 24 meses em ambos os casos. Os processos inflamatórios no presente estudo apresentam mais características de caráter crônico. A análise das neoplasias revelou que os gatos tendem a apresentar neoplasias de comportamento maligno e de origem epitelial. Além disso, verificou-se que as fêmeas são as mais acometidas por neoplasias, com exceção do linfoma e do fibrossarcoma. A análise das faixas etárias mostrou que estes animais são mais velhos, embora haja animais jovens apresentando processos neoplásicos, o que também ocorreu na análise de dados nos quais havia mais de um tecido do mesmo animal para avaliação histopatológica. Tanto nas neoplasias, nos processos inflamatórios e outros processos houve maior frequência de afecções cutâneas, explicado sobretudo pela facilidade de acesso e de visualização. / The aim of this study was to characterize the diseases of domestic cats of the casuistry of the Veterinary Pathology Service from the Department of Pathology - FMVZ/USP between January of 1998 and December of 2008. It was analyzed data from 634 necroscopic examinations and 585 histopathological submissions. The analysis of the following data was performed: register number (histopathological submissions/necroscopic examination), date of entry, age, gender, breed, color of hair, localization of lesion, diagnosis, and for necropsies, data about causa mortis and necropsy findings. Two databases were organized by utilizing the software Excel®. The glass slides were not reviewed. The diseases were classified as infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and other diagnosis (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia). Moreover, diseases were related to age group, gender, breed, color of hair, and it was established the relationship between causa mortis and necropsy findings. The major cause of death of domestic cats was cardiorrespiratory arrest due to poisoning by carbamate and feline infectious peritonitis, both affecting animals until 24 months in both cases. The most frequent inflammatory processes in this study presented chronic features. The analysis of neoplastic diseases revealed that cats are prone to present neoplasms with epithelial origin and malign features, affecting mainly females, by the exception of lymphoma and fibrosarcoma. The analysis of age group has shown that those animals were older, although there was a low frequency of younger animals presenting neoplastic diseases. Both in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, lesions in the skin were more frequent, which was explained by the easier visualization and access of this organ.

Esse estudo abordou protozoários do gênero Eimeria com dois objetivos gerais: desenvolver ensaios moleculares para a discriminação das onze espécies de Eimeria de coelho e estudar as relações evolutivas Eimeria de hospedeiros mamíferos e aves. Para o primeiro objetivo, seqüenciou-se o ITS1 do rRNA das 11 espécies de Eimeria de coelho e desenhou-se iniciadores espécie-específicos. Não foi observada reatividade cruzada, e o limite de detecção variou entre 500 fg a 1 pg. Para a filogenia, sequenciou-se 4 marcadores moleculares de espécies de Eimeria de galinha e coelho. Foram feitas análises conjuntas com dados públicos de Eimeria de outros hospedeiros, usando-se vários métodos de reconstrução filogenética. Os resultados indicam que as espécies de Eimeria são em geral monofiléticas em relação aos seus hospedeiros, e que múltiplos eventos de invasão de hospedeiros mamíferos e aves teriam ocorrido ao longo da evolução. Assim, ancestrais de roedores, galinhas e Lagomorpha teriam sido invadidos em torno de 14, 11 e 7 milhões de anos atrás, respectivamente. / In this work, we used protozoans of the genus Eimeria for the following approaches: development of discrimination assays for the eleven Eimeria species of rabbits, and phylogenetic analysis of mammal and bird Eimeria. For the former study, we sequenced the ITS1 rRNA of the 11 Eimeria species of domestic rabbit and designed species-specific primers. No cross-reactivity has been observed, and the detection limit varied from 500 fg to 1 pg. For the phylogenetic analysis, we used four molecular markers of Eimeria species from domestic fowl and rabbit. An overall analysis comprising our data and public sequences of Eimeria from other hosts has been performed, and we used several distinct methods for phylogenetic reconstruction. Our results show that most of Eimeria species are monophyletic in regard to their hosts, and that multiple invasion events on mammal and bird hosts may have occurred along the evolutionary process. Thus, Eimeria parasites invaded ancestors of rodents, domestic fowl and Lagomorpha about 14, 11 and 7 million years ago, respectively.

Com o objetivo de estudar a situação epidemiológica da leptospirose bovina, canina e humana nas propriedades rurais do município de Pirassununga, SP, partiu-se de um banco de soros e um banco de dados já estruturados de 86 propriedades amostradas. Através da técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica, 2259 soros de bovinos, 273 de cães e 445 de humanos foram examinados, empregando-se uma coleção de antígenos vivos de 24 sorovares de leptospiras. As prevalências aparentes de focos de leptospirose nas propriedades rurais de Pirassununga, segundo as espécies examinadas foram: 88,4% [79,7-94,3] para os bovinos, sendo Hardjo o sorovar mais provável, com 43,4% [32,1-55,3], seguido do Wolffi com 11,8% [5,6-21,3], Autumnalis e Patoc empatados em 5,3% [1,5-12,9], Australis com 3,9% [0,8-11,1], Hebdomadis com 2,6% [0,3-9,2] e Shermani com 1,3% [0-7,1]; 14,3% [7,4-24,1] para os cães, sendo Bratislava o sorovar mais provável, com 54,5% [23,4-83,3], seguido do Australis,Autumnalis e Pyrogenes empatados com 9,1% [0,2-41,3]; 14,1% [7,5-23,4] para os humanos, sendo Patoc o sorovar mais provável, com 58,3% [27,7-84,8], seguido pelo Pyrogenes com 16,7% [2,1-48,4] e empate entre os sorovares Bratislava, Autumnalis e Icterohaemorragiae com 8,3% [0,2-38,5] cada. A prevalência aparente da leptospirose nos bovinos da área rural do município de Pirassununga foi de 30,3% [28,4-32,2], nos cães de 5,1% [2,8-8,5] e nos humanos de 2,9% [1,6-4,9]. Os fatores de risco associados à condição de foco de leptospirose bovina para qualquer sorovar foram ter mais de 21 cabeças no rebanho, OR =14,354 [1,535-134,215] e presença de cocho para sal mineral, OR = 6,995 [1,180-41,470]. Os fatores de risco associados à condição de foco para os sorovares Hardjo e/ou Wolffi foram ter mais de 21 cabeças no rebanho, OR =15,750 [1,264- 196,269] e presença de cocho para sal mineral, OR = 6,537 [1,008-42,397]. Foram discutidas as implicações destes resultados para o entendimento da epidemiologia da leptospirose na área rural de Pirassununga e também foram feitas recomendações para o controle da doença no rebanho bovino. / With the aim of studying the epidemiologic situation of bovine, canine and human leptospirosis in rural area of Pirassununga, SP, it was used a serologic and data bank already structured of 86 sampled farms. Through the microscopic agglutination test, serum of 2259 bovines, 273 dogs e 445 humans were analyzed for the microscopic agglutination test, using a collection of 24 serovars of Leptospira. The prevalence of infected farms for leptospirosis, according to examined species, were: 88,4% [79,7-94,3] for cattle, where serotype Hardjo was the most often observed - 43,4% [32,1-55,3], followed by Wolffi with 11,8% [5,6-21,3], Autumnalis and Patoc with 5,3% [1,5-12,9] each, Australis with 3,9% [0,8-11,1],Hebdomadis with 2,6% [0,3-9,2] and Shermani with 1,3% [0-7,1].; 14,3% [7,4-24,1] for dogs, where serovar Bratislava was the most often observed with 54,5% [23,4-83,3], followed by Australis, Autumnalis and Pyrogenes with 9,1% [0,2-41,3] each and 14,1% [7,5-23,4] for humans, where serotype Patoc was the most often observed with 58,3% [27,7-84,8], followed by Pyrogenes with 16,7% [2,1-48,4] and Bratislava, Autumnalis and Icterohaemorragiae with 8,3% [0,2-38,5] each. The serologic prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in rural area of Pirassununga, SP, was 30,3% [28,4-32,2], canine leptospirosis was 5,1% [2,8-8,5] and human leptospirosis was 2,9% [1,6-4,9]. The study of risk factors showed that bovine leptospirosis caused by any serovar was associated with herds with more than 21 animals - OR =14,354 [1,535-134,215] ? and presence of mineralized salt feeder - OR = 6,995 [1,180-41,470]. The final model of logistic regression pointed as risk factors of bovine leptospirosis caused by serovars Hardjo and/or Wolffi herds with more than 21 animals - OR =15,750 [1,264-196,269] - and presence of mineralized salt feeder - OR = 6,537 [1,008-42,397]. The impact of these results was discussed in relation to the epidemiology of leptospirosis in rural area of Pirassununga and suggestions were also made in order to control this disease in cattle.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as doenças dos gatos domésticos pertencentes à casuística do Serviço de Patologia Animal do Departamento de Patologia da FMVZ/USP entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2008. Foram identificados e analisados os dados de 634 exames necroscópicos e 585 exames histopatológicos. Os dados escolhidos para o presente estudo foram: número de registro (exame histopatológico/exame necroscópico), data de entrada, idade, sexo, raça, coloração da pelagem, local da lesão, diagnóstico e no caso do exame necroscópico, causa mortis e moléstia principal. Foram elaborados dois bancos de dados, sendo um para exame histopatológico e outro para exame necroscópico, utilizando-se o programa Excel®. Salienta-se que não foi realizada a revisão de lâminas. As doenças foram classificadas em infecciosas, inflamatórias, neoplásicas e outros processos (hipertrofias, hiperplasias, displasias). Além disso, as doenças foram relacionadas a faixa etária, sexo, raça e coloração de pelagem, nos casos em que havia dados suficientes, foi abordada a relação entre causa mortis e moléstia principal. O presente estudo revelou que a maior causa de mortalidade em gatos domésticos são as complicações cardio-respiratórias, provenientes principalmente de intoxicações exógenas por carbamatos e por peritonite infecciosa felina, afetando principalmente animais até 24 meses em ambos os casos. Os processos inflamatórios no presente estudo apresentam mais características de caráter crônico. A análise das neoplasias revelou que os gatos tendem a apresentar neoplasias de comportamento maligno e de origem epitelial. Além disso, verificou-se que as fêmeas são as mais acometidas por neoplasias, com exceção do linfoma e do fibrossarcoma. A análise das faixas etárias mostrou que estes animais são mais velhos, embora haja animais jovens apresentando processos neoplásicos, o que também ocorreu na análise de dados nos quais havia mais de um tecido do mesmo animal para avaliação histopatológica. Tanto nas neoplasias, nos processos inflamatórios e outros processos houve maior frequência de afecções cutâneas, explicado sobretudo pela facilidade de acesso e de visualização. / The aim of this study was to characterize the diseases of domestic cats of the casuistry of the Veterinary Pathology Service from the Department of Pathology - FMVZ/USP between January of 1998 and December of 2008. It was analyzed data from 634 necroscopic examinations and 585 histopathological submissions. The analysis of the following data was performed: register number (histopathological submissions/necroscopic examination), date of entry, age, gender, breed, color of hair, localization of lesion, diagnosis, and for necropsies, data about causa mortis and necropsy findings. Two databases were organized by utilizing the software Excel®. The glass slides were not reviewed. The diseases were classified as infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and other diagnosis (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia). Moreover, diseases were related to age group, gender, breed, color of hair, and it was established the relationship between causa mortis and necropsy findings. The major cause of death of domestic cats was cardiorrespiratory arrest due to poisoning by carbamate and feline infectious peritonitis, both affecting animals until 24 months in both cases. The most frequent inflammatory processes in this study presented chronic features. The analysis of neoplastic diseases revealed that cats are prone to present neoplasms with epithelial origin and malign features, affecting mainly females, by the exception of lymphoma and fibrosarcoma. The analysis of age group has shown that those animals were older, although there was a low frequency of younger animals presenting neoplastic diseases. Both in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, lesions in the skin were more frequent, which was explained by the easier visualization and access of this organ.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)

Este trabajo se ha realizado ante el importante problema que supone los accidentes en todos los países del mundo. El objetivo primario ha sido el estudio de los accidentes domésticos y de ocio en la población en general, y proyectado sobre el conjunto de individuos accidentados que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Nacional Marqués de Valdecilla en el periodo mencionado (36.388 accidentados, de ellos 18.951 varones y 17.437 mujeres). En la recogida de datos , se utilizó un modelo de ficha en la que figuraban las siguientes variables: -Fecha de tratamiento (año, mes, día), -Hora de asistencia, -Número de días de hospitalización, -Tratamiento y cuidados posteriores, -Edad del accidentado, -Sexo, -Mecánica del accidente, -Lugar del accidente, -Actividad realizada, -Diagnóstico de lesiones, -Parte del cuerpo afectada, -Producto implicado en el accidente, -Producto causante, -Descripción del accidente. Se estudiaron las distintas variables y la interacción entre ellas, para tener un conocimiento profundo de la realidad de los accidentes domésticos y de ocio. Estos accidentes originaron una gran demanda asistencial de urgencia, gran número de hospitalizaciones y estancias, así como de control sanitario en los centros de zona, ocasionando sufrimiento humano y gran carga económica. De este estudio se infiere el distinto papel que desarrolla cada sexo en la sociedad, a pesar de la igualdad teórica reconocida. Una vez estudiados estos accidentes nos permite sentar las bases para su prevención, y debido a que sobre ellos inciden gran número de variables, las medidas preventivas deben ser multifactoriales y factibles. / This work was made because of the important problem that these accidents suppose on all over the world.The primary aim was the study of the domestic and leisure accidents on the population in general, and as well as the inclusion of all the injured people who came to the National Marqués de Valdecilla Hospital Emergency Service, during the mentioned period (36,388 injured persons, 18,951 of them were men, and the remaining 14,437 were women).To gather information was used a standard form in which the following variables appeared:-Date of treatment (year, month, day).-Hour of attendance.-Number of days they stayed in the Hospital.-Treatment and following cares.-Age of injured person.-Sex.-Mechanics pertaining to the accident of the injured person.-Place where the accident took place.-Activity done when the accident took place.-Injury diagnosis.-Part of the body affected.-Product involved in the accident.-Causing product.-Description of the accident.Different variables and the reciprocal influence between them were studied, in order to have a profound knowledge of the reality in the domestic and leisure accidents. These accidents originated a great demand in urgent attendance, a great number of hospitations and stays, as well as the health control in local centres. All of this causes human suffering and as well as a great economical cost.From this study you can conclude the different role that is allotted to each sex in the Society, in spite of the theoretical equality accepted of both sexes. Once we have studied the accidents, this allowed us to stablish the rules in order to take precautions against them. Due to the great number of variables that affect them, the preventive measures must be multifactorial and feasible.

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones / En esta Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, una vez analizadas las diferentes estrategias que actualmente se aplican para la mejora de la calidad de los productos derivados de la leche de cabra, se realizaron cuatro estudios para desarrollar un queso de cabra con coagulante vegetal. En el primero de ellos, se compararon cuatro tipos de queso fresco (elaborados con cuajo, coagulante microbiano y dos variedades de coagulante vegetal). Los resultados indicaron que los coagulantes vegetales presentaban un perfil de coagulación similar al cuajo y que la mayoría de parámetros fisicoquímicos de los quesos frescos no se vieron afectados por el tipo de coagulante. Los quesos elaborados con coagulante vegetal alcanzaron mayor dureza, gomosidad y masticabilidad. El análisis sensorial de los quesos determinó que los elaborados con coagulantes vegetales fueron más amargos y menos firmes. En base a los resultados alcanzados podemos concluir que, aunque los coagulantes vegetales se pueden usar como una alternativa al cuajo animal, nuevas estrategias tecnológicas deberían adoptarse para mejorar los resultados sensoriales, tales como aumento del tiempo de maduración y/o el uso de cultivos iniciadores. En el segundo estudio se realizaron quesos de leche de cabra con coagulante vegetal (Cynara cardunculus) y diferentes cultivos iniciadores analizando la evolución de diferentes parámetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos y de textura durante la maduración. Los resultados indicaron que los diferentes cultivos iniciadores producían diferencias en los parámetros fisicoquímicos de pH, humedad, proteína, fracciones nitrogenadas y dureza de los quesos elaborados. La adición de fermentos mesófilos aseguró una correcta acidificación de los quesos y aumentó la dureza de los mismos, mientras que el uso de fermentos termófilos dio lugar a la obtención de quesos más blandos y con una elevada proteólisis. La mezcla de cultivos mesófilos y termófilos disminuyó el grado de proteólisis en los quesos. Se realizó un tercer estudio que comparó la actividad coagulante del extracto acuoso de la flor de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) con el derivado de la flor del cardo (Cynara cardunculus). En primer lugar, se observó que el coagulante de alcachofa tenía una menor actividad coagulante que el obtenido del cardo. Sin embargo, si variamos las condiciones de coagulación (concentración del coagulante, temperatura y diferentes tiempos de almacenamiento en congelación) ambos coagulantes se comportan de forma similar en la coagulación de leche estándar. Además, durante la coagulación de leche de cabra, no se observaron diferencias en los parámetros ópticos derivados del sensor CoAguLabTM. Estos resultados sugieren que los extractos de la flor de alcachofa podrían utilizarse en la elaboración de queso de una forma similar a la utilización del extracto de cardo. En el cuarto estudio se elaboraron quesos con un extracto vegetal de la flor de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) y un cultivo iniciador comercial y se estudiaron los cambios que se producían a lo largo de la maduración. Los resultados mostraron que los parámetros fisicoquímicos evolucionaron de forma similar a los obtenidos por otros quesos durante la maduración, no siendo así para el perfil de textura y sensorial. Es importante, subrayar el hecho de que, a pesar de utilizar un coagulante vegetal, los quesos mostraron puntuaciones en el análisis sensorial para el sabor amargo, por lo que estos quesos podrían ser adecuados para la venta, siempre y cuando, se realizara un análisis de consumidores que confirmara estos resultados. / In this Doctoral Thesis Report, after a previous study about the different strategies which can be used to improve the goat´s milk derived products, four studies were performed in order to develop goat cheese with vegetable coagulant. In the first study, four types of fresh cheese were compared (made with rennet, microbial coagulant and two varieties of plant coagulant). Results indicated that plants coagulants showed a coagulation similar to calf rennet and physicochemical parameters of fresh cheeses were unaffected by the type of coagulant used. However, texture parameters were affected, showing that cheeses made with vegetable coagulant had higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness. Furthermore, sensory analysis results determined that cheeses made with vegetable coagulants were bitter and less firm. The results of this study indicate that, although the plant coagulants can be used as an alternative to animal rennet, new technological strategies should be adopted to improve the sensory results, such as the increase of the maturation time and/or the use of starter cultures. In the second study, various parameters of goat milk cheeses made with vegetable coagulant (Cynara cardunculus) and different starter cultures were controlled during the ripening. The results indicated that the different starter cultures produced significant differences in pH, moisture, protein, nitrogen fractions and hardness in cheeses. The addition of mesophilic starters ensured the proper acidification of the cheese and increased hardness, while the use of thermophilic starters produced soft cheeses and higher proteolysis. The mixture of mesophilic and thermophilic starters produced a shorter range of proteolysis. A third study was carried out in order to check if aqueous extracts of artichoke flower (Cynara scolymus) could be used for cheese making, comparing it with thistle aqueous extract (Cynara cardunculus). First, it was observed that artichoke extract had a lower coagulant activity than thistle coagulant. However, under different clotting conditions (coagulant concentration, different temperature and frozen storage time) both coagulants behave similarly in the coagulation of standard milk. Furthermore, during the clotting of goat milk, no differences in optical parameters derived from sensor CoAguLabTM were observed. These results suggest that artichoke flower extracts could be used in cheese manufacture in a similar way of thistle extract. Finally, in the fourth study, using a plant extract of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) and a commercial starter culture, cheeses were produced and the changes were checked along the ripening. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters evolved similarly to other cheeses, while the texture and sensory features evolved differently to what was found in the literature about other cheeses. It is important to underline that, despite using a vegetable coagulant, bitterness taste was scored very low in sensory analysis, so these cheeses could be suitable for sale, provided that an analysis with a representative consumer panel is carried out.

El objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral es evaluar la inclusión de la glicerina bruta procedente de la elaboración de biodiesel en la alimentación de la especie porcina. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo se diseñaron tres capítulos experimentales. En el capítulo uno se estudió el efecto de la adición de glicerina en la fabricación del pienso, así como su influencia sobre el rendimiento productivo y digestibilidad de los nutrientes en cerdos de crecimiento-cebo. Se formularon tres piensos con 0, 2.5 y 5% de glicerina bruta. El estudio de los efectos de la glicerina sobre el rendimiento productivo se realizó con 240 machos castrados, usando un programa de alimentación en dos fases (crecimiento y cebo). También se recogieron muestras de sangre para determinar las concentraciones de glucosa, fructosamina e IGF-1. Además, nueve cerdos machos fueron alojados en jaulas metabólicas para determinar los coeficientes de digestibilidad fecal, así como los balances de nitrógeno y minerales. En conclusión, la inclusión de glicerina antes de la granulación mejoró la eficiencia en la fabricación del pienso. La inclusión de hasta un 5% de glicerina bruta en el pienso de cerdos de crecimiento-cebo no tuvo efectos sobre el rendimiento productivo, metabolitos sanguíneos, digestibilidad de nutrientes y balance de nitrógeno. En el capítulo dos se determinó el efecto de la inclusión de glicerina sobre el rendimiento productivo, digestibilidad de los nutrientes y nivel de hormonas sanguíneas en cerdos de cruce de ibérico criados en régimen de explotación intensivo. Se usaron 80 cerdos cruzados (hembras ibéricas x machos Duroc) de ambos sexos durante un periodo de 101 días. Los niveles de inclusión de glicerina en el pienso fueron 0 y 10%. Los cerdos alimentados con glicerina tuvieron mayor ganancia media diaria y consumo medio diario que los del grupo control. La digestibilidad de los nutrientes no se vio afectada por la inclusión de glicerina. Sin embargo, se observó una tendencia para la grelina acilada, siendo mayor en los cerdos alimentados con glicerina. En conclusión, 100 g/kg de glicerina bruta pueden reemplazar parcialmente al trigo en el pienso de cerdos de cruce de ibérico sin afectar a la eficiencia del pienso ni a la digestibilidad de los nutrientes. En el capítulo tres, se evaluó el efecto de la adición de glicerina sobre los parámetros productivos de cerdas y camadas, y se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de hormonas relacionadas con el metabolismo y la ingestión de pienso, en cerdas durante la gestación y la lactación. Sesenta y tres cerdas fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de los tres tratamientos, que contenían 0, 3 o 6% de glicerina. Durante la gestación, no hubo efecto sobre ninguna variable de rendimiento, mientras que en lactación, las cerdas alimentadas con glicerina consumieron menos pienso. En la gestación, las cerdas alimentadas con glicerina mostraron menor nivel de grelina acilada y mayor nivel de leptina. En lactación, la adición de glicerina en el pienso no tuvo efecto sobre los niveles de ninguna de las hormonas medidas. Antes de la distribución del alimento, la concentración de grelina acilada estuvo positivamente correlacionada con el cortisol, tanto en gestación como en lactación. En conclusión, la inclusión de hasta un 6% de glicerina bruta en el pienso puede reemplazar parcialmente al maíz sin afectar el rendimiento de las cerdas en gestación, pero no en lactación. Nuestros resultados también sugieren la existencia de una relación entre la inclusión de glicerina en el pienso y los niveles sanguíneos de algunas hormonas reguladoras del apetito. / The general aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin from biodiesel production in pig diets. To achieve this objective, three experimental chapters were designed. In chapter one, we studied the effects of crude glycerin on pellet production efficiency and growth performance and digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. Three dietary treatments were created by addition of 0, 2.5 or 5% glycerin to diets. A performance trial was conducted with 240 barrows using a 2-phase feeding program. Also blood samples were collected to determine circulating glucose, fructosamine and IGF-1 concentrations. Additionally, nine male pigs were housed in metabolic cages to determine the coefficients of apparent fecal digestibility and nitrogen and mineral balances. In conclusion, adding crude glycerin to the diet before pelleting improved feed mill production efficiency. Up to 5% crude glycerin can be fed to growing-finishing pigs without affecting growth performance, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. In chapter two, we determined the effect of crude glycerin addition on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood hormone levels of Iberian crossbred pigs kept under intensive conditions. Eighty crossbred pigs (Iberian gilts  Duroc boars) of both sexes were used over a period of 101. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, the factors being dietary treatment (control or 10% glycerin) and gender (barrow or gilt). Glycerin-fed pigs had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake than pigs fed the control diet. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by dietary treatment. However, there was a tendency for acyl-ghrelin levels to be higher in glycerin-fed pigs. In conclusion, 100 g/kg of glycerin can partially replace wheat without affecting feed efficiency or nutrient digestibility in Iberian crossbred pigs. In chapter three, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of crude glycerin on sow and litter performance, and to determine the plasmatic levels of hormones related to energy metabolism and feed intake in sows during gestation and lactation. Sixty three sows were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatments, containing 0, 3 and 6% glycerin. During gestation, there was no effect of dietary treatment on any performance variable, while during lactation glycerin-fed sows consumed less feed than those fed the control diet. In gestation, sows fed glycerin showed lower and higher levels of acyl-ghrelin and leptin, respectively. In lactating sows, there were no differences between dietary treatments for any of the hormones measured. Before feeding, the acyl-ghrelin concentration was positively correlated with the cortisol during gestation and lactation. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 6% crude glycerin in the diet can partially replace corn without affecting the performance of pregnant sows, but not during lactation. Our results also suggest a relationship between glycerin inclusion in the diet and the serum levels of some feed intake regulating hormones.

La raza bovina Murciano Levantina (ML) se utilizaba para labores agrícolas por su aptitud de trabajo. Hoy se encuentra en peligro de extinción por pérdida de utilidad ante la aparición de maquinaria agrícola. Los escasos criadores que la mantienen, no se dedican a la producción de ganado bovino, siendo los aspectos del folclore regional los que la hacen acorde con su aptitud de tracción. El Banco de Germoplasma de la raza se inició en el año 2000 y en la actualidad hay 7280 dosis seminales congeladas y almacenadas en N2L, pertenecientes a 13 toros ML, todos ellos muy emparentados. Con estas dosis se atiende tanto a la conservación in vivo, por cesión a los ganaderos y obtención de nuevos reproductores, como a la conservación ex situ in vitro para la futura reconstrucción de la raza en caso necesario; aunque el número de toros es insuficiente, puesto que se requiere semen de 25 toros conservados in vitro. El almacenamiento de dosis seminales es costoso por el aumento continuo de los precios del N2L y actualmente existen métodos para disminuir las necesidades de gametos masculinos; el sexado espermático disminuiría a la mitad estos gastos, aunque posteriormente sería necesaria la recongelación de los gametos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son conseguir eficacia y eficiencia en el semen recongelado, disminuyendo el número de dosis seminales almacenadas, que serían descongeladas del Banco de Germoplasma, y a las que se les aplicaría un tratamiento similar al requerido por la tecnología de sexado espermático; siendo un objetivo derivado el estudio con técnicas convencionales del semen recongelado y relacionar los parámetros de calidad seminal del semen recongelado con aquellos toros que alcancen mejores valores de fertilidad con semen solamente congelado. Otro objetivo es poner a punto una técnica de recongelación que permita almacenar dosis seminales de forma más eficiente. En este trabajo se han utilizado los datos procesados de dosis seminales de 12 toros de esta raza y los espermatozoides congelados pertenecientes a 6 de esos toros. Los métodos de estudio del eyaculado y de las dosis seminales son los convencionales para la especie bovina. Las técnicas de congelación y recongelación utilizadas son las mismas que para el Banco de Germoplasma. En las experiencias de aplicación de frío, el semen descongelado fue sometido a una recongelación después de haber sufrido un tratamiento (CT), o bien recongelado sin tratamiento (ST). Para conocer el valor de los parámetros estudiados han sido utilizadas técnicas de microscopía óptica y fluorescencia, resistencia en baño de agua termostático, tinciones de E-N, IP, lectinas, azul de toluidina e IA con semen redescongelado a siete novillas de la raza Frisona. En el ganado Murciano Levantino existe variabilidad en los valores promedio de calidad seminal entre los sementales, aunque esto no es debido a la edad. Además, no existen diferencias reseñables en los valores promedio de los parámetros de semen procedente del primer y segundo eyaculado de cada toro. El análisis de los resultados permite conocer el daño en los espermatozoides durante la recongelación, siendo la calidad seminal en el semen descongelado superior a la del redescongelado; con gran variabilidad entre toros. Un semental presentó mejores valores para los parámetros tras la congelación y redescongelación, aunque en algún parámetro no hubo diferencias en ningún toro. Las anomalías espermáticas frecuentemente encontradas fueron las “colas en látigo”, pero ligeramente inferiores en el semen recongelado CT. La inseminación de 7 novillas Frisonas proporcionó un porcentaje de fertilidad del semen recongelado ST del 57’1%, lo que concluye que la recongelación espermática se puede utilizar como técnica de predicción de la fertilidad y ser utilizada para la conservación in vitro. / The Murciano Levantina (ML) bovine breed used to be employed for farming purposes because of their work aptitude. Nowadays, it is an endangered breed because it is no longer used for the mentioned purposes due to the arrival of technology and farming equipment. In addition, there are few ML bovine breeders and this is not their main occupation. This breed is mainly used during popular celebrations and festivals for transport. The Germplasm Bank breed has been carried out since 2000 and currently, there are 7280 seminal doses of 13 ML bulls with high consanguinity among them. With these doses it is possible to carry out both in vivo conservation, cession to the breeders and new breeding males; and ex situ in vitro conservation for the future reconstruction of the race -if necessary. Although the number of seminal doses may seem enough for the recovery of the breed in the future, the number of bulls is not sufficient, because the in vitro cryopreservation of spermatozoa belonging to, at least, 25 bulls is necessary. The storage of seminal doses implies more maintenance costs because of the continued increase in prices; currently there are some methods to reduce the male gametes necessities; the sexing sperm could reduce in the middle these expenses, although, afterwards could be necessary the gametes refreezing. The objectives of the present work are to obtain effectiveness and efficiency in refrozen semen, diminishing the number of frozen seminal doses stored at the Germplasm Bank, which would receive a treatment similar to that required by sexing technologies; being a derivative objective to study the usage of conventional technologies of refrozen semen, connecting the refrozen seminal quality parameters with the best fertility parameters in frozen semen. Another goal is the development of a refreezing technique that allows the storage of seminal doses more efficiently. In this work we have used the processed data of seminal doses belonging to 12 bulls of that breed and the frozen spermatozoa of 6 of those bulls. The methods to study the ejaculates and seminal doses are the conventional ones employed in bovine species. The freezing and refreezing techniques used are the same than those used for the Germplasm Bank. In the experiences with the application of cold, the thawed semen was refrozen after undergoing a certain treatment (CT), or it was refrozen without any treatment (ST). In order to know the value of the studied parameters the following methods have been used: the optical and fluorescent microscopy techniques, resistance in thermostatic water bath study, eosine-nigrosine, PI, lectins (PNA) and toluidine blue stainings and artificial insemination using refrozen semen in 7 Frisone breed heifers. In the ML livestock there is variability in the seminal quality average values among the studs, although this is not due to the bulls’ age. Additionally, there are not important differences regarding the average values between the first and the second ejaculation in each bull. Statistical results permit to know the damage in spermatozoa during recryopreservation, and it was observed that the seminal quality is higher in frozen semen than in refrozen semen, with a high variability among bulls. Among the bulls, one of them presented the best results in each parameter studied after cryopreservation and recryopreservation, although there were no differences among the bulls regarding some parameters. The most frequent sperm abnormalities were the “tails in whip”, but they were slightly lower in CT refrozen semen. The artificial insemination of 7 Frisone heifers showed a percentage of fertility with ST refrozen semen of 57’1%. These results conclude that the re-frozen semen can be used as a predictive technique of fertility, and thus, it can be used for the in vitro conservation of the studied bovine breed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nicolau_j_me_mar.pdf: 1111020 bytes, checksum: d0b1063ef6c36f78b1648e3f66bfa848 (MD5) / A presente dissertação intitulada “Entre os discursos, as representações e as práticas: crianças e jovens empregadas domésticas na cidade de Marília”, é resultado de uma pesquisa que teve a finalidade de analisar as representações de infâncias, juventudes, relações de gênero, trabalho e emprego doméstico das próprias crianças e jovens. Embora o nosso estudo tenha como foco a visão de mundo das crianças e dos jovens empregados domésticos, também trazemos as falas dos seus pais/responsáveis e empregadores. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisas bibliográficas sobre infância, juventude, relações de gênero e trabalho doméstico; investigação empírica, a partir da aplicação de questionários fechados e entrevistas semiestruturadas com uma criança e nove jovens (adolescentes), duas mães, uma tia, um pai e duas patroas, todos moradores da cidade de Marília, Estado de São Paulo; pesquisa de macro dados do IBGE (PNAD, 2006) e da legislação sobre o emprego doméstico. Os dados obtidos indicam que parte das participantes da nossa pesquisa teve uma infância plena de brincadeiras, embora nem sempre protegida e tranqüila; outra parcela ressaltou uma infância de trabalho, que eles próprios caracterizaram como não-infância. Sobre os conceitos de juventude, a maioria das jovens empregadas domésticas, através de um discurso de distinção grupal, enalteceu a sua própria atuação e utilizou um tom crítico e moralista para os demais pares. O trabalho doméstico é considerado tanto como uma obrigação a ser desempenhada pelas mulheres de qualquer idade quanto um mecanismo para assumir responsabilidades, controlar, disciplinar, treinar e afastar da ociosidade as crianças e os jovens de ambos os sexos. Estes e os seus responsáveis/pais reconhecem as más condições de trabalho no labor doméstico... / Between Discourses, Representations, and Practices: Children and Youth as Housemaids in Marilia City” is a research that aim to analyze children and youth’s representations of childhood, youth, gender relationships, labor and domestic work. Besides focusing on domestic children and youth’s “weltanschauung”, we also interviewed their parents and guardians, and their employers. We worked on books and articles related to childhood, youth, gender relationships and domestic work. We applied questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with one child and nine youth, two mothers, one aunt, one father and two female bosses, all of them dwellers of Marilia City, São Paulo State. We also collected IBGE data (PNAD, 2006), and study domestic service legislation. According to our information, some of our subjects had a childhood with toys and games, although not always protected and peaceful. Others had a working childhood, which they called a non-childhood. Regarding the concept of youth, most of our interviewees dignified themselves, and criticized their peers’ behavior. We concluded that domestic work is women’s obligation and a means for children and youth of both sex to assume responsibilities, to learn some skills, and to prevent them from idleness. Children, youth, and their parents or guardians pointed out to bad domestic work conditions, and at the same time see this kind of labor as an improvement of their life situation, and an answer to their needs. We suggest that, through public policy toward family, the lives of children and youth could improve.