Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-07-02T13:09:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Ricciardi Correa Lopes.pdf: 3772704 bytes, checksum: e9e463c6a31c2f3f9070722f48c78ce7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-02T13:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Ricciardi Correa Lopes.pdf: 3772704 bytes, checksum: e9e463c6a31c2f3f9070722f48c78ce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-16 / Nenhuma / Esta tese trata dos regimes de visualidade que surgem como consequência da presença massiva de tecnologias de computação móvel na cultura midiática contemporânea. Em especial, interessam os processos de agenciamento do olhar (e do corpo) que se efetuam no campo dos novos formatos audiovisuais que empregam tecnologias móveis de comunicação e geolocalização em seus processos formais e estéticos (os quais chamamos no contexto desta pesquisa de audiovisuais locativos). Questionamos, em primeiro lugar, quais relações (estéticas, simbólicas, performáticas) podem ser estabelecidas entre as imagens técnicas exibidas nas telas de dispositivos móveis e as paisagens das cidades. Questionamos também qual o papel assumido pelo corpo dos usuários de dispositivos móveis em contextos de interação com aplicações de audiovisuais locativos. Para tanto, desenvolvemos com base nas cartografias benjaminianas um método de invenção de constelações de afinidades, a partir do qual desenvolvemos nossas observação através de um duplo movimento: por um lado, traçamos conexões com outros fenômenos contemporâneos que tomam forma no campo da produção estética e experimental com mídias locativas; por outro lado, procuramos cartografar movimentos genealógicos de recuperação, filiação e ruptura das tendências autenticadas nos objetos empíricos analisados com formas culturais do passado. Com isso, colocamos em perspectiva noções oriundas do campo de estudos da imagem, tais como as de “tela”, “quadro” e “enquadramento”, “campo” e “fora de campo”, “montagem”, dentre outras. Por fim, procuramos defender a ideia de que as imagens que despontam hoje atravessadas pelos códigos culturais das mídias locativas são produzidas para serem, acima de tudo, intuídas através do engajamento todo do corpo e por isso demandam metodologias de análise de imagens que deem conta de seu potencial para produzirem efeitos de presença mais do que para representarem ou simularem outros mundos. / This thesis deals with the regimes of visuality which arise as consequence of the massive presence of mobile computing technologies in the contemporary mediatic culture. As a matter of fact, it specially concerns the processes of agency of the look (and body) that are effected in the field of new audiovisual formats - which are called locative audiovisual - employing communication and geolocation mobile technologies on their formal and aesthetic processes. It is called into question what relations (aesthetic, symbolic, performative) are established among technical images on the screens of mobile devices and cityscape. It is also questioned the role taken over by the body of users of mobile devices in contexts of interaction with locative audiovisual applications. Therefore, we have developed a method of inventive constellations of affinities, based on Walter Benjamin’s cartography, from which we carry out our observation through a double movement: on one hand we draw connections to other contemporary phenomena that take form in the field of aesthetic and experimental production with locative media. On the other hand we tried to establish genealogical movements of retrieval, comparison, belonging and rupture of the perceived trends in the analyzed objects with cultural forms from the past. This way we put notions derived from the image field of study - such as canvas, frame and framing, field and off the field, assembly, among others - into perspective. Finally we aim to defend the idea that today images that stand out crossed by cultural codes of locative medias are produced in order to be intuited rather than perceived and thus they require analysis that are able to comprehend their potential to produce effects of presence more than to represent or simulate other worlds.

Une décision perceptive est un processus délibératif consistant à choisir une proposition catégorielle ou un plan d'action parmi plusieurs alternatives sur la base d'information sensorielle. Les modèles de prise décision font l'hypothèse que l'information sensorielle est accumulée au cours du temps jusqu'à un seuil décisionnel. Ces modèles ont récemment reçu un support empirique important grâce à la découverte de neurones accumulateurs dans le cerveau de singes. Toutefois, l'étude neurophysiologique de ces système d'accumulation chez l'homme est rare. Ce travail de thèse vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes neuronaux de prise de décision chez l'homme dans des contextes de la vie réelle, beaucoup plus complexes que ceux utilisés chez le singe. / A perceptual decision is a deliberative process that aims to choose a categorical proposition or course of action from a set of alternatives on the basis of available sensory information. Models of perceptual decision-making assume that sensory information is accumulated to some threshold level, whence the decision terminates in a choice. The recent discovery of neural correlates of these theoretical predictions in the non-human primate brain has reinforced their validity. However, neurophysiological studies of perceptual decision-making mechanisms in humans are relatively scarce. This work aims at enhancing our understanding of the computations and neurophysiology underpinning such mechanisms in humans, through the study of decision-making contexts more complex than those used in monkey research.

O deslocamento de elétrons em gases pode ser caracterizado por grandezas macroscópicas tais como a velocidade de arrastamento, taxa de ionização, primeiro coeficiente de Townsend e os coeficientes de difusão longitudinal e transversal, que são denominados de parâmetros de transporte. Esses parâmetros são importantes já que permitem a validação das secções de choque de colisões de elétrons com as moléculas do gás, contribuem com informações para modelos de descargas automantidas e são importantes para o desenvolvimento de novos detectores gasosos. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de velocidade de arrastamento (W), taxa de ionização (Ri) e do primeiro coeficiente Townsend de ionização (α), para o isobutano e n-butano em função do campo elétrico reduzido efetivo no intervalo de 130 a 180 Td, obtidos utilizando a técnica de Townsend pulsada. Em nosso aparato, os elétrons primários são gerados a partir da incidência no catodo de um curto pulso de laser e são acelerados em direção ao anodo por meio de um campo elétrico uniforme. O sinal elétrico proveniente do deslocamento desses elétrons é digitalizado por um osciloscópio e a partir do ajuste de uma função modelo à forma do sinal elétrico, determinam-se os parâmetros de transporte. Os resultados obtidos para o isobutano e n-butano foram comparados com os valores da simulação Magboltz 2-versão 8.6 em razão da escassez de dados na literatura para esses gases na região de campo elétrico reduzido estudada. / The electron swarm can be characterized by macroscopic quantities such as the drift velocity, ionization rate, first Townsend ionization coefficient and the longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients, so called transport parameters. These parameters are important since they allow the validation of electron collisional cross section with gas molecules, contribute for self-sustained discharge models and are important for gaseous detectors development. In the present work the results of electron drift velocity (W), ionization rate (Ri) and first Townsend coefficient (α) as a function of the reduced electric field for isobutane and n-butane by the means of pulsed Townsend technique are presented. In our experimental setup, the primary electrons are liberated by the irradiation of a short laser pulse at the cathode and are accelerated towards the anode through a uniform electric field. The electron movements induce signals that are digitalized and the fitting of a model function to their waveforms provides the transport parameters. The results obtained for isobutane and n-butane were compared with Magboltz 2-version 8.6 values, since there are few data in the literature for these gases for effective reduced electric field ranging from 130 to 180 Td.

Emerging influenza viruses continue to challenge public health. The problem is public health science professionals have been battling emerging human influenza diseases with tactile and reactionary methods because there is a lack of knowledge and data at the human-animal interface. This research was a baseline study of the proportion of influenza A virus (IAV) in urban and rural communities in California. The population was artificial recirculating water ponds in the geographic locations of rural and urban Californian communities. Surface water samples [N = 182] were collected from artificial recirculating ponds in California. Positivity for IAV was verified by real time RT-PCR, MDCK cells for virus infectivity, nucleotide sequencing of the RNA genome, and phylogenic analysis of IAV H5N1 strains. The proportion of IAV in rural and urban ponds favored the greater burden of IAV in urban ponds over rural ponds. The presence of waterfowl and IAV M gene sequence positivity were found not to be significantly related. The geochemical properties--pH, salinity, and water temperature at time of collection--were not predictors of IAV infectivity. This baseline research study validated these water ponds as resource sites for IAV surveillance and monitoring. The social change implications of this study can be recognized at the national and international levels, to the population level, and to the individual level by providing geospatial analysis and spatial-temporal data for IAV surveillance, initiating biosecurity measures to protect poultry industries in the United States and Brazil, and contributing to the current IAV strain library. Contributions to the IAV strain library may be used to develop vaccines against human pandemics.

Le sujet de ma thèse est la théorie de la pénalisation, développée originalement par B .Roynette, P. Vallois et M. Yor dans le cas du mouvement brownien. En quelques mots, cela consiste à favoriser des trajectoires de mesure nulle en mettant un poids sur la mesure de probabilité.<br />La première partie de ma thèse est la contrepartie discrète de leur travail:<br />Soit $\left(\Omega,\,\left(X_n,\,\mathcal F_n,\,n\geq0\right),\mathcal F_\infty=\bigvee_{n\geq0}\mathcal F_n,\,\p\right)$ la marche aléatoire symétrique où $\mathcal F_n$ est la filtration canonique.<br />Pour des fonctionnelles positives et adaptées $G:\mathbb N\times\Omega\time\Omega\rightarrow\mathbb R^+$, j'étudie $\forall n\in\mathbb N,\,\forall\Lambda_n\in\mathcal F_n$, la limite quand $p\rightarrow\infty$ de la quantité:<br />\begin{equation*}<br />\frac{\e_x[\mathds{1}_{\Lambda_n}G_p]}{\e_x[G_p]}<br />\end{equation*}<br />Quand cette limite existe, elle est égale à $Q\left(\Lambda_n\right):=\e_x[\mathds{1}_{\Lambda_n}M_n]$ où $\left(M_n,n\geq0\right)$ est une martingale positive non uniformément intégrable. La définition de $Q$ induit une nouvelle probabilité sur $\left(\Omega,\,\mathcal F_\infty\right)$ et on étudie alors $\left(X_n,n\geq0\right)$ sous $Q$.<br />Dans une seconde partie, j'essaye d'étendre cette théorie à un processus de naissance et de mort. Rappelons que ces processus ont la propriété de ne changer d'état que vers les états les plus proches et cela après un temps aléatoire exponentiel.<br />Plus précisément, je pénalise un processus de naissance et de mort transient par le nombre de visites dans l'état 0 (ce qui est comme une pénalisation par le temps local). Quand je force ce processus à visiter une infinité de fois l'état 0, je prouve que, sous la nouvelle mesure de probabilité induite par pénalisation, le processus se comporte comme un processus de naissance et de mort récurrente.}

<p>The purpose of this essay is to analyze the view on sexuality held by Sweden’s first woman doctor Karolina Widerström, by using ideologycritical textanalysis on the written scriptures of dr. Widerström that focus on sexualpolitics. In doing this I use the theory of speech by Foucault. In this study I focus on Widerström’s scriptures, what she wrote about, how she wrote about it but also what she couldn't write due to the historical context and how omission can still speak of power. I mean that Widerström intentionally tried to write about immoral subjects in a moral way and that her sexualpolitic scriptures give a rare expression of a positive view on sexuality, which is even clearer in comparison with Elizabeth Blackwell, another woman doctor and gynaecologist active in USA. By examining the threats and ideals in their works I come to the conclusion that Widerström’s view on sexuality as beautiful, natural and positive is very different from Blackwell’s point of view.</p>

<p>För omvärlden kom Enrons krasch som en chock men det fanns de som visste vad som pågick inom bolaget. Bland annat var ansvarig revisor införstådd med de finansiella svårigheterna men valde ändå att inte påpeka detta i revisionsberättelsen. Flera studier indikerar att detta är fallet även för andra bolag då resultaten visade på en liten andel going-concern utlåtanden trots hotande konkurs. Det här väcker tankar om revisorns utlåtande verkligen ska ses som en garanti. Enron-skandalen väckte även frågor kring revisorns oberoende då det framkom att samma revisor reviderat bolaget i flera år. Syftet med denna uppsats är därmed att undersöka om svenska publika aktiebolag som gått i konkurs erhållit ett going-concern utlåtande från revisorn i den senaste årsredovisningen. Vi ämnar även se om det finns ett samband mellan going-concern utlåtande och konkurs samt mellan going-concern utlåtande och revisorns mandatperiod. För att uppnå syftet valde vi att utifrån den teoretiska referensramen formulera tre hypoteser som vi därefter prövade kvantitativt genom att samla in årsredovisningar och granska tillhörande revisionsberättelser för samtliga konkursdrabbade publika aktiebolag mellan år 1997-2010. För att säkerställa delar av resultatet genomförde vi även en statistisk prövning av hypotes 2 och 3 genom Cramers kontingenskoefficient V.</p><p><em>I den första </em>hypotesen undersökte vi om mindre än hälften av de svenska konkursdrabbade publika aktiebolagen erhöll ett going-concern utlåtande i den senaste årsredovisningen. Utifrån resultatet kunde vi konstatera att det var 18,2 procent av bolagen som erhöll ett goingconcern utlåtande i årsredovisningen närmast konkursen, vilket ligger i linje med tidigare studier. <em>I den andra </em>hypotesen undersökte vi om det fanns ett samband mellan going-concern utlåtande och konkurs, om andelen bolag som erhöll ett going-concern utlåtande ökade ju närmre bolagen var en konkurs. Resultatet visade att andelen going-concern utlåtanden var få för samtliga år men ökade ju närmre bolagen var en konkurs. Den statistiska analysen ger stöd till hypotesen och visar att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan utlåtande och konkurs. <em>I den tredje </em>och sista hypotesen undersökte vi om det fanns ett samband mellan going-concern utlåtande och revisorns mandatperiod, om andelen bolag som erhöll ett going-concern utlåtande ökade vid ett revisorsbyte. Resultatet visar att det inte fanns något samband mellan revisorsbyte och going-concern utlåtande då samtliga bolag som fått detta utlåtande inte bytt revisor. Detta bekräftas även av den statistiska prövningen. Bland de bolag där revisorsbyte genomfördes kunde vi däremot urskilja ett mönster som visade att endast de bolag som gjorde externa byten erhöll orena revisioner efter revisorsbytet.</p>

<p>In this thesis the genetic variation of two grouse species, the Chinese grouse (<i>Bonasa sewersowi</i>) and the Black grouse (<i>Tetrao tetrix</i>) was examined with neutral genetic markers: microsatellites. Habitat fragmentation and isolation leads to structuring among and loss of genetic variation within populations.</p><p>The Chinese grouse in a small population in Lianhuasan nature reserve was found to have undergone a population bottleneck and as a result of isolation and possible inbreeding showed genetic impoverishment hereof.</p><p>The Black grouse populations in Europe face various different conditions from widely distributed areas of suitable habitat in the northern and eastern parts of its range to highly naturally and anthropogenically fragmented habitat landscapes in the west.</p><p>Structure among populations was found in Great Britain where Wales, Scotland and England showed characteristics of three different genetic entities, indicating very little or no geneflow between these populations. </p><p>The Dutch population showed signs of loss of genetic variation as to be expected from a population that has historically decreased in population size from several thousands to tens of individuals in a matter of decades. However the possibility to spot signs of a bottleneck was impaired due to the short time-window in which this can be observed in a population with such a low effective population size (N_E).</p><p>The sampled populations in Europe clustered into five different groups of genetic identities. The different clusters were: Great Britain-, the Netherlands-, Fenno-Scandian-, Alpine- and lowland German-Austrian populations. The level of genetic variation when compared over all these different populations decreased as a sign of isolation and small N_E. However it was not feasible to separate the impact of these two factors.</p>

<p>To shed light on forces that shape the molecular evolution of bird genomes, and in turn avian adaptations, comparative analyses of avian DNA sequences are important. Moreover, contrasting findings in birds to those of other organisms will lend a clearer view on general aspects of molecular evolution. However, few such analyses have been conducted in birds. Progress is presented in this thesis.</p><p>Theories predict a reduction in the mutation rate of the Z chromosome as the harmful effects of recessive mutations are exposed in female birds. We find no evidence for this. Instead, the substitution rates of sex chromosomes and autosomes are largely compatible with expectations from male-biased mutation. This suggests that a majority of mutations arise during DNA replication.</p><p>Substitution rates also vary across chicken autosomes. For instance, microchromosomes accumulate ~20% more substitutions than macrochromosomes. We show that a majority of the autosomal variation in substitution rate can be accounted for by GC content, mainly due to the incidence of mutable CpG-dinucleotides.</p><p>Sequence comparisons also show that the pattern of nucleotide substitution varies in the chicken genome and this reinforces regional differences in base composition. </p><p>The level of selective constraint in at least some avian lineages is higher than in mammalian lineages as indicated by low<i> d</i><i>N</i><i>/d</i><i>S</i><i> </i>– ratios. Larger historical population sizes of birds relative to mammals could explain this observation. Within the avian genome, the<i> d</i><i>N</i><i>/d</i><i>S</i> is lower for genes on micro- than macrochromosomes, potentially owing to a higher incidence of house-keeping genes in the former category.</p><p>Contrasting data on non-synonymous and synonymous substitution for divergence and polymorphism shows that positive selection has contributed more to the evolution of Z-linked than autosomal genes. This is likely explained by the full exposure of beneficial recessive mutations on Z when in female birds.</p>

Genetic mapping contributes to the understanding of functional mechanisms that underlie the constitution of living organisms and their physiology. For example, genetic mapping can be used in conceiving new treatments of congenital or infectious diseases and in selecting plants and animals that have a higher and better production. The most common approaches of genetic mapping exploit the allelic segregation in a pedigree during only a few number of generations and, consequently, they do not have a sufficient resolution to allow an effective gene isolation and cloning. An alternative to these approaches is to study allelic associations along the history of a population. This requires accurate models of population demography, genetic inheritance and allelic associations. This thesis contributes to the modelling of allelic associations (linkage disequilibrium, LD) and to the assessment of the effects of selection and inbreeding. In a simulation framework, we fitted the multimarker-multiallelic LD with an exponential function characterised by two parameters: the distance (R) at which LD is independent of the genetic distance and the LD reached at this distance (residual LD, rs). As an application of this approach, the LD was estimated in five populations of pigs. We observed a long range LD (>10cM) that was explained by the random drift. Moreover, significantly increased LD was found in regions harbouring selected QTL (quantitative trait loci), suggesting an effect of selection. Fitting LD with the exponential model proposed in simulations indicated that mapping methods using LD (LDM) can achieve a resolution of ~3cM in the populations of pigs we have studied and can be powerful with a marker spacing of 5-10cM. As illustrated with these data from pigs, the model that we used to fit LD offers opportunities to characterise allelic association in populations, estimate the required marker density for genome-wide LD studies and determine the expected resolution of LDM. It is also shown that the proposed model can help overcoming the assumptions of asymptotic linkage equilibrium and independence between markers that are commonly made in LDM but are not always fulfilled.