Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / Justin D. Faris / Bikram S. Gill / The Q gene is largely responsible for the widespread cultivation of durum and common wheat because it confers the square spike phenotype and the free-threshing character. It also pleiotropically influences many other domestication related traits such as glume shape, glume tenacity, rachis fragility, spike length, plant height, and spike emergence time. The objectives of this research were to confirm or reject the hypothesis that a candidate AP2-like gene is Q, confirm the dosage and pleiotropic effects attributed to Q, and begin defining the differences between the Q and q alleles. The identity of the Q gene was verified by analysis of knockout mutants and found to have a high degree of similarity to members of the AP2 family of transcription factors. Southern analysis of multiple Triticum taxa containing either Q or q indicated that the Q locus is not composed of duplicated q alleles. Ectopic expression analysis allowed the observation of both silencing and over-expression effects of Q. Rachis fragility, glume shape, and glume tenacity mimicked the q phenotype in transgenic plants exhibiting transcriptional silencing of the transgene and the endogenous Q gene. Variation in spike compactness and plant height were directly associated with the level of transgene expression due to the dosage effects of Q. Comparisons of Q and q indicated structural differences as well as variation in the level of transcription. One amino acid difference and several base changes within the promoter were identified as possible critical differences between Q and q. Very little genetic variability was found within the sequenced Q alleles suggesting it arose only once and that q is the more primitive allele.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been domesticated since the 1960s and has undergone over 10 generations of artificial selection for economically important traits. As a result, domesticated salmon have diverged with respect to a number of phenotypic, genotypic and behavioural traits from their wild counterparts. Since the selection pressures that are present in the wild differ greatly from the ones that shape salmon under culture conditions, domesticated salmon stocks are considered to be maladapted to natural conditions. Despite strict regulations, insoluble issues pertaining to large-scale cage rearing of farmed fish mean that there is a continuous presence of farm escapees in the wild. Gene flow from escapees has been perceived as a factor in the decline of wild populations, suggested to occur through disruption of local adaptation. This study aims to improve understanding of the genetic differences between wild and domesticated stocks by comparing the transcriptomes of Figgjo (wild) and Mowi (domesticated) strains. A series of common garden experiments have been performed, utilizing pure and reciprocal hybrid crosses of the wild and domesticated stocks, reared under two different conditions and sampled at four time points and three distinct life stages (embryo, sac-fry and feeding fry). Microarray interrogations were performed employing a 44K custom microarray design to identify genes and gene pathways that are differentially expressed between the stocks. KEGG-based functional analyses have been implemented using different gene set enrichment packages, and dominance and additive parameters were calculated from normalized expression values to predict the mode of heritability of the genes identified as differentially expressed between stocks. Most biological functions represented in wild and domesticated crosses were consistent across life stages and environments. The transcriptomic differences detected between stocks in multiple developmental stages likely reflected adaptations to selection pressures differing between natural and aquaculture environments. Down-regulated environmental information processing and immune and nervous system functions in domesticated vs. wild fish may be due to local adaptation to captivity. These included reduced information acquisition and processing systems, altered stress responsiveness and changes in feeding behaviour. In line with the resource allocation theory of production trait animals, reduced immune function was coupled with increased expression of growth and development related pathways in domesticated salmon, compared to wild counterparts. Although there is support for this trade-off in all life-stages, resource allocation showed a shift over time; possibly reflecting variation in the utilization of energy sources during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. Differences in cell communication and signalling pathways between wild and domesticated stocks, associated with organogenesis during the embryo stage, reflect sampling time and are indicative of altered organ development in response to domestication. Stress responses common across stocks included the down-regulation of cellular processes, including cell cycle and meiosis, and genetic information processing, such as replication and repair, transcription and translation pathways, probably reflecting the reallocation of energy resources away from growth and towards the restoration of homeostasis. Moreover, the mobilization of energy to cover the increased demands of maintaining homeostasis was indicated by the up-regulation of some metabolic pathways, mostly involved in energy, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in response to stress. The analysis also revealed cross-specific stress responses, including indicators of a non-additive stress response in hybrid crosses. Most differentially expressed transcripts exhibited additive (31-59%) or maternal dominant (19-33%) inheritance patterns, although maternal over-dominance (23-26%) was also significant in the embryo stage. The mode of heritability of some immune transcripts was suggestive of maternal environmental influence having been affected by aquaculture. This study has demonstrated that biological functions affected by domestication include those associated with allocation of resources, involve reduction of information acquisition and processing systems and may lead to loss of local adaptation to wild conditions. Since such changes may affect key systems, such as immunity and responsiveness to stress, they can potentially have serious negative consequences under natural conditions. Transcriptomic differences observed between wild and domesticated stocks primarily exhibited additive and maternal dominant inheritance modes. Since gene-flow from farmed fish can be frequent and primarily concerns farmed females, this suggests that introgression due to repeated large scale escape events has the capacity to significantly erode local adaptation.

Le mil est une céréale cultivée dans la zone soudano-sahélienne en Afrique. A partir d'un jeu de données comprenant 18 marqueurs microsatellites et 8 séquences nucléotidiques pour 45 populations domestiquées et sauvages, j'ai mis à jour une forte différenciation génétique entre deux pools de mils sauvages. Avec une approche de type Approximate Bayesian Computation, j'ai testé différents scénarios de domestication, et montré que le scénario le plus probable est celui d'une domestication unique à partir des mils sauvages de l'est du Sahel.Deux grands groupes de mil domestiqué existent: des variétés précoces et des variétés tardives. Mes résultats montrent une absence de différenciation génétique neutre entre ces deux groupes, suggérant l'existence de flux de gènes récurrents. J'ai également étudié un gène candidat de la famille Hd3a-like, PgHd3a. Aucune trace de sélection n'a été mise en évidence pour ce gène, et il est vraisemblable qu'il ne participe pas à la différence de phénotype entre mils précoces et tardifs. Son rôle lors de la floraison chez le mil est mis en doute par des résultats d'expression. J'ai également isolé un paralogue de PgHd3a, PgHd3a-2.Finalement, j'ai étudié un cline longitudinal de fréquence à l'échelle continentale pour la présence d'un Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element (MITE) situé dans le gène teosinte-branched1, impliqué dans la détermination du nombre de branches basales chez le maïs. L'étude du taux de différenciation pour le MITE et pour 13 microsatellites neutres et du polymorphisme nucléotidique dans la région entourant le MITE montre que le cline est probablement dû à des processus neutres. / Pearl millet is a cereal cultivated in the sudano-sahelian area in Africa. Using a data set consisting of 18 microsatellites and 8 nucleotide sequences for 45 domesticated and wild populations, I showed the existence of a high differentiation between two wild genetic pools. Using the model-based Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach, I tested different domestication scenarios and showed that a single domestication in eastern Sahel is more likely than other models.There are two main types of domesticated pearl millet: early-flowering and late-flowering varieties. My results show a lack of neutral genetic differentiation between these two types, suggesting the existence of recurrent gene flow. I also studied a candidate gene, PgHd3a, belonging to the Hd3a-like family and which could be implicated in the floral transition. No selection footprint has been detected, and it is likely this gene is not involved in the phenotypic difference between early and late-flowering varieties. Expression results casted some doubt about its role during floral transition in pearl millet. I also isolated a new paralog of PgHd3a, PgHd3a-2.Finally, I studied a longitudinal frequency cline at the continental scale for the presence of a Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element (MITE) located in the teosinte branched1 gene, involved in the regulation of the number of tillers in maize. By comparing differentiation levels between the MITE and 13 neutral microsatellites, and by investigating the nucleotide polymorphism in the genomic region surrounding the MITE, I showed the cline was probably caused by neutral processes.

The loss in translation between languages has long been debated, and a current issue within Translation Studies is that of the cultural aspect. Using two opposing concepts by Lawrence Venuti; domestication that is used to assimilate the source culture into the target culture, and foreignization that is used to preserve and highlight the foreign culture in the target text, this paper examines how culture is transferred in literary translation between English and Swedish. In order to establish which strategies are used, data consisting of 30 passages from the American novel Dead Until Dark (2001), and the corresponding passages in two different Swedish translations of it, is analysed linguistically. While the first translation is found to show no marked preference for either strategy, the second translation uses domestication thrice as often as foreignization. However, both translations use domestication in 9 out of 10 examples in the category ‘Figurative use of language’, which suggests a marked difficulty in preserving the source culture while translating metaphorical language. The analysis also shows a difference in the way the strategies are employed, suggesting a further division of the strategies into ‘passive’ and ‘active’. The author calls for further research on the effect of such a division.

For about 14 000 years ago the domestication of the wolf, Canis lupus, began. This initiated the extensive work of breeding that resulted in man´s best friend, the dog. Its Latin name, Canis lupus familiaris, clearly shows how close they stand us people today. The Swedish Kennel Club has 343 registered breeds which are very different from each other in terms of the exterior, but also behaviourally. The behavioural differences in adult dogs of different breeds are commonly known. Something that is still in dispute is when these differences begin to manifest in the dog´s life. In this study two interview investigations were conducted with the aim to see whether distinct behavioural differences between breeds could be identified in the puppy stage. The breeds that were included in the study were American Staffordshire terrier, Border collie and Whippet. Two questionnaires were designed. One was sent to breeders because they were considered to have the most experience of the breeds in question. The other questionnaire was sent to veterinarians to get a more objective picture of the puppies’ behaviour. The results from the breeders showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the American Staffordshire terrier and Whippet puppies in their curiosity and the way they behaved socially. The outcome of the study is very interesting because it could mean that the breeding not only affects the behaviours of the adult dogs, but also the behavioural patterns of puppies. The results from the veterinarians showed that there was no difference between the breeds. The difference in results between the two groups could be due to the fact that different questions were asked, they have different preferences for the breeds, meet them in different environments, for different lengths of time or other sources of error. Further studies in this area are needed to investigate when the differences, which give dogs the title of the most varied species ethologically speaking, begin to appear.

No description available.

Small-scale animal agriculture is a fruitful site for examining the relationships among humans, animals, and the land. This thesis endeavours to show what practices are constitutive of these relationships and, moreover, that establishing the “right” relationships between them are ethical concerns with both analytical and ecological import. Basing myself on fieldwork consisting of participant observation, informal interviews, and filmmaking on a small farm in Ontario, I argue that: dominion is the position from which the farm is cared for; that maintaining the farm is both reproductive and generative of the ethical subject; and that the indeterminacies involved in this maintenance might be resolved or unresolved depending on one’s position in regard to the local farming tradition.

Domestication is accompanied by marked changes in the phenotype of the domesticated form of a species relative to its wild ancestor. The domestic dog and its wild ancestor, the wolf, are a widely used model system to study the effects of domestication on cognition and behaviour. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the behavioural responses of wolves (Canis lupus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) to different odour stimuli. To this end, wooden logs were impregnated with one of four odours and repeatedly placed into the enclosure of a wolf or dog pack. The dogs (n=10) and wolves (n=9) both performed a significantly higher number of interactions with the wooden logs when these were impregnated with real blood compared to the blood odour component trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, the fruity odour iso-pentyl acetate and the solvent diethyl phthalate. No significant difference in the frequency of interactions per animal was found between the wolves and dogs with any of the four odour stimuli. Sniffing was the most frequent behaviour in both wolves and dogs, followed by licking, biting, toying, and pawing. The only qualitative difference in behaviour was that the dogs, but not the wolves, displayed guarding behaviour when presented with the odorized wooden logs. The results of the present study suggest that domestication had little, if any, effect on olfactory behaviour in domesticated dogs. The results also indicate that odour-impregnated wooden logs are a suitable method of olfactory enrichment for captive wolves and domestic dogs.

In the field of manga translation there are official translations and translations by fans, so called scanlations. Traditionally, official translations tended to use domesticating strategies, while scanlations tended to be foreignized. This study examined potential recent trends in the usage of foreignization and domestication strategies in the official translation and scanlation of KonoSuba: God’s Blessing on This Wonderful World! to see if there are any changes in these known tendencies. It also attempted to see the connections between the usage of those strategies to the quality of the translations. It did so by collecting cases of onomatopoeia and mimetic words, culture-specific items, honorifics, order of names of people, ateji and dialogue that does not fit these categories from both official and fan translations and compared them to the original Japanese version.It was found that some foreignizing strategies used in official translations can be linked to scanlator’s practices, and that the quality of a translation can sometimes be linked to the usage of foreignizing or domesticating strategies. Finally, a unique strategy of combining transference, translation, and leaving the original onomatopoeia or mimetic word intact was found in the official translation. However, it is not possible to determine the origin of this strategy in a case study alone, suggesting the need for further research.

Domesticated species possess certain cognitive abilities that allow them to thrive in an environment with regular human interaction, and these interactions contribute to the overall human-animal relationship. Studying the human-animal relationship allows us to better understand how domesticated animals perceive and navigate their environment, which can then be used to improve their welfare. In chickens, this relationship is poorly understood, and further research would provide insight into the welfare needs of this animal. Here we show breed differences in the interspecific sociocognitive abilities of Gallus gallus, where the domesticated White Leghorn interacted more with a familiar human than the red junglefowl, and both the domesticated White Leghorn and the red junglefowl breed that had been selected for low fear of humans were habituated to human presence. This study sheds light on the effect of domestication on social cognition in chickens and begins to describe the human-chicken relationship.