Master of Arts / This thesis explores how public figures associated with the Tea Party movement used rhetoric to create and perpetuate ideas about who "real" Americans are, what they believe, and how they should act. I analyze books by Sarah Palin, Newt Gingrich, Glenn Beck, and Jenny Beth Martin to demonstrate how they premise "real" American identity on whether or not individuals are perceived to hold a particular set of moral values and beliefs. I ultimately suggest that their rhetorical strategies primed the American public for anti-democratic rhetoric and led to the election of Donald Trump.

El presente trabajo académico tiene como objetivo el análisis de un proceso de psicoterapia psicoanalítica breve a la luz de la revisión de la teoría y técnica planteada por el autor Donald Winnicott, así como la comprensión y evaluación psicodiagnóstica del consultante. Para el desarrollo de este objetivo, se utilizó como material clínico 25 de las 32 sesiones planeadas, las cuales forman parte del proceso psicoterapéutico del paciente denominado Palau (19 años). El análisis de este material permite evidenciar, a nivel teórico, la importancia del ambiente en el desarrollo socio-emocional. Asimismo, a nivel de técnica, se identifican las intervenciones que resultan de utilidad para promover, a partir del vínculo establecido entre paciente y terapeuta, el desarrollo de esta capacidad socio-emocional. / The objective of this academic work is to analyze a brief psychoanalytic psychotherapy process in light of the revision of the theory and technique proposed by the author Donald Winnicott, as well as to understand and provide a psychodiagnostic evaluation of the client. For the development of this objective, we used as clinical material 25 of the 32 sessions planned as part of the short-term psychotherapeutic process of the patient named Palau (19 years). The analysis of this material allows to demonstrate, at a theoretical level, the importance of the environment in socio-emotional development and the need for accompaniment in the gradual transition to delimiting a unit of experience. Likewise, at the technical level, we have identified the interventions that are useful to promote, from the bond established between patient and therapist, the development of this socioemotional capacity.

The purpose of this thesis was to analyze President Trump's Afghanistan foreign policy and to determine if it fits the mold of one of the four historical foreign policy paradigms as described by Walter Russell Mead in his book, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World. Mead describes four U.S. foreign policy schools of thought, in which he titles after influential statesmen who embody the specific school's core principles. These paradigms include the Hamiltonians, who believe in a strong relationship between big business and government for foreign policy success. The Wilsonians, who encourage the spread of democratic principles abroad. The Jeffersonians, who favor the protection of domestic liberal democracy over other foreign policy endeavors. Lastly, the Jacksonians, who prioritize the physical and economic security of American citizens above all else. The primary research question in this thesis states, which of the four traditions of U.S. foreign policy identified by Walter Russell Mead helps explain President Trump's Afghanistan foreign policy? President Trump's rhetoric and specific foreign policy actions were analyzed. His rhetoric was examined through his August 2017 Afghanistan Strategy speech and his specific foreign policy actions were measured through various air operation metrics, U.S. aid to Afghanistan, and U.S. troop deployment trends. Overall, this thesis gave support to my hypothesis that President Trump's Afghanistan foreign policy contains various Hamiltonian and Wilsonian principles, but it has proven to be principally Jacksonian. / Master of Arts / The objective of this thesis was to further understand President Trump's Afghanistan foreign policy through the theoretical framework of Walter Russel Mead's four historical foreign policy paradigms. Mead's four historical paradigms are useful tools to examine and understand U.S. foreign policy. Mead provides in-depth historical context, goes into great detail on core principles, and also provides a surfeit of advantages and disadvantages for each school of thought. His breakdown of U.S. foreign policy into complementary yet combative paradigms is one of the most complete explanations of U.S. foreign policy to date. The primary research question in this thesis states, which of the four traditions of U.S. foreign policy identified by Walter Russell Mead helps explain President Trump's Afghanistan foreign policy? President Trump's rhetoric and specific foreign policy actions were analyzed. His rhetoric was examined through his August 2017 Afghanistan Strategy speech and his specific foreign policy actions were measured through various air operation metrics, U.S. aid to Afghanistan, and U.S. troop deployment trends. Overall, this thesis gave support to my hypothesis that President Trump's Afghanistan foreign policy contains various Hamiltonian and Wilsonian principles, but it has proven to be principally Jacksonian.

After the 2016 United States presidential election, people became newly involved in social action and civic engagement efforts around the nation. This participation involved joining both established and newly developing groups. One newly developed group was Indivisible. Indivisible chapters were created all over the country; group goals included resisting the aims of the Trump administration and saving democracy. The chapters looked different depending on the local context and group member composition. Some early participants moved on; other activists remained involved in this work over time. Not enough has been understood about their reasons for staying committed, or what kind of learning and changes resulted from their involvement in these communities. This study considered the Indivisible participants who were new to activism, and their experiences with learning, sustained involvement, and community. This study focused on the factors that kept new activists involved in Indivisible social action efforts from 2017 to 2020, what participants learned or how they changed through their involvement, and the roles of community in participants’ learning or development. Participants were involved for a minimum of two years; 93% had been involved for four to five-plus years at the time of the study (n=51). All of the study participants were able to articulate what they had learned through their participation in Indivisible activities. Learning more about the experiences of new activists was prioritized to understand how to support adult learners drawn to social activism and civic engagement in the future. This qualitative case study included accounts from participants in Indivisible groups from around the United States. Data were collected from 55 participants who submitted demographic questionnaires with critical incident questionnaires, with a subset of 22 participants then doing a follow-up interview. A different subset of four participants also participated in a focus group. The study found eight factors that sustained involvement, seven sub-factors that could help to sustain involvement, and three factors that may hinder involvement. The most significant factors were: (1) Community relationships and friendships, (2) Making a difference and thinking more was possible, and (3) Having a sense of duty, and belief that quitting was not an option. The most reported sub-factors were: (1) Supportive family members and friends and (2) Indivisible’s flexible format helping participants make it work for their interests and contexts. There were eleven findings specific to learning. The learning and changes findings included: (1) Participants learned about democracy and activism; (2) Participants learned to contribute and work together in community; (3) Participants had increased consciousness; (4) Participants experienced leadership or personal development; (5) Participants reported becoming more empowered, assertive, and politically engaged; (6) Learning was supported and facilitated in Indivisible communities through several community aspects. The findings of this study may be of interest to adult learning professionals interested in learning that took place within social action or civic engagement activities, and for people seeking to encourage and support new participation in social action organizations.

Les théories de la signification de W. V. O. Quine et de Donald Davidson rendent compte de la signification sur la base de données publiquement accessibles. Par contre, la notion de stimulation sensorielle qu'utilise Quine ainsi que la thèse de la relativité de l'ontologie qu'il propose créent une tension dans sa théorie de la signification en regard de son projet initial. Je mets en lumière ce fait d'abord en analysant deux critiques que formule Davidson à l'égard de la notion de stimulation sensorielle. La première veut que cette notion permet de soutenir une dichotomie schème conceptuel—contenu non interprété, mais elle n'est pas concluante. La deuxième, plus décisive, montre que les stimulations sensorielles ne sont pas les données publiquement accessibles sur lesquelles doit reposer une analyse de la notion de signification. Je critique ensuite la thèse de la relativité de l'ontologie, pour finalement faire valoir que la théorie de la signification de Davidson permet de l'éviter.

The 2016 presidential election in USA was extraordinary from several point of views and the election was majorly covered by swedish media. The aim of this research was to examine how Swedish newspapers portrayed Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump from a gender perspective during the 2016 presidential election. We also wanted to analyse how other common political news frames were used to portray Clinton and Trump.   This is a qualitative framing analysis of 14 strategically selected articles, seven that were published by Aftonbladet and seven by Dagens Nyheter. The results showed tendencies of several gendered stereotypes that are being retained by the frames the newspapers use. Frames such as gendered traits and gendered issue emphases, but also game frames were offered to the reader.   We discovered that Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter offered a more positive opinion of Clinton than of Trump. While Clinton was framed as an experienced, emotional and compassionate candidate, Trump was framed as an inexperienced, insensitive and aggressive candidate. Clinton was framed with gendered issue emphases in both the public and private sphere, while Trump was framed with gendered issue emphases in only the public sphere. Furthermore, game frames showed that the newspapers had a tendency of polarizing and personifying the candidates.

Från Reagan till Trump: Populistiska uttryck inom det republikanska partiet 1980–2017 är en kandidatuppsats av Angelica Carlsson. Syftet med studien är att förklara förekomsten av populistiska uttryck inom det republikanska partiet i USA under tidsperioden 1980–2017. Populistiska uttryck i politiska tal av presidenterna Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush och Donald Trump undersöks och graderas utifrån Kirk A. Hawkins sex kriterier över populism. Talen analyseras också utifrån de teoretiska begreppen tunn respektive tjock populism. För att förklara de populistiska uttrycken beaktar studien den historiska kontexten och utvecklingslinjer inom det republikanska partiet. Utifrån studiens resultat kan konstateras att de populistiska uttrycken är högst i Reagans och Trumps tal, medan Bushs tal har en lägre grad av populism. I studien förklaras detta utifrån den historiska kontexten, där 1980 och 2016 präglades av mer politisk instabilitet än 2000. Studien belyser hur populism inte uppstår ur tomma intet utan ska förstås i relation till kontexten i vilken den uttrycks. / From Reagan to Trump: Populist expressions within the Republican Party 1980–2017 is a bachelor thesis by Angelica Carlsson. The aim of the thesis is to explain populist expressions within the Republican Party in the United States during the period 1980–2017. Populist expressions in political speeches by the presidents Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush and Donald Trump are investigated and graded based on Kirk A. Hawkin's criteria of populism. The thesis is also taking the theoretical terms thin and thick populism into consideration. In order to explain the populist expressions the historical context and the historical development of the Republican Party is taken into account. The main findings of the thesis is that Reagan's and Trump's speeches has the highest degree of populist expressions, while Bush's speeches has a lower degree of populist expressions. The study explains this from the historical context, where 1980 and 2016 were characterized by more political instability than 2000. The study illustrates how populism does not arise from nothing and should be understood in relation to the historical context.

Esta pesquisa focaliza a produção do analista austro-húngaro Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) voltada para o tema dos cuidados na primeira infância. Ela visa, em última instância, contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento e a discussão a respeito das ideias de Reich no universo da pesquisa acadêmica. Com esse intuito, efetuamos um trabalho de articulação (aproximações e distanciamentos) entre as formulações de Reich e as do psicanalista inglês Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971), uma vez que o analista inglês se dedicou intensamente ao assunto cuidados na primeira infância. De início, realizamos um levantamento bibliográfico para identificar investigações endereçadas, de alguma forma, ao pareamento entre as ideias de Reich e Winnicott. A partir do material encontrado e do estudo das abordagens de Reich e Winnicott, elegemos quatro eixos de análise: a) potencial humano; b) o ambiente: responsáveis, funções e condições; c) concepção de saúde e o saber singular e d) possíveis efeitos das falhas nos primeiros cuidados. Em termos de resultados, algumas linhas de convergência entre as ideias de Reich e Winnicott foram sugeridas. Ressaltamos, nesse domínio, uma possível aproximação entre as noções de contato substituto (Reich) e falso-self (Winnicott). Por outro lado, distanciamentos também se fizeram presentes. Por exemplo, o psicanalista inglês procurou traçar os caminhos pelos quais, com base nas falhas nos cuidados iniciais, determinada psicopatologia poderia ser gerada. Já Reich abordou o assunto com uma orientação mais geral, sempre apontando os prejuízos globais ao organismo decorrentes de falhas nos primeiros cuidados / This research focuses on the production of the Austro-Hungarian psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957) with respect to the early childhood care. Primarily, it intends to help to deepen the knowledge of, and discussion on, Reichs ideas in the academic research universe. With this purpose, we conducted a work of articulation (proximities and distances) between Reichs formulations and those of the English psychoanalyst Donald Woods Winnicott (1896-1971), considering that Winnicott intensively studied the early childhood care. Initially, we conducted a bibliographic survey to identify investigations in any manner intending to establish a parallel between Reichs and Winnicotts ideas. Based on the material found and the study of Reichs and Winnicotts approaches, we elected four axes of analysis: a) human potential; b) the environment: persons responsible, functions and conditions; c) the conception of health and the singular knowledge, and d) possible effects of failures in the early childhood care. In the results, some lines of convergence between Reichs and Winnicotts ideas were suggested. In this regard, we point out a possible proximity between the notions of substitute contact (Reich) and fake self (Winnicott). On the other hand, distances were also found. For instance, Winnicott attempted to trace back the paths by which, based on such early caregiving failures, a certain psychopathology might be generated. Reich, instead, addressed the matter through a more general approach, always stressing the general harms resulting from early caregiving failures

O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise crítica, mas comprometida, da desconstrução manicomial e da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira, à luz das contribuições teóricas de Nise da Silveira e D.W. Winnicott. Constata que neste movimento convivem a busca de transformações radicais, em dimensões sociais, e uma relativa pobreza na criação de novos dispositivos de caráter eminentemente clínico, o que permite apontar uma importante limitação, vale dizer, que o reconhecimento da importância da dimensão social não se faz acompanhar da suficiente consideração da subjetividade em termos sensíveis e emocionais. Configura-se, assim, situação problemática, que pode ser superada pela via da proposição de enquadres clínicos diferenciados, desde que estes sejam potencialmente capazes de permitir uma articulação produtiva entre dimensões subjetivas sociais e afetivo-emocionais / It is showed trhough in this movement, the search for extreme transformation in social dimensions coexists with some relative poverty to create new mechanisms of clinical feature, which allows us to point out an important limitation, that social importance recognition is not followed by enough consideration of subjectivity in sensitive and emotional terms. It is then formed a problematic situation that may be overcome by the proposition of differentiated clinical settings, as long as they are potentially facilitate a productive articulation between social, subjective and affective-emotional dimensions

Esse estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento de práticas psicológicas no contexto institucional. Trata-se de intervenção psicoterápica em grupo com as cuidadoras de crianças em acolhimento institucional de abrigos, por dois anos, desenvolvida no contexto da instituição. Ao realizarmos nosso estudo anterior de Mestrado, identificamos acentuado sofrimento psíquico manifestado pela equipe de cuidadoras, no qual percebemos importantes identificações da equipe com as angústias emergentes nas crianças abrigadas. Iniciamos, em março de 2006, encontros psicoterápicos grupais e semanais com as cuidadoras desse abrigo até o mês de março de 2008. Aplicamos com o grupo, no início e na finalização dos encontros, o Procedimento Desenhos-Estórias com Tema, para compreendermos a dinâmica psíquica das participantes atrelada ao relacionamento com crianças em acolhimento, e também para nos auxiliar a avaliar a intervenção realizada. Adotamos a perspectiva winnicottiana para a noção de saúde. Esta experiência nos revelou que a partir do momento em que as cuidadoras alcançaram melhor contato emocional com a interioridade puderam conter grande parte do sofrimento psíquico, apresentando-se de forma mais viva para o contato com a realidade externa e ampliando os contatos afetivos. A equipe de cuidadoras apresentou melhor contato com os próprios afetos e demonstrou avanços na capacidade de discriminação das crianças em acolhimento, o que facilitou os relacionamentos no contexto institucional. Percebemos mudanças na realidade subjetiva da equipe, embora permanecesse a mesma realidade social do contexto, o que nos possibilitou também considerar a eficácia da intervenção psicológica com o grupo de cuidadoras. Portanto, propomos esta intervenção como enquadre clínico diferenciado para atendimento de cuidadoras em abrigos / This study presents the development of the psychological practice within the institutional context. It is the psychotherapeutic group intervention with the children\'s caregivers in institutional shelters, for two years, developed within the context of the shelters. In our previous study for the Master\'s Degree, we identify intense psychic suffering manifested by the team of caregivers, in which we perceive important identifications between the team and the state of anguish the sheltered children are found. In March, 2006, we begin weekly psychotherapeutic gatherings with the caregivers of this shelter, until up the year 2008. Within the group, and at the beginning and the end of each gathering, we apply the Drawing- And-Story Procedure with Theme, to understand the psychic dynamics of the participants in relation with the sheltered children, and also, to help us evaluate the applied intervention. We adopt the Winnicottian Perspective for the notion of health. The experiment reveals, from the very moment the caregivers reach a better emotional contact, with the interiority, that they are able to hold back a great part of the psychic suffering, taking a more lively approach in contacting the exterior reality, expanding the affective contacts. The team of caregivers presents a better contact with their own affections; also, presents improvement in the capacity to discriminate the children under the shelter, which facilitates the relationship in the institutional context. We perceive a change in the subjective reality of the team of caregivers, even though the social reality of the context remains unchanged, and this allows us to consider the efficiency of the psychological intervention with the team of caregivers. Thus, we propose this intervention as differentiated clinical setting to aid caregivers in shelters