[pt] Esta dissertação tem como finalidade apresentar os resultados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar os impactos das atividades desenvolvidas pelas Organizações não Governamentais no território de Jardim Gramacho, após o fechamento do lixão. O percurso metodológico escolhido foi ancorado na pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, e de forma sistemática e contínua voltou-se para análise documental e bibliográfica, o que possibilitou ampliar o conhecimento a respeito da realidade local, sobretudo no que diz respeito a normativa ambiental que além de determinar o fechamento do lixão, regula outras ações de compensação socioambiental no contexto urbano nos locais que abrigaram vazadouro de resíduos sólidos a céu aberto. Para escuta dos sujeitos envolvidos, utilizamos a entrevista semiestruturada, o que facilitou a complementação das informações obtidas através de documentos, além da observação direta que nos possibilitou não somente conhecer a dinâmica cotidiana, mas também os sujeitos envolvidos, tais como: agentes públicos, lideranças comunitárias, moradores, ex-catadores e catadoras do lixão e ainda trabalhadores das ONGs que atuam no território. O que nos permitiu compreender e identificar dois tipos de ações diretas realizadas pelas ONGS, visto que antes do fechamento, algumas já estavam presentes no território e desenvolviam atividades com os moradores; porém após o término das atividades de catação no lixão, houve um aumento expressivo dessas Organizações, sobretudo as que atuam aos finais de semana, ponto que nos instigou a investigar a efetividade e eficácia das ações em prol da melhoria das condições de vida da população residente, considerando que o território é reconhecido pelo estigma do lixo e pelo efetivo bolsão de miséria, gerador de desigualdade social e injustiça ambiental. Sendo assim, acreditamos que os resultados decorrentes da pesquisa, possam contribuir para ampliar discussões futuras e instigar novas pesquisas, no sentido de contribuir para a reestruturação das ações das ONG s, bem como instrumentalizar os beneficiários dos serviços prestados, no caso os moradores, para um efetivo processo de emancipação. / [en] This dissertation aims to present the results of the research that aimed to analyze the impacts of the activities developed by non-governmental organizations in the territory of Jardim Gramacho, after the closure of the dump. The methodological path chosen was anchored in qualitative research, and in a systematic and continuous way turned to documentary and bibliographic analysis, which made it possible to expand knowledge about the local reality, especially with regard to environmental regulations that, in addition to determining the closure of the dump, regulates other social and environmental compensation actions in the urban context in the places that housed solid waste dumps in the open. To listen to the subjects involved, we used the semi-structured interview, which facilitated the complementation of the information obtained through documents, in addition to direct observation that allowed us not only to know the daily dynamics, but also the subjects involved, such as: public agents, leaders community workers, residents, ex-waste pickers and waste pickers, as well as NGO workers working in the territory. This allowed us to understand and identify two types of direct actions carried out by the NGOs, since before the closing, some were already present in the territory and developed activities with the residents. However, after the end of the scavenging activities at the dump, there was a significant increase in these organizations, especially those that work on weekends, a point that prompted us to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of actions in favor of improving living conditions. of the resident population, considering that the territory is recognized by the stigma of garbage and by the effective pocket of misery, which generates social inequality and environmental injustice. Therefore, we believe that the results resulting from the research, can contribute to expand future discussions and instigate new research, in order to contribute to the restructuring of the actions of NGOs, as well as to equip the beneficiaries of the services provided, in this case the residents, for an effective emancipation process.

[pt] Esta dissertação busca estudar quais foram os impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais, ocorridos na vida dos catadores de materiais recicláveis que atuavam diretamente no Aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho, que, após decorridos trinta anos, teve seu funcionamento encerrado. Nossa pesquisa teve como objetivo qualificar a presença das políticas públicas como uma das vias de acesso ao processo sustentável para esses trabalhadores e avaliar se o que é projetado tem os impactos desejados e efetivos na vida desse grupo social ou se é ineficiente, já que não contariam mais com o espaço para desenvolver a atividade de catação na busca da própria subsistência, bem como de seus familiares. Para fundamentar este estudo buscamos, através de levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema, pesquisa documental, observação participante e da fala dos sujeitos, entrevistas semiestruturadas, descrever o processo atual de trabalho, ponderando perdas e ganhos viabilizados pelo apoio governamental e, pela nova forma de tratar a separação e venda de material reciclável, prevista na Lei 12.305/2010 – Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) bem como, nos benefícios da Política de Assistência Social que, nem sempre atendem na mesma proporção a necessidade dos beneficiários, tornando-os cada vez mais excluídos dos bens e serviços e, por vezes, incluídos perversamente. O estudo proposto examinou o universo dos catadores que atualmente desenvolvem suas atividades de separação de resíduos no Polo de Reciclagem, espaço cedido pela Secretaria de Estado do Ambiente do Rio de Janeiro (SEA), no próprio sub-bairro onde funcionava o lixão, cujo objetivo é a continuação da atividade de separação de resíduos, porém de forma salubre, seletiva e ordenada na garantia da manutenção de trabalho e renda para todos. / [en] Concern for the environment and also an interest in the discovery of new actions towards sustainable development1 are extremely relevant factors for modern society. There is a need for constant consideration of this issue, as Brazilian policies are based on a model of developmentalist development, while policies for assistance are based on a similar perspective. This is what led me to embark on this study, looking at the social and environmental issue from the standpoint of interdisciplinarity, as I believe that there is an underlying social function under whatever perspective is considered. Even though the current reality of the recyclables market allows one to envisage a sustainable horizon which is economically attractive for large businesspeople in the industrial segment, in stark contradiction it denies access to essential goods and services to the very people who are part of the production chain, the waste scavengers or catadores. This is initially justified by the devaluation of the activity which is carried out, an activity which is often considered unhealthy, dangerous, arduous, and generating less value for the potential employer and less profit. This, together with the fact that most of the workers have a low level of schooling, means that this category of workers has become stigmatised as unable to manage their own business.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Dwight D. Day / Micro-hydro turbines generate power for small villages and industries in Afghanistan. They usually produce less than 100 kW of power. Currently the flow into the turbine is controlled manually and the voltage is controlled automatically with an electronic load controller. Excess power not used by the village is dumped into a community water heater. For larger sites that have a reservoir and/or large variable load throughout the day and night, the turbine needs to be fitted with an automatic flow control system to conserve water in the reservoir or deal with the variable loads. Large turbines usually use hydraulic governors that automatically adjust the flow of water into the turbine. For micro-hydro sized plants this method would be too expensive and be difficult to build and maintain locally. For this reason, a 3 phase AC induction motor will be used to move the internal flow control valve of the turbine. Because a sudden change in load is possible (30 – 40%) for micro-hydro plants, the electronic load controller will also be needed to respond to quick changes in load so that the village voltage does not exceed 220V. This report documents the process of building a test system comprising of a dynamic resistive load, microcontroller controlled resistive load, a three phase AC generator and a DC Motor. Where the dynamic resistive load represents the load of the village, the computer controlled resistive load would represent the community water heater, the three phase AC generator represents the Generator on site and the DC Motor together with its DC input voltage would emulate the turbine and its water flow respectively. The DC input voltage would be also controlled with a PWM signal through a delay loop to represent the water gate delay effects on the turbine as close as possible. With this, it would be possible to completely build and test a control system that emulates the dynamics of a water turbine generator.

The main aim of the master thesis is an evaluation of archaeological textiles from the site Na Rejdišti 1 - Praha 1, which are coming from the rubbish dump. They are dated from the 16th to the 18th century. Key sources of information are analogical situations coming mainly from Poland and Germany where the textile fragments have been evaluated from rubbish dumps, water wells, cesspits and sewers. Outcome of the paper is also a tabular catalogue of findings. Key words textile, clothing, late Middle Ages, modern times, town, central Europe, dump, Na Rejdiši, Praha

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo descrever e conceituar o habitual sistema de remoção dos resíduos de construção e demolição, ou RCD, através do preenchimento de recipientes metálicos avulsos posicionados nos espaços públicos urbanos fronteiros às obras - mais conhecido como sistema de caçambas estacionárias - particularmente quando praticado em comunidades de médio porte do interior, e das conseqüências ou influencias de sua adoção sobre a malha viária urbana local, mediante uma análise de sua efetivação em seis cidades médias situadas no centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo, assim como aportar subsídios sobre esse assunto, preconizando o desenvolvimento de metodologia apropriada. / The objective of this work is to describe and to concept the commonly system used to remove away the C&DD (construction and demolition debris), by filling single mettalic open up boxes located in the nearest urban public spaces of the building site - that it\'s so-called stationary skips or dump-cart system - specially when used in medium size communities in the Brazil\'s hinterland, and the consequences or influencies of its adoption concerning the local urban street\'s net, based upon an analysis of its reality in six medium towns in the middle-west of São Paulo State, as well to increase knowledge about this matter, and precognize the development of one proper methodology.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo descrever e conceituar o habitual sistema de remoção dos resíduos de construção e demolição, ou RCD, através do preenchimento de recipientes metálicos avulsos posicionados nos espaços públicos urbanos fronteiros às obras - mais conhecido como sistema de caçambas estacionárias - particularmente quando praticado em comunidades de médio porte do interior, e das conseqüências ou influencias de sua adoção sobre a malha viária urbana local, mediante uma análise de sua efetivação em seis cidades médias situadas no centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo, assim como aportar subsídios sobre esse assunto, preconizando o desenvolvimento de metodologia apropriada. / The objective of this work is to describe and to concept the commonly system used to remove away the C&DD (construction and demolition debris), by filling single mettalic open up boxes located in the nearest urban public spaces of the building site - that it\'s so-called stationary skips or dump-cart system - specially when used in medium size communities in the Brazil\'s hinterland, and the consequences or influencies of its adoption concerning the local urban street\'s net, based upon an analysis of its reality in six medium towns in the middle-west of São Paulo State, as well to increase knowledge about this matter, and precognize the development of one proper methodology.

Electronics for automotive needs to be able to handle different situations that can occur on the power line, such as high voltage transients. ISO16750 and ISO-7637 describes different pulses and tests a system needs to be able to handle. This report compares three different protection circuits that can output +5V and +12V built for low power devices. The circuits use different techniques for protection, one that uses TVS diodes, another that uses a voltage regulator IC with built in protection. The last protection uses P-channel MOSFET’s for protection. The circuits are compared against protection, price and leakage current. The most relevant transients to test a system against are decided to be pulse1, pulse 2a and load dump. A pulse generator consisting of a pulse shaping network and a common drain amplifier is used to create the test pulses. The result shows that all the circuits could protect against pulse 2a and load dump. However, all the circuits did fail against pulse 1 due to an undersized diode for negative voltage protection. The leakage current did not exceed 4µA for two of the circuits in the temperature interval of -40°C to +100°C. All the circuits started to have high leakage current when the temperature got up to +150°C. The price for the circuits didn’t differ that much, all the circuits cost below 3 US-dollar per circuit when making 10 000 circuits. The conclusions that could be made of the results are that all the circuits could protect against pulse 1, pulse 2a and load dump if correct diode is used for negative voltage protection. The protection that builds on Pchannel MOSFET’s should be the best choice for low power devices due to its low leakage current and potential for low cost. The disadvantage is the complexity and number of components needed for the circuit. The TVS diodes should be used if low complexity and low number of components is preferred. The disadvantage is that TVS diodes gets hot if a load dump is applied and the interval between stand-off voltage and maximum clamping voltage is quite high. The study also shows that there are cheaper solutions than using TVS diodes.

Abstract The removal of overlying waste rock in open pit mines to dumps is conventionally undertaken by draglines or by trucks and shovels, or by a combination of these. Waste rock dumps are the largest remnant structures of open cut mining operations and can absorb a large proportion of the mine operating costs. If the dumps are not properly developed they can be excessively expensive and can become a major safety risk and environmental hazard. There are many examples worldwide where poor design and construction of waste rock dumps have resulted in failures causing considerable loss of life and widespread damage, or have resulted in erosion and seepage that have led to severe environmental pollution. The proper design and scheduling of waste rock dumps and haul routes can significantly reduce costs, minimise the possibility of failures, and avoid harming the environment. This Thesis is limited to the consideration of trucks and shovels for waste rock haulage in open cut mining operations. It describes the development and application of a waste rock dump scheduling model using the Operations Research technique of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming, implemented in the mathematical modelling language AMPL. The model focuses on minimising the haulage cost for each block of waste rock taken from the open pit and placed in the dump. Allowance is made for the selective placement of benign and reactive waste rock, based on an open pit block model that delineates benign and reactive waste rock. The formulation requires input data including the xyz-coordinates of the block model for the open pit, information on whether the waste rock blocks are benign or reactive, the proposed time scheduling of waste rock haulage from the open pit, unit haulage costs, and the geometry of the waste rock dump, including the delineation of the zones that are benign and those that are reactive. The model was successfully tested by using both simple test data and actual mine site data. The application of the model to a simple case confirmed that it produces results that meet the Objective Function in producing an optimal haulage time and cost, and meets the various Constraints imposed. This model for scheduling the removal of waste rock from open cut mining operations with trucks and shovels will require further research and testing and, because the results are generated in a numerical format, there will also be a need to convert them to a graphical format to facilitate their interpretation. Ultimately, it will have the potential to provide a relatively low-cost scheduling tool that meets operators’ economic, safety and environmental goals.

No Brasil, se espera ter até 2014, de acordo com o prazo da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, todos os lixões erradicados e os resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados depositados em aterros sanitários. Atualmente, os projetos de aterros sanitários dão oportunidade para um nicho de mercado, o da fonte de geração de energia. Um parâmetro de controle da poluição do ar causada pelos aterros sanitários são as chamadas camadas de cobertura. Nesse contexto, é de fundamental importância o estudo de camadas de cobertura de resíduos por ser um importante elemento de projeto para evitar ou minimizar a poluição do ar devido aos gases gerados em aterros sanitários de resíduos sólidos, já que é o elo existente entre o ambiente interno dos resíduos e a atmosfera. A presente pesquisa aborda o comportamento dos gases em relação à camada de cobertura existentes na CTR de Nova Iguaçu e no Lixão remediado de Seropédica. Foram realizados ensaios de Placa de Fluxo, medição de pressão e concentração dos gases no contato solo-resíduo e emissões dos gases pelos drenos, além das análises de solo in situ e em laboratório. Os ensaios foram realizados de outubro a novembro de 2012. Os resultados indicaram uma inexistência de fluxo de gases pela camada de cobertura, que possui 1,10 m de espessura, do lixão de Seropédica, sendo encontrado apenas fluxo nos drenos. Na CTR Nova Iguaçu, foi verificada que praticamente a inexistência de fluxo de gases com o sistema de gás ligado, mesmo possuindo uma camada de cobertura de 0,8 m. / In Brazil, according to the timeframe given by the National Policy of Solid Waste, by 2014, every dump will be eradicated and every municipal solid waste generated will be deposited in landfills. Currently, the landfill projects provide an opportunity for the market, which is a source of energy. A parameter of control of the air pollution caused by landfills is called cover layers. In this context, it is important the study of the cover layers to avoid or minimized the air pollution due to gases generated in landfills, which is the link between the solid waste and the atmosphere. This research addresses the behavior of the gases in relation to the cover layers on the CTR Nova Iguaçu and Dump of Seropédica. Six test trials of the Flux chamber, pressure measurement and concentration of gases in the soil-residue contact and emissions of gases through the drains, in addition to in situ soil analysis and laboratory analysis. The tests trials were performed from October, 2012 to November, 2012. The results indicated no gas flow through the cover layer, which has a thickness of 1.10 m, of the dump of Seropédica, where the gas flow was only encountered through the drains. In CTR Nova Iguaçu, the gas flow was almost inexistent, even having a cover layer of thickness of 0.8 m.

This Ph.D. thesis is an exploration of carotenoids by ultrafast, time-resolved absorption spectroscopy to investigate their complicated relaxation processes, means of energy transfer, and dependence on structure. The introduction begins with an overview of carotenoids, intended for the reader to appreciate their importance and their complexity as revealed by decades of research in carotenoid photophysics. To understand the primary concerns of this research field, the reader is guided through basic theory of energetic processes, the experimental method, and methods of analysis. The main body of the text is the Research Chapter, containing four sections, each describing research using varied ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopies on carotenoids in solution and when bound to a host protein. Section 2.1 concerns an equilibration phenomenon in the lowest excited state of the carotenoid fucoxanthin in various solutions and temperatures by a multi-pulse transient absorption method. The same method is applied to fucoxanthin in a host antennae protein of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to investigate the function of the equilibration in energy transfer to Chlorophyll a in Section 2.2. The next two sections regard the effect of carotenoid structure on its relaxation dynamics. Section 2.3 investigates the effect of the non-conjugated acyloxy group of two fucoxanthin derivatives in various solvents. Here, one of the energetic states involved in the equilibrium mentioned above is seen drastically affected. Lastly, Section 2.4 investigates alloxanthin, a carotenoid with an unusual pair of carbon-carbon triple bonds. Their effect on the conjugation is evaluated based upon the molecules' decay dynamics. A general summary and conclusion is provided at the end.