A vehicle has several rotating components such as a traction electric motor, the driveline, and the wheels and tires. The rotating inertia of these components is important in vehicle performance analyses. However, in many studies, the rotating inertias are typically lumped into an equivalent inertial mass to simplify the analysis, making it difficult to investigate the effect of those components and losses for vehicle energy use. In this study, a backward-tracking model from the wheels and tires to the power source (battery or fuel cell) is developed to estimate the effect of rotating inertias for each component during propulsion and regenerative braking of a vehicle. This paper presents the effect of rotating inertias on the power and energy for propulsion and regenerative braking for two-wheel drive (either front or rear) and all-wheel drive (AWD) cases. On-road driving and dynamometer tests are different since only one axle (two wheels) is rotating in the latter case, instead of two axles (four wheels). The differences between an on-road test and a dynamometer test are estimated using the developed model. The results show that the rotating inertias can contribute a significant fraction (8 -13 %) of the energy recovered during deceleration due to the relatively lower losses of rotating components compared to vehicle inertia, where a large fraction is dissipated in friction braking. In a dynamometer test, the amount of energy captured from available energy in wheel/tire assemblies is slightly less than that of the AWD case in on-road test. The total regenerative brake energy capture is significantly higher (> 70 %) for a FWD vehicle on a dynamometer compared to an on-road case. The rest of inertial energy is lost by inefficiencies in components, regenerative brake fraction, and friction braking on the un-driven axle. / Master of Science

This thesis develops and implements a testbed for the evaluation of inverter fed motor drives used in electric vehicles. The testbed consists of a computer-controlled dynamometer connected to power analysis and data collection tools. The programming and operation and of the testbed is covered. Then it is used to evaluate three pairs of identical rating inverters. The goal is to analyze the effect of topology and software improvements on motor drive efficiency. The first test analyzes the effect of a soft-switching circuit on inverter and motor efficiency. The second test analyzes the difference between space vector modulation (SVM) and current-band hysteresis. The final test evaluates the effect of both soft-switching and SVM on drive performance. The tests begin with a steady state analysis of efficiency over a wide range of torque and speed. Then drive cycles tests are used to simulate both city and highway driving. Together, these dynamic and steady state test results provide a realistic assessment of electric vehicle drive performance. / Master of Science

Mosquitoes are vectors for many diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity across the globe such as malaria, dengue fever and Zika. As mosquito populations expand their range into new areas, they may undergo mate-finding Allee effects such that their ability to successfully reproduce becomes difficult at low population densities. With new technology, creating target specific gene modification may now be a viable method for mosquito population control. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the effects of releasing transgenic mosquitoes into newly established low-density mosquito populations. Our model consists of two life stages (aquatic and adult), which are further divided into three genetically distinct groups: heterogeneous and homogeneous transgenic alleles that cause female infertility and a homogeneous wild type. We perform analytical and numerical analyses on the equilibria to determine the level of saturation needed to eliminate mosquitoes in a given area. This model demonstrates the potential for a gene drive system to reduce the spread of invading mosquito populations. / Master of Science / Mosquitoes spread many diseases that cause significant death across the globe such as malaria, dengue fever and Zika. As mosquito populations expand their range into new areas, they may not be able to successful reproduce at small population. With new technology, creating target specific gene modification may now be a viable method for mosquito population control. We develop a mathematical model to investigate the effects of releasing mosquitoes which have a gene modification into newly established low-density mosquito populations. Our model consists of two life stages (aquatic and adult), which are further divided into three genetically distinct groups. We perform analytical and numerical analyses on the equilibria to determine the level of saturation needed to eliminate mosquitoes in a given area. This model demonstrates the potential for a gene modified mosquito to reduce the spread of invading mosquito populations.

The high price of batteries in working machines with electric drives offer a potential for investment in energy-saving hydraulic systems. The decentralized power network opens up new approaches for hydraulic- and hybrid circuits. In addition, the regeneration of energy can be used at any point of the machine. For the example of an excavator arm drive with a double cylinder two compact hydraulic circuits are presented, which relieve a central hydraulic system.

Denna rapport är ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjör, teknisk design –Produktutveckling vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Den omfattar 10 arbetsveckorsarbete på 15 högskolepoäng utfört mellan 2016-10-10 och 2016-12-16. Uppdragsgivaren för detta projekt är företaget Zone Systems som tillverkar bådedigitala och analoga skyltar för in- och utomhusbruk. Målet med projektet är attskapa en produktserie för drive-in. I denna produktserie skall det ingå ramar tillprofilen Infinity som uppdragsgivaren redan tagit fram och som finns i olikastorlekar. Även en half-gate skall tas fram, vilket är det första som syns vid endrive-in och talar om för föraren vilken höjd fordonet max får ha. Dennaproduktserie skall gå att anpassa efter kundens önskemål, vara lättillverkad ochmöjliggöra att skylten går att snurra på. Materialval skall göras som klarar avutomhusmiljö samt ser till att produkterna är stabila. För att åstadkomma detta har relevant teori samlats in så som material,produktutveckling, färglära och kommunikation. En projektplan har också gjortssom har följts noga under hela projektet. Därefter påbörjades idéutvecklingen som bestod av olika idégenereringsmetodersom brainstorming, idéskiftmetoden, katalogmetoden, kategorisering och enworkshop bestående av sju personer. De idéer som genererats från dessa metodersamlades sedan ihop och en gallring av dem gjordes. Fyra koncept valdes ut vidgallringen- Det var koncepten Rör-ram, H-balk, Istappen och Ljuslådan. Ett koncept vidareutvecklades och konstruktionsförslag togs fram på detta. Ävenmock-ups och datormodelleringar togs fram för att sedan resultera i slutkonceptetBright. Därefter skissades en half-gate fram med designaspekt baserad påslutkonceptet. Denna modellerades även upp i CAD-programmet Siemens NX10.0 och verklighetstrogna bilder renderades på hela produktserien i LuxionKeyshot 5. Slutresultatet på produktserien låter kunden själv välja färg för att passa derasföretag. Skylten går även att snurra på och det material som användes är bockadstålplåt för att klara av utomhusmiljön och skapa en stabil grund. Även akrylplastanvänds för tätning och ljusutsläpp. Det är en moderniserad och nytänkandelösning för en produktserie till en drive-in samt tidlös tack vare dess smakfulladesign.

A utilização de tecnologias de visualização tridimensional aplicada à área de Transportes tem contribuído não só para avaliar o impacto de um projeto de rodovia na região de seu entorno, mas também, no desenvolvimento e estudo dos elementos do próprio projeto geométrico. A pesquisa busca avaliar o potencial do uso de ferramentas de visualização tridimensional (3D) na detecção de deficiências de coordenação entre os alinhamentos horizontal e vertical de um projeto rodoviário. A avaliação foi conduzida por meio de testes com grupos de indivíduos (estudantes do curso de Engenhara Civil sem experiência na área de desenvolvimento de projeto geométrico de rodovias). Estes indivíduos avaliaram trechos de vias em duas situações distintas com correta coordenação dos alinhamentos verticais e horizontais e posteriormente com distorção desta coordenação. Foi utilizado um software aplicativo na área de projeto geométrico de vias terrestre que permite criar um vídeo do drive through da via em questão. Em seguida os avaliadores responderam a um questionário que auxiliou a interpretar os resultados acerca da percepção de deficiências no traçado com a visualização 3D do projeto. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios para o experimento realizado, o que leva a acreditar na possibilidade da introdução dessas ferramentas como parte do curso de engenharia civil, para auxiliar o egresso a desenvolver a habilidade de visualização espacial voltada para a área de projeto geométrico. / The use of three-dimensional visualization technologies applied in the field of transport has contributed not only to assess the impact of a highway project in the region of their surroundings, but also in the development and study of the geometric elements of the project itself. The research seeks to assess the effectiveness of visualization tools-dimensional (3D) in the detection of poor coordination between the horizontal and vertical alignment of a road project. The evaluation will be conducted by testing groups of individuals (students of civil engineering course - no experience in the development of geometric design of highways). These individuals evaluated stretches of roads in two different situations - with proper coordination of horizontal and vertical alignment and then with distortion of this coordination. We used a software application in the geometric design of roads that allows you to create a video drive through of the route in question. Then the evaluators responded to a questionnaire that helped interpret the results on the perception of disability in stroke with 3D visualization of the project. The results were satisfactory for the experiment which leads to believe in the possibility of introducing these tools as part of the civil engineering course, to assist the graduates to develop the skill of spatial visualization focused on the area of geometric design.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Brasileiro Reis Pereira.pdf: 1184831 bytes, checksum: c3c57f2d5b4aa377fb26f4c981d6ef5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-26 / References to the topic of motivation or motivating variables are seen since the first texts from authors identified with the field of behavior analysis. The interest in these variables emerged for its relevance in the explanation of a certain type of variability in behavior that could be differentiated from the variability produced by other environmental variables. Nevertheless, the treatment presented to the motivational variables in behavior analysis is often controversial and is not done in a homogeneous way by the different authors that focused on the topic or even throughout the work of one same author. The present study aims to conduct a systematic recovery of the notion offered to the phenomenon traditionally described as motivation in behavior analysis. More specifically, how this notion has been constructed and presented in the work of the two authors in the field that more closely addressed the theme: Skinner and Michael. For that purpose, four closely related, but independent, papers will be presented, with the following objectives: paper 1: the construction of the drive concept in Skinner's work between 1930 and 1938; paper 2: a comparison of the different notions of motivation presented by Skinner throughout his work; paper 3: Michael s delimitation of the field of motivation in behavior analysis and the terminological development by which its proposal has been submitted; paper 4: a comparison between the treatments of Skinner and Michael for motivating variables / Referências ao tema motivação ou às variáveis motivadoras aparecem desde os primeiros textos de autores identificados com a análise do comportamento. O interesse por estas variáveis surgiu por sua relevância na explicação de um certo tipo de variabilidade do comportamento que poderia ser diferenciada da variabilidade produzida por outras variáveis ambientais. Não obstante, o tratamento apresentado às variáveis motivacionais na análise do comportamento é, muitas vezes, controverso e não é feito de uma maneira homogênea entre os diferentes autores que abordaram o tema ou mesmo ao longo da obra de um mesmo autor. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma recuperação sistemática da noção conferida ao fenômeno tradicionalmente descrito como motivação dentro da análise do comportamento. Mais especificamente, de como esta noção foi construída e apresentada na obra dos dois autores da área que mais detidamente se dedicaram ao tema: Skinner e Michael. Para isto, serão apresentados quatro artigos intimamente relacionados, porém independentes, com os seguintes objetivos: artigo 1: a construção do conceito de drive na obra de Skinner entre 1930 e 1938; artigo 2: uma comparação entre as diferentes noções de motivação apresentada por Skinner ao longo de sua obra; artigo 3: a delimitação de Michael do campo da motivação na análise do comportamento e o desenvolvimento terminológico pelo qual sua proposta passou; artigo 4: uma comparação entre os tratamentos de Skinner e Michael para as variáveis motivadoras

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julia Guedes da Rocha.pdf: 2044999 bytes, checksum: 3f5d261f70d0305bf0af675f87bc5671 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / Deprivation is an important operation to establish the value of the reinforcer and, consequently, affect the frequency of a class of operant responses. Since his firsts studies, Skinner dealt with deprivation from the concept of drive. After him, many authors in behavior analysis gave an important role to this phenomenon in their work. Despite that, it seems that deprivation especially water and food deprivation are discussed in this dissertation has been neglected by behavior analysts. It has been found only 193 articles about this subject in behavior analysis or in experimental psychology over a period of 80 years. The subject also seems to be marginal in terms of research programs. There are many complex questions regarding the effects of, eg., deprivation history, different deprivation procedures and interactions among deprivations. Deprivation has been used as a mere experimental procedure to establish certain reinforcers, without caring to other possible effects of this procedure. Many authors merely report, in the method, the value of the percentage of free feeding body weight, under which the subject was kept. The studies that have been analyzed showed that some care must be taken when studying experimentally deprivation or when using it as a procedure. For example, it is necessary to control the deprivation history, to choose the best the procedure (amount or time restriction) and the criteria used (eg., percentage of free feeding body weight), to think about the ethical questions involved, etc / A privação é uma operação importante por estabelecer o valor do reforço e, consequentemente, afetar a frequência de uma classe de respostas operante. Desde seus primeiros estudos, Skinner lidou com a privação a partir do conceito de drive e, depois dele, diversos autores da análise do comportamento deram papel de destaque para esse fenômeno em seus manuais. Apesar disso, parece que a privação especialmente de água e de alimento é tratada no presente estudo vem sendo negligenciada pelos analistas do comportamento. Foram encontrados apenas 193 artigos sobre o tema em análise do comportamento e na psicologia experimental em um período de 80 anos. O tema também parece ser marginal em termos de programas de pesquisa. Existem diversas questões complexas no que se refere aos efeitos de, por exemplo, história de privação, diferentes procedimentos de privação e interações entre privações. Um problema que vem acontecendo em estudos com animais é a utilização da privação como um mero procedimento experimental para estabelecer determinado estímulo como reforçador, sem se preocupar em outros possíveis efeitos desse procedimento. Muitos autores se limitam a relatar no método o valor da porcentagem de peso ad lib sob o qual o sujeito era mantido. A partir dos estudos analisados, foram levantados alguns cuidados que devem ser tomados ao se estudar experimentalmente a privação e ao utilizar a mesma como um procedimento. Por exemplo, é preciso controlar a história de privação, escolher bem o procedimento (restrição de quantidade ou de tempo) e critério utilizados (porcentagem do peso ad lib, por exemplo), pensar nas questões éticas envolvidas, entre outros

BorgWarner Powerdrive Systems is constantly developing the performance of wet clutches used in passenger car all-wheel drive systems. The Haldex limited slip coupling, LSC, is the trade name of the all-wheel drive system sold and developed by BorgWarner Powerdrive Systems. In a primary front-wheel driven vehicle, the Haldex LSC can transfer torque to the rear axle based on sensor input with full electronic control and can thus work seamlessly together with other systems such as traction and stability control. In the design of such an all-wheel drive system; it is critical to avoid issues with drive line vibrations as well as the accompanying noise generation. This is a complex issue and even though the goal is to avoid these problems, they may still occur to a certain degree. BorgWarner now wants to investigate whether changes in the friction disc quality may affect the occurrence of vibrations. The friction disc quality could e.g. be described in terms of variations in height, material composition, material porosity and Young's modulus with the variations distributed around the circumferential of the friction disc. This study is however limited to investigate if a difference in height could be the cause of drive line vibrations. The goal is to determine if there is a correlation between a shifting thickness around the circumferential of the friction disc and the occurrence of vibrations. With the help from RISE Sicomp and their 3D-scanner it was possible to determine the difference in height around the circumference of the disc. The discs was scanned and then analyzed with the help of GOM-software. When the height was measured around the disc they were exposed to a run-in, this with the use of an LSC test rig. This way it is possible to see how the friction characteristics changes while it is being used and to later see if the height difference has changed. All this to see the correlation between the difference in height around the disc and the friction characteristics. A micro tomography scanner at LTU was used to section through the disc. It uses x-ray and makes it possible to look at sections all through the disc to see if there is a difference in the strucure of certain areas. If one pillow is more porous then another one. Based solely on the tomography test it is hard explaining the difference in Young’s modulus, the result showed little to none difference between different areas of the disc. With the help from 3D-scanning it has been shown that there is in fact a height difference. That difference becomes smaller with time when used, this due to the wearing of the highest area being greater than that of a lower area. The run-in seems to always have a positive result on the disc. Friction measurements during run-in showed that also a disc with small differences in height could display unfavorable friction characteristics. This would imply that the height difference matters but is not the only contributing factor to vibrations. Even though the difference in thickness of the friction disc has shown to contribute to vibrations, there are still factors that remains unclear. If the height would have been the only factor the friction measurements would support this more than what the actual case is. The other factors need further examination.

Cette thèse a pour l’objectif principal d’identifier et de comprendre les facteurs clés qui contribuent à fidéliser le consommateur à un Drive dans un contexte de distribution cross-canal. Elle se compose de deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous avons d’abord mené une revue de littérature tournant autour de quatre champs de recherche : l’innovation commerciale, la stratégie de distribution cross-canal, le comportement cross-canal et la fidélité du consommateur. Elle a été combinée à une étude qualitative exploratoire. Ces deux étapes nous ont permis de proposer un modèle conceptuel de la qualité de service perçue du Drive et de ses effets sur les représentations mentales du consommateur ainsi que sur sa fidélité au Drive évalué. La deuxième partie est consacrée au teste les hypothèses, le modèle de recherche et à l’analyse des résultats. Pour cela, une enquête quantitative a été réalisée auprès de 500 utilisateurs du Drive. Les répondants ont été subdivisés en deux sous-échantillons (N1 = 150 et N2 = 350) pour réaliser les analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires. Le test du modèle général ainsi que des hypothèses de recherche a été conduit en recourant à la méthode des équations structurelles, plus précisément à la modélisation PLS-PM au moyen du logiciel XLSTAT 2017. Nos résultats confirment que dans un contexte de distribution cross-canal, l’évaluation globale du consommateur ne dépend pas d’un canal mais de l’intégration des canaux utilisés qui permet au consommateur de vivre une expérience à la fois originale, plaisants et intéressante. Cette dernière contribue à la création de la fidélité du consommateur à un Drive. / The main objective of this thesis is to identify and understand the key factors that contribute to consumer loyalty to a Drive-in in a cross-channel distribution context. It consists of two parts.In the first part, we present a literature review around four fields of research: commercial innovation, cross-channel distribution strategy, cross-channel behavior and consumer loyalty. We complete this part with an exploratory qualitative study (in-depth interviews with consumers). These two steps allowed us to propose a conceptual model of the perceived quality of service of the Drive-in and its effects on the mental representations of the consumer (perceived overall value and satisfaction) as well as on its fidelity to the evaluated Drive-in.The second part is devoted to testing the hypotheses, the research model, and the analysis of the results. For this, a quantitative survey was conducted among 500 consumers of Drive-in. Respondents were divided into two sub-samples (N1 = 150 and N2 = 350) to perform exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes. The general model test and research hypotheses were conducted using the structural equations method. In detail, to run the PLS-PM (Partial least squares) modeling, we employed XLSTAT 2017 software. Our results confirm that in a context of cross-channel distribution, the overall evaluation of a consumer does not depend on a channel, but it is related to the integration of the used channels which creates an original, pleasant and interesting experience for consumers. With the integration of channels, Drive-in consumers have an original, pleasant and interesting experience which contributes to the creation of consumer loyalty.