教師回饋在學生的寫作過程中是很重要的，所以如何給予有效的回饋是個值得探討的議題。這個研究是在評估老師的書面回饋對於高中生多次文稿英文寫作練習的成效。桃園市某所國立高中的高三學生，一班共36位 (男生27位，女生9位) 參與這項為期從2007年九月到2008年一月的研究。教師回饋的方式是在第一次文稿上給予代號批改及評語，在第二次文稿上直接寫上正確答案及評語，在第三次文稿上直接給予答案並附上評語。老師不會在每次的文稿上評分，而學生在繳交改寫的文稿時要附上心得單。這項研究包含敘述文體的前測及後測、兩份參與者對教師回饋的問卷、及參與者的訪談。研究結果如下：第一，這種教師回饋對於整體的寫作品質上的進步有所貢獻。第二，雖然這樣的教師回饋對於整體的寫作正確度上沒有明顯的改善，但在時態及標點符號方面卻有正向的影響。第三，參與者對於這樣的教師回饋抱持著正面的態度。最後，討論此研究在教學上的意涵及對未來研究的建議。 / Teacher feedback is important in students’ writing process, so how to give effective teacher feedback is an issue worth investigation. The present study assessed the effect of teacher written feedback on high school students’ multi-draft English writing practice. A class of 36 seniors (27 boys and 9 girls) in a national senior high school in Taoyuan City participated in this study from Sep. 2007 through Jan. 2008. The teacher feedback was to give coded correction and comments on Draft 1, to offer direct correction and comments on Draft 2, and to provide direct correction and comments on Draft 3. Grades were assigned randomly and the participants had to submit cover sheets in revision. The study included the pre-test and the post-test on narrative writing, two questionnaires on the participants’ perceptions of the teacher feedback, and interviews. The results are as follows: First, this teacher feedback contributed to significant improvement in the overall writing quality. Second, this teacher feedback yielded no significant difference in the overall writing accuracy, but it had some positive effect on tense and punctuation. Third, the participants took a positive attitude toward this teacher feedback. Finally, some implications for teaching and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Darbe atliekamas Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso (CK) ir Europoje vyraujančių deliktų teisės vienodinimo tendencijų – Europos deliktų teisės principų (PETL) ir Bendros principų sistemos projekto (DCFR) civilinės deliktinės atsakomybės sąlygų palyginimas, siekiant skirti ir įvertinti jų atitiktį dabartiniame Europos deliktų teisės harmonizavimo ir unifikavimo etape. Atliekant tyrimą apibendrinamos pagrindinės Vakarų Europos deliktų teisės tradicijos, pateikiama bendra PETL, DCFR ir Lietuvos deliktų teisės sistemos charakteristika. Daromos išvados, kad PETL ir DCFR grindžiamos generalinio delikto principu. Juose skiriamos ir detaliai konkretizuojamos visos, būdingos ir Lietuvos deliktų teisės sistemai, sąlygos, kurioms esant gali būti taikoma civilinė deliktinė atsakomybė – žala, kaltė ir priežastinis ryšys. Konstatuojamas esminis CK skirtumas nuo PETL ir DCFR nuostatų, apibrėžiant trečiųjų asmenų, turinčių teisę į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą, ratą. CK trečiųjų asmenų teisė į neturtinės žalos atlyginimą įtvirtinta tik nukentėjusiojo gyvybės atėmimo atveju. PETL ir DCFR tokią trečiųjų asmenų teisę numato ir nukentėjusiojo sveikatos sužalojimo atvejais. Kaltė pagal PETL ir DCFR nuostatas gali turėti ir tyčios formą. Pabrėžiama, jog tokia nuostata prieštarauja CK. Vertinant priežastinio ryšio sąlygą daroma išvada, jog CK įtvirtinta jos samprata neprieštarauja PETL ir DCFR nuostatoms. / Work carried out the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania (CC) and Europe prevailing trends in the convergence of tort law – the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) civil tort liability in terms of comparison in order to allocate and assess their compliance with current European tort law harmonization and unification stage. The study summarizes the main Western European tradition of tort law, the general PETL, DCFR and Lithuanian tort law system performance. Conclude that PETL and DCFR based on the general tort principle. They are awarded and all the details down specific characteristic of the Lithuanian tort law system and the conditions, under which may be subject the civil tort liability – damage, fault and causation. Finding the essential difference between CC and the PETL, DCFR provisions under definition the circle of third parties, who are entitle to non-pecuniary damages. The right of the third parties by CC consolidated only the victim’s death. PETL and DCFR provide the third party under victim’s death and personal injury cases. Fault by PETL and DCFR provisions could have the form of intentional. Emphasized that such a provision is contrary to CC. Assessing the condition of causality, it is concluded, that the CC provides its conception in compliance with the PETL and DCFR provisions.

The purpose of my dissertation was to make an analysis of factors influencing the process of the carrying out of the cross-border merger of the Czech company with the company in the European Union. Solution procedure stems from a general definition of acquisitions and mergers, their historical development, reasons for the carrying out thereof, through the picture of these processes in international standards of financial reporting up to the regulation in the European Union. When analyzing the rules for cross-border mergers within the EU, I ascertained problematic places consisting in non-finalization of harmonization - in accounting context - of mergers, and in possibilities of a selection of a tax solution. Apart from the Czech legal regulation, I also analyzed the Slovak legal regulation since the last application part contains a practical example of merger of the Czech company and two Slovak companies carried out in 2009 and prepared on the basis of empirical data.

EGMR und EuGH stehen grundsätzlich gleichberechtigt und autonom nebeneinander. Beide verstehen sich als Hüter der Grund- und Menschenrechte auf europäischer Ebene und als Kontrollinstanzen. Sie urteilen aber beide auch auf Grundlage der EMRK. Für den EGMR ist dies die originäre Rechtsgrundlage, während der EuGH mangels eines geschriebenen Grundrechtskatalogs aus ganz unterschiedlichen Rechtsquellen schöpft. Zudem ist er nicht zwingend an eine vom EGMR gewählte Auslegung einer EMRK-Norm gebunden. Diese Situation begünstigt die Möglichkeit divergierender Entscheidungen beider Gerichtshöfe bezüglich ein- und derselben EMRK - Norm und letztendlich auch die Entwicklung unterschiedlicher Grundrechtsschutzniveaus in Europa. Diese Arbeit möchte einen Weg aufzeigen, wie eine derartige Entwicklung vermieden werden kann. / ECHR and ECJ stand in principle equally and autonomously side by side. Both courts understand themselves as guardians of the basic rights and human rights on a european level. However, they both judge also on the basis of the European Charta on Human Rights. For the ECHR, this is the original legal-basis, whereas the ECJ, due to the lack of a written privilege-catalog, developes basic rights from quite different legal-sources. Moreover, it is not necessarily tied to an interpretation of an ECHR-Norm chosen by the EGMR. This situation favors the possibility of diverging decisions of both courts concerning the same ECHR - norm and ultimately the development of different privilege-protection-levels in Europe. This work would like to show a way how a such a development can be avoided.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROGERIO PEREIRA LEAL.pdf: 1284063 bytes, checksum: 2c16b716700711c959358f508b69712f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / This thesis aims to propose the adoption of the International Criminal Court and the Draft Law no.: 4.038/2008 as instruments for the implementation of Human Rights. For this, we analyzed the form of organization, structure, jurisdiction, powers, operations performed by the International Criminal Court and the Draft Law no.: 4.038/2008, in its characteristic for the implementation of Human Rights. This analysis concluded that the lack of effectiveness has been the biggest problem facing actions for protecting international human rights. Under this aspect was studied lack of an institute that guarantees the effectiveness of their legal actions when they depend on cooperation with States. Thus, it argues the need for transformation of the Draft Law no.: 4.038/2008 in law as a counter measure under the responsibility of a State before the International Criminal Court. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo propor a adoção do Tribunal Penal Internacional e do Projeto de Lei n.º: 4.038/2008, como instrumentos para a implementação dos Direitos Humanos. Para isto, foram analisadas a forma de organização, estrutura, jurisdição, competência, operações realizadas pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional e o Projeto de Lei n.º: 4.038/2008, em sua característica para a implementação dos Direitos Humanos. Esta análise concluiu que a falta de efetividade tem sido o maior problema enfrentado pelas ações voltadas à proteção internacional dos direitos humanos. Sob este aspecto foi estudada a falta de um instituto que garanta a eficácia de seus atos jurídicos quando estes dependem da cooperação com Estados. Sendo assim, defende-se a necessidade da transformação do Projeto de Lei n.º: 4.038/2008, em Lei como uma contra medida no contexto da responsabilidade de um Estado perante o Tribunal Penal Internacional.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Aparecida Cimardi.pdf: 1385322 bytes, checksum: a491bfd495839b832e44a24d24a264e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / This thesis aims to analyze the current role of jurisprudence in the face of Brazilian legal system. First, the historical aspects that led to the evolution of the concept of legal system were presented. From these considerations, the following approaches were conducted: (i) historical delineation of the development of law enforcement, especially in the Civil Law legal system, showing how mass society demanded that the Brazilian legislator implanted new trial procedural techniques; (ii) presentation of the concepts of jurisprudence and judicial precedents to the Brazilian legal system; (iii) demonstration of need for the jurisprudence to be dedicated to standardization, function to be exercised by superior courts (Supreme Justice Court and Supreme Federal Court; (iv) demonstration that the performance of this function results a paradigm for future trials and, therefore, comply with the ideals of stability and predictability of the legal system; (v) exposure that uniform jurisprudence of higher courts can and must undergo changes, being inadmissible sudden and unjustified changes; (vi) demonstration of the importance of judicial precedents in the Brazilian legal system, as conductors of uniform jurisprudence; (vii) exposure of standardization techniques of jurisprudence governed by civil process, and (viii) new discipline of the subject, presented in the Draft ot Civil Process Law. As a result of the research, it was found that uniform jurisprudence of higher courts integrates the meaning of rules, reason why it is the structuring element of the legal system, hence it should be observed in future trials, throughout society and the Administration. We sought, therefore, to develop a methodical study, based on extensive local and foreign literature, which intended to establish a current legal framework of the uniform jurisprudence of higher courts and techniques for jurisprudence standardization / Esta tese tem como objetivo principal analisar o atual papel da jurisprudência em face do sistema jurídico brasileiro. Primeiramente, foram apresentados os aspectos históricos que resultaram na evolução do conceito de sistema jurídico. A partir de tais considerações, foram realizadas as seguintes abordagens: (i) delineamento histórico do desenvolvimento da aplicação do direito em concreto, especialmente no sistema jurídico do civil Law, evidenciando como a sociedade de massa exigiu que o legislador brasileiro implantasse novas técnicas processuais de julgamento; (ii) exposição dos conceitos de jurisprudência e precedentes judiciais para o sistema jurídico brasileiro; (iii) demonstração da necessidade de a jurisprudência ser vocacionada à uniformização, função a ser desempenhada pelos tribunais superiores (Superior Tribunal de Justiça e Supremo Tribunal Federal; (iv) demonstração de que a jurisprudência uniforme resulta em paradigma de julgamentos futuros e, por essa razão, cumprir com os ideais da previsibilidade e estabilidade do sistema jurídico; (v) exposição de que a jurisprudência uniforme dos tribunais superiores podem e devem sofrer mudanças, sendo inadmissíveis as transformações bruscas e injustificadas; (vi) demonstração da importância dos precedentes judiciais no sistema jurídico brasileiro, como condutores da jurisprudência uniforme; (vii) exposição das técnicas de uniformização de jurisprudência disciplinadas pelo processo civil; e (viii) nova disciplina do tema, apresentada no Projeto de Código de Processo Civil. Como resultado da pesquisa, constatou-se que a jurisprudência uniforme dos tribunais superiores integra o sentido das normas, razão pela qual é elemento estruturante do sistema jurídico e, por isso, deve ser observada em julgamentos futuros, por toda a sociedade e pela Administração. Buscou-se, assim, elaborar um trabalho metódico, baseado em ampla bibliografia nacional e estrangeira, que pretendeu estabelecer o enquadramento jurídico atual da jurisprudência uniforme dos tribunais superiores e das técnicas de uniformização de jurisprudência

O planejamento da fabricação de peças de caldeiraria para hidrelétricas tais como caixa espiral, tubo de sucção e conduto forçado, necessita de bons conhecimentos em caldeiraria e muita experiência na área devido à complexidade dos cálculos, tornando-se uma tarefa trabalhosa e com muitas possibilidades de erros. A seqüência de operações, no entanto, é altamente repetitiva facilitando o desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional de apoio. O trabalho proposto a seguir tem como objetivo apresentar um sistema desenvolvido como um aplicativo em software CAD para auxiliar as tarefas de projetar e fabricar caixa espiral, tubo de sucção e conduto forçado. O sistema colocou o conhecimento técnico da engenharia industrial de hidrogeradores de uma empresa de bens de capital ao alcance de projetistas desta área, de forma a aumentar a produtividade nestas, e em outras atividades similares, minimizando as possibilidades de erro e padronizando os procedimentos de cálculos. Os resultados foram, entre outros, diminuição do tempo de geração das informações para o processo de fabricação, tais como croquis de delineamento e desenhos de montagem, acima de 90% e perda zero de peças na fabricação. / The manufacturing process of hydroelectric weld parts, such as spiral cases, draft tubes and penstocks, demands good knowledge and experience in the area due to the calculations needed, revealing to be a difficult work with a high risk of errors. However, the operation sequence is highly repetitive which enables the development of a computational support system. This thesis has the purpose to present a system developed as an application in CAD software to aid the projecting and manufacturing activities of the spiral boxes, draft tubes and penstocks. Such system was disposed to the technical body of an industrial engineering department maintained by a heavy equipment company which manufactures hydro generators, so professionals were able to increase their productivity, being the system also used in similar areas, minimizing possibilities of mistakes and standardizing calculations procedures. Results were, among others, decrease of time needed to develop process information, such as sketch outlines and assembly drawings, above 90% and zero losses on parts production.

O planejamento da fabricação de peças de caldeiraria para hidrelétricas tais como caixa espiral, tubo de sucção e conduto forçado, necessita de bons conhecimentos em caldeiraria e muita experiência na área devido à complexidade dos cálculos, tornando-se uma tarefa trabalhosa e com muitas possibilidades de erros. A seqüência de operações, no entanto, é altamente repetitiva facilitando o desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional de apoio. O trabalho proposto a seguir tem como objetivo apresentar um sistema desenvolvido como um aplicativo em software CAD para auxiliar as tarefas de projetar e fabricar caixa espiral, tubo de sucção e conduto forçado. O sistema colocou o conhecimento técnico da engenharia industrial de hidrogeradores de uma empresa de bens de capital ao alcance de projetistas desta área, de forma a aumentar a produtividade nestas, e em outras atividades similares, minimizando as possibilidades de erro e padronizando os procedimentos de cálculos. Os resultados foram, entre outros, diminuição do tempo de geração das informações para o processo de fabricação, tais como croquis de delineamento e desenhos de montagem, acima de 90% e perda zero de peças na fabricação. / The manufacturing process of hydroelectric weld parts, such as spiral cases, draft tubes and penstocks, demands good knowledge and experience in the area due to the calculations needed, revealing to be a difficult work with a high risk of errors. However, the operation sequence is highly repetitive which enables the development of a computational support system. This thesis has the purpose to present a system developed as an application in CAD software to aid the projecting and manufacturing activities of the spiral boxes, draft tubes and penstocks. Such system was disposed to the technical body of an industrial engineering department maintained by a heavy equipment company which manufactures hydro generators, so professionals were able to increase their productivity, being the system also used in similar areas, minimizing possibilities of mistakes and standardizing calculations procedures. Results were, among others, decrease of time needed to develop process information, such as sketch outlines and assembly drawings, above 90% and zero losses on parts production.

After the Vietnam War, increased defense funds assigned to the Army National Guard stimulated and supported small communities in Louisiana. Recruits from economically depressed regions lined up to join the Guard because of the competitive pay and the generous education benefits it offered. In the mid-1980s, when a state budgetary shortfall threatened to limit the stream of federal funds and close local armories, communities in Louisiana rallied to keep the doors of their armories open. This paper examines how the readiness efforts of the Louisiana Army National Guard affected the economies of small communities as defense dollars increased following the shift from a draft army to an all-volunteer force and the implementation of Total Force Policy.

This thesis studies the influence of ethnicity, nationality, and occupation upon military selection of the residents of Ohio during the First World War. This is a quantitative study, based on a data set constructed from samples of the 1910 and 1920 censuses and The Official Roster of Ohio Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the World War, 1917-1918. Chapter I introduces the sources and the methodology. Chapter II examines the ethnicity of conscripts, and whether or not ethnic identities affected draft registration or military selection. Chapter III examines the numerical significance of resident aliens in the military population. Chapter IV examines the influence of social class on conscription: determining whether persons of wealth avoided military service and the influence of occupational deferments on the population at risk. Chapter V concludes the thesis by summarizing the results.