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Varying rumen available carbohydrate and rumen available protein in diets of lactating cattleGarrett, Jennifer L. 06 June 2008 (has links)
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of varying dietary sources of rumen available carbohydrate (RAC) and rumen available protein (RAP) on milk yield and milk composition, nutrient flow to the duodenum, ruminal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, and ruminal pH, ammonia-N, and VFA concentrations in lactating cows. The first study was a response surface design utilizing nine dietary combinations of RAC and RAP. The response surfaces of all milk variables were saddle-shaped. Because of the saddle-shaped surfaces, an optimum combination of RAP and RAC for milk production variables was not obvious from the limited range of RAC and RAP used in this study. Ridge analysis of the saddle surfaces predicted maximum milk yield when dietary RAC was below 69 % of the DM and RAP below 60% of CP in alfalfa-corn silage based diets. In the second study, four cannulated (ruminal and duodenal) cows were utilized in a 4x4 Latin square design. Four of the nine original diets were selected to provide the largest range of RAC and RAP. Nutrient flow, digestiblities and ruminal parameters were evaluated. Although the in situ incubations indicated that rates of DM, CP, and NDF degradabilities differed among diets, no effects on overall ruminal pH and total VFA concentrations were detected. Additionally, DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and N flows to the duodenum were not affected by dietary treatment. Nonmicrobial N flow was greater for the barley-based diet, yet microbial flow was not different. The differences in rates of availability determined by in situ methods were not large enough to illicit a measurable difference in nutrient digestion and utilization. Additionally, the data implied that none of the diets were limiting in RAC and RAP for vigorous microbial activity. Fat-corrected (3.5%) milk production was greatest (P<.05) when alfalfa-corn silage based diets contained supplements providing intermediate (69 % RAe) carbohydrate availability (corn and barley) and low (60 % RAP) ruminal protein availability (BM and SBM). The increase in fat-corrected milk was consistent with the predicted milk production response in the previous study when RAP exceeded 62% of CP. However, the ruminal parameters, nutrient flow, and nutrient digestibility measurements did not adequately explain the increased milk production when diets contained increased concentrations of BM. / Ph. D.
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Etiological aspects of gastroexophageal cancers : an epidemiological approach /Bahmanyar, Shahram, January 2007 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Valor alimentar de dietas com azevém (lolium multiflorum, lam.) e suplementação nitrogenada ou energética / Nutritive value of diets based on fresh ryegrass (lolium multiflorum, lam.) forage supplemented with nitrogen or energyAmaral, Glaucia Azevedo do 15 February 2008 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present study was carried out to determine the effects of supplementing fresh ryegrass forage based diets with starch, rumen degradable or undegradable protein sources on
intake, digestion and nitrogen retention, rumen digestibility and the duodenal nitrogen flow. Ten Corriedale lambs (26 kg mean body weight), kept in metabolic cages were used in a 5 x 5 Latin Square experimental design. Five lambs were previously fitted with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulae. Treatments tested were: fresh ryegrass forage cut daily and feed without supplementation (AZ); or same forage supplemented with either cassava meal (FM); calcium caseinate (CA), corn gluten meal 21% CP (FMG 21) or corn gluten meal 60% CP (FGM 60). Feeding FGM 21, FGM 60 and CA increased (P<0.05) intake of total dry matter (DM) (P<0.05), organic matter (OM) and digestible organic matter. True digestibility of OM and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility were similar between treatments, whereas CA
and FM treatments increased DM and OM digestibilities. Nitrogen intake was higher (P<0.05) in lambs receiving nitrogen supplements, but microbial N synthesis and N retention was similar between treatments. Ruminal pH values and ammonia N concentration varied in a cubic (P<0.05) way wit time after feeding. Duodenal flux of amino acids was higher (P<0.05) for lambs consuming the FGM 60 supplement. All supplements increased (P<0.05) apparent and true OM ruminal digestibility. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis decreased (P<0.05) in animals fed FGM 21, CA or FM supplements. In conclusion all supplements increased intake of MOD, but only supplement containing rumen undegradable protein increased the amino acids to lambs fed with ryegrass. / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar se e em que grau a oferta suplementar de amido ou proteína degradável no rúmen, assim como de proteína não
degradável, afetam o consumo, os processos de digestão, a retenção de nitrogênio, a digestibilidade ruminal e o fluxo duodenal das frações nitrogenadas em ovinos alimentados
com azevém (Lolium multiflorum, Lam) à vontade. Foram utilizados dez cordeiros castrados Corriedale (PV médio de 26 kg), mantidos em gaiolas de metabolismo em um delineamento
experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. Cinco destes animais foram implantados com sondas permanentes no rúmen e com cânulas duodenais. As dietas experimentais utilizadas foram
azevém sem suplementação (AZ) ou azevém mais farinha de mandioca (FM), caseinato de cálcio (CA), farelo de glúten de milho 21% PB (FGM 21) ou farelo de glúten de milho 60% PB
(FGM 60). A suplementação com FGM 21, FGM 60 e CA aumentou (P<0,05) consumo total de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e MO digestível. As suplementações com CA e FM melhoraram (P<0,05) a digestibilidade aparente da MS e MO, no entanto, a digestibilidade verdadeira total da MO e a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) foram similares entre os tratamentos. O consumo de nitrogênio (N) foi superior (P<0,05) pelos cordeiros que
receberam suplementação nitrogenada. A síntese de N microbiano, assim como a retenção de N foram similares entre os tratamentos. Os valores de pH ruminal e concentração de Namoniacal no fluído ruminal variaram cubicamente (P<0,05) ao longo do tempo após a alimentação. O fluxo duodenal de aminoácidos foi superior (P<0,05) nos cordeiros
suplementados com FGM 60. A suplementação aumentou (P<0,05) a digestibilidade ruminal aparente e verdadeira da MO. A eficiência de síntese de nitrogênio microbiano diminuiu
(P<0,05) nos cordeiros suplementados com FGM 21, CA e FM. Em conclusão, todos os suplementos aumentaram o consumo de MOD, mas somente o suplemento caracterizado por ter
proteína de baixa degradabilidade aumentou a oferta de aminoácidos aos animais alimentados com azevém.
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Fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade em bovinos recebendo dietas com ou sem adição de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii / Ruminal fermentation and digestibility in cattle and receiving diets with or without added to Acacia mearnsii tanniferous extractÁvila, Suélen Capa de 01 March 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was conducted to evaluate the addition of 1.5% Acacia mearnsii tannin extract in
the total diet of cattle on ruminal fermentation, digestion and retention of N. The experiment
was conducted in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design with four steers (263 ± 57 kg of body weight
(BW)) housed in metabolism cages. Steers were adapted to diets for 10 d followed by
a 5-d collection period. The diet consisted of 70% corn silage and 30% concentrate (dry
matter basis (DM)), which included protein source such as soybean meal (SBM) or canola
meal (FC) with or without addition of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract. Corn silage and
concentrate were mixed offered twice daily (8:00 and 17:00). Feed was offered in an
amount restricted to 2,5% of BW. The inclusion of tannin extract had no effect on ruminal
concentrations of ammonia N, N α-amino, sugars and ruminal pH. The true and apparent total
tract digestibility of OM in the diet were negatively affected by treatments. N retention and
urinary excretion was similar between treatments (P <0.05). The rumen digestibility of
organic matter decreased with the addition of tannin extract (P <0.05). The synthesis and
efficiency of microbial protein were not affected by the inclusion (P <0.05). More studies are
conducted in order to determine an appropriate level of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract of in
order to increase the supply of metabolizable protein without reducing the digestibility of the
diet. / Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a adição de 1,5% de extrato
tanífero de Acacia mearnsii na MS da dieta total de bovinos sobre a fermentação ruminal,
digestão e retenção de N. Utilizou-se quatro bovinos da raça Holandês, machos castrados (263
± 57 kg de peso corporal), em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4×4, com quatro períodos
experimentais de quinze dias, sendo dez dias para adaptação às dietas e cinco dias para coleta
de amostras. A dieta foi constituída de 70% de silagem de milho e 30% de concentrado (base
matéria seca (MS)), que incluiu como fonte proteica farelo de soja (FS) ou farelo de canola
(FC), com ou sem inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii. A silagem de milho e o
concentrado foram oferecidos misturados, duas vezes ao dia (08:00 e 17:00h). O consumo de
MS da dieta foi restrito a 2,5% do peso vivo dos animais. A inclusão do extrato tanífero não
teve efeito sobre as concentrações ruminais de N amoniacal, N α-amino, açúcares redutores e
pH ruminal. A digestibilidade total aparente e verdadeira da matéria orgânica da dieta foram
afetadas negativamente pelos tratamentos. A retenção de N e a excreção urinária de N foi
similar entre os tratamentos (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ruminal da matéria orgânica diminuiu
com a inclusão de extrato tanífero (P<0,05). A síntese e eficiência de proteína microbiana
não foi afetada pela inclusão de extrato tanífero (P<0,05). Mais estudos devem conduzidos
com a finalidade de determinar um nível adequado de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii a
fim de aumentar a oferta de proteína metabolizável sem reduzir a digestibilidade da dieta.
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FLUXO DUODENAL DE AMINOÁCIDOS EM BOVINOS ALIMENTADOS COM DIETAS CONTENDO OU NÃO EXTRATO TANÍFERO DE Acacia mearnsii / DUODENAL FLOW OF AMINO ACIDS IN CATTLE FED DIETS CONTAINING OR NOT Acacia mearnsii TANNIN EXTRACTOrlandi, Tiago 01 March 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of including Acacia mearnsii tannin extract in the diet on the flow and amino acid profile in the duodenum of cattle consuming limited amounts of diets containing high degradability protein supplements. Two experiments were conducted in vivo. In trial 1 evaluated the effect of inclusion levels (0, 0.9, 1.8 or 2.7%) of the tannin extract in the diet of four Holstein steers (158 ± 30 kg of body weight (BW )), implanted with cannula in the proximal duodenum and arranged in a randomized 4 × 4 Latin Square. The experimental diets supply was restricted to 2% of BW and consisted of 55% of black oats (Avena strigosa) and 45% of a concentrate containing soybean meal. In trial 2 was evaluated the effect of the inclusion or not of 1.5% of the tannin extract in diet of four Holstein steers (297 ± 56 kg BW), also implanted with cannula in the proximal duodenum and arranged in a randomized 4 × 4 Latin Square. The experimental diets supply was restricted to 2.5% of BW and consisted of 70% of corn silage and 30% of a concentrate containing either soybean meal or canola meal. In both trials the experiment lasted fifteen days, ten days of adaptation diet and five days of sampling. In trial 1 the duodenal flow of the amino acids Ala, Asp, Glu, Ile, Leu, Met, Tyr, Val and all amino acid groups increased (P≤0.05) when tannin extract was added to the diet. However, the profile that arrived in the duodenum was not altered (P>0.05). In trial 2 the duodenal flow of Ala, Arg, Glu, Gly, Leu, Phe, Pro, Thr, Val amino acids and groups of EAA, NEAA, GAA, KAA and TAA increased (P≤0.05) when the tannin extract was added to the diets. An interaction (P≤0.05) was observed between tannin and protein source on the Glu amino acid profile and of GAA group when the mixed soybean meal with tannin increased the percentage these amino acids in the digesta. Moreover, neither the flow nor the amino acid profile of the digesta were affected (P>0.05) by the inclusion of soybean meal or canola meal in the animal diets. A high and significant (P≤0.05) relationship was observed between ingested amino acid profiles and amino acid profiles of duodenal digesta in both trials, and the regression coefficients of the equations of treatments with the inclusion of 1.8 and 1.5% tannin extract (tests 1 and 2, respectively) were statistically equal to 1 (P>0.05). Similarly, the relationships between the EAA profile of duodenal digesta and the EAA profile milk and of muscular tissue were statistically equal (P>0.05) or more next to 1 when added until 1.8% of tannin extract in the diets of trial 1 or when tannin added in the diets in the trial 2. Adding until 1.8% of Acacia mearnsii tannin extract in the diet of animals consuming restricted amounts of foods has the potential to increase the flow of TAA to the duodenum and reduce the difference between the TAA profiles which reaches the duodenum in relation to the ingested TAA profile. Moreover, the inclusion this tannin extract and in this same amount can approximate the EAA profile of duodenal digesta of the EAA profile of the muscular tissue and of milk. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii na dieta sobre o fluxo e o perfil de aminoácidos no duodeno de bovinos consumindo quantidades limitadas de dietas contendo suplementos proteicos de alta degradabilidade ruminal. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios in vivo. No ensaio 1 foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de níveis (0, 0,9, 1,8 ou 2,7%) do extrato tanífero na dieta de quatro bovinos machos castrados da raça Holandês (158 ± 30 kg de peso corporal (PC)), implantados com cânula no duodeno proximal e dispostos em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 × 4. A oferta das dietas experimentais foi restrita a 2% do PC e constituídas por 55% de Aveia Preta (Avena strigosa) e 45% de concentrado contendo farelo de soja. No ensaio 2 foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão ou não de 1,5% do extrato tanífero na dieta de quatro bovinos machos castrados da raça Holandês (297 ± 56 kg de PC), também implantados com cânula no duodeno proximal e dispostos em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 × 4. A oferta das dietas foi restrita a 2,5% do PC e constituídas por 70% de silagem de milho e 30% de concentrado contendo farelo de soja ou farelo de canola. Em ambos os ensaios os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 15 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação às dietas e cinco dias de coleta de amostras. No ensaio 1 o fluxo duodenal de Ala, Asp, Glu, Ile, Leu, Met, Tyr, Val e de todos os grupos de aminoácidos aumentou (P≤0,05) quando adicionado tanino à dieta. Porém, o perfil que chegou ao duodeno não foi modificado (P>0,05). No ensaio 2 o fluxo duodenal dos aminoácidos Ala, Arg, Glu, Gly, Leu, Phe, Pro, Thr, Val e dos grupos de AAE, AANE, AAG, AAC e AAT aumentou (P≤0,05) ao adicionar o extrato tanífero às dietas. Uma interação (P≤0,05) foi observada entre tanino e fonte proteica sobre o perfil do aminoácido Glu e do grupo dos AAG quando a mistura do farelo de soja com tanino aumentou a percentagem destes aminoácidos na digesta. Além disso, nem o fluxo e o perfil de aminoácidos da digesta foram afetados (P>0,05) pela inclusão de farelo de soja ou farelo de canola na dieta. Foi observada alta e significativa (P≤0,05) relação entre os perfis de aminoácidos ingeridos e da digesta duodenal em ambos os ensaios, e os coeficientes de regressão das equações dos tratamentos 1,8 e 1,5% de inclusão de extrato tanífero (ensaios 1 e 2, respectivamente) foram estatisticamente iguais a 1 (P>0,05). Da mesma forma, as relações entre o perfil de AAE da digesta duodenal e o perfil de AAE do leite e do tecido muscular foram estatisticamente iguais (P>0,05) ou mais próximas de 1 quando adicionado até 1,8% de extrato tanífero nas dietas do ensaio 1 ou quando incluído o tanino nas dietas do ensaio 2. A inclusão de até 1,8% de extrato tanífero de Acacia mearnsii na dieta de bovinos consumindo quantidades restritas de alimentos tem o potencial de aumentar o fluxo de AAT ao duodeno e reduzir a diferença entre o perfil de AAT que chega ao duodeno em relação ao perfil de AAT consumido. Além disso, a inclusão deste extrato tanífero e nesta mesma quantidade pode aproximar o perfil de AAE da digesta duodenal do perfil de AAE do leite e do tecido muscular.
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Nutrição pós-eclosão de frangos de corte / Post-hatch nutrition of broiler chickensGomes, Gilson Alexandre 15 March 2007 (has links)
Realizaram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da nutrição pós-eclosão em frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se o efeito do tempo de fornecimento da dieta pré-inicial (DPI) nas características histomorfométricas do duodeno (CHD), em parâmetros de desempenho (PDES), de rendimento de carcaça (RC) até os 49 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 960 aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4 (2 pesos de pintainhos - até 42 gramas e acima de 45 gramas; 4 tempos de fornecimento da DPI - 0, 1 a 7 dias, 1 a 10 dias e 1 a 14 dias), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 5 repetições de 30 aves cada. No segundo experimento avaliaram-se o tempo para alojamento e o fornecimento de suplementos pós-eclosão (SPO) para pintainhos com diferentes pesos à eclosão, na atividade mitótica de células satélites da musculatura peitoral, na alometria dos órgãos do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), em CHD, em PDES, e RC até os 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1.280 aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (2 pesos dos pintainhos à eclosão: até 44g e acima de 48g; 2 SPO: 1 suplemento com 8% PB e 16% carboidratos - SPO 8/16 - e 1 suplemento com 10% PB e 20% de carboidratos - SPO 10/20 - ; 2 períodos de fornecimento dos SPO: 24 e 48h), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. Adicionalmente, foram alojadas 160 aves da mesma linhagem, que apresentavam peso médio de 49g à eclosão, e foram submetidas a um período de jejum de 24h, sendo que as mesmas provinham do mesmo lote de matrizes das aves submetidas aos tratamentos supracitados. Os animais de ambos os experimentos foram submetidas a programas alimentares que compreenderam três ou quatro fases (préinicial e/ou inicial; engorda; final), sendo as dietas formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com auxílio do procedimento GLM do software estatístico SAS, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para o presente estudo, o peso dos pintainhos ao alojamento/eclosão causou efeito significativo no desempenho dos animais, sendo que animais mais pesados apresentaram peso vivo superior, apesar de terem apresentado menores alturas de vilosidade. Observou-se que o fornecimento da DPI por um período de 7 dias, causou efeito benéfico no desempenho dos animais, acarretando, entretanto, numa diminuição no RC das aves. Pintainhos mantidos em jejum por um período de 24h demonstraram um melhor desenvolvimento do TGI no período pós-eclosão, permitindo que estas aves apresentassem crescimento compensatório. O fornecimento de SPO demonstrou ser eficaz em reduzir a perda de peso dos animais no período pré-alojamento, sendo que o oferecimento do SPO 10/20 mostrou ser mais vantajoso, devido ao fato do mesmo ter causado efeitos benéficos nas CHD, e também um aumento no rendimento de filé de peito. Entretanto, deve-se priorizar o fornecimento dos SPO pelo menor período possível, já que os mesmos não são capazes de suprir de maneira adequada às exigências nutricionais das aves recém-eclodidas. / It were performed two experiments with the aim of evaluate the effects of posthatch nutrition of broiler chickens. In the first trial were evaluated the effects of feeding a pre-starter diet (PSD) on duodenal morphology (DM), live performance (LP), and carcass yield (CY). Nine hundred and sixty day-old male Cobb-500 broiler, with two different weights at housing (until 42 g and more than 45 g) were placed in 32 floor pens, and then submitted to four different periods of feeding a PSD (0, 1 to 7 days, 1 to 10 days and 1 to 14 days), totalizing 8 treatments with 4 replications of 30 birds each. In the second trial were evaluated the effects of feeding different hatchling supplements (HS) for different periods on breast muscle satellite cell mitotic activity (SCMA), alometric growth of digestive organs, DM, LP, and CY of broiler chickens up to 42 days. One thousand and two hundred and eighty day-old male Cobb-500 broiler were used on a 2x2x2 factorial study (two different weights at hatch :until 44 g and more than 49 g; two HS: 8% of crude protein and 16% of carbohydrates - HS 8/16 - or 10% of crude protein and 20% of carbohydrates - HS 10/20; two feeding periods of HS: 24 or 48h), totalizing 8 treatments with 4 replications of 40 birds each. Additionally, it were housed 160 male chicks from the same broiler breeder flock, of 49g of mean weight at hatch, which were submitted to 24h fasting prior to placement. The animals of both experiments were fed with basal corn-soy pre-starter/starter/grower/finisher diets. All data were analyzed using SAS\'s GLM procedures, and significance were measured at p<0,05 using Tukey\'s multiple range test to determine differences between treatments means. Overall, heavier birds at hatch/housing caused significative effect on LP, presenting decreased villus height, and an increased body weight. The birds that were fed with the PSD up to 7 days presented an increased LP, and a smaller CY. Chicks which were fasted for 24h presented a better development of DM on the post-hatch period, showing a compensatory growth. Both HS were efficient on minimize the chick\'s weight loss prior to placement, however birds that were fed with 10/20 HS showed satisfactory effects not only on DM but also an increased breast meat yield. However, the period of feeding of HS should be as small as possible, because this supplement is not capable to supply efficiently the nutritional requirements of newly hatched chicks.
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Avaliação dos fatores de risco de mortalidade no tratamento cirúrgico das úlceras gástrica e duodenal perfuradas / Evaluation of risk factors for mortality in the surgical treatment of perforated duodenal and gastric ulcers.Rocha, Paulo Evangelista da 01 December 2003 (has links)
Motivação: A introdução do medicamento antagonista H2, e a descoberta do papel do Helicobacter pylori, na patogênese da úlcera péptica, diminuiu a indicação cirúrgica da doença ulcerosa. Todavia, a incidência de perfuração na doença ulcerosa tem se mantido constante, e o tratamento cirúrgico é a conduta mais indicada. A mortalidade nesta circunstância continua expressiva. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar possíveis fatores de risco de mortalidade no tratamento da úlcera gastroduodenal perfurada tratada com cirurgia. Casuística e métodos: Foram estudados 311 pacientes (268 do sexo masculino e 43 do sexo feminino), sendo 242 portadores de úlcera duodenal e 69 de úlcera gástrica, no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2000. Ocorreram 35 óbitos (11,25%). Analisaram-se os seguintes fatores: idade, sexo, tabagismo, etilismo, doença ulcerosa prévia, uso de antiinflamatório, pneumoperitônio, doenças concomitantes, choque na admissão, tempo de perfuração, peritonite, tipo de cirurgia e local de perfuração. Os fatores de risco de mortalidade nos dois tipos de úlcera foram comparados descritivamente utilizando-se o odds ratio, os percentuais de mortalidade, o teste de Zelen e análise de regressão logística univariada e multivariada. Destaca-se que a maioria do pacientes foi submetida ao tratamento cirúrgico não definitivo, sendo o critério utilizado para definir o tipo de cirurgia determinado por escolha aleatória da equipe cirúrgica. Resultados: Os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade na úlcera gastroduodenal perfurada identificados na análise univariada foram: idade (UG), pneumoperitônio, doenças concomitantes, local de perfuração, choque na admissão e tempo de perfuração. A presença do pneumoperitônio é um sinal radiológico importante no diagnóstico da úlcera gastroduodenal perfurada. Na sua ausência, ocorreu aumento de incidência de mortalidade. A incidência de mortalidade na úlcera gástrica perfurada foi maior no idoso. Na úlcera gástrica a incidência de mortalidade foi maior do que na úlcera duodenal. Entretanto, a análise multivariada mostrou que os fatores de risco independentes preditivos de mortalidade foram na úlcera duodenal: tempo de perfuração maior que 24 horas, doenças concomitantes e choque na admissão e na úlcera gástrica: idade, tempo de perfuração maior que 24 horas e choque na admissão. Conclusões: O risco aumentado de mortalidade na úlcera gastroduodenal perfurada pode ser previsto quando os pacientes apresentam idade avançada (UG), doenças concomitantes (UD), tempo de perfuração maior que 24 horas, e choque na admissão hospitalar / Motivation: The introduction of the H2 antagonist drug and the discovery that the Helicobacter pylori played a role in the pathogenesis of the peptic ulcer caused a decrease in the indication of surgical treatment for ulcer disease. However, the incidence of perforation in ulcer disease has remained constant, and surgical treatment is the most indicated treatment modality. In these cases, the rate of mortality is still significant. Objective: This paper aimed at analyzing the risk factors for mortality in the surgically treated perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. Cases and methods: 311 patients were studied (268 males and 43 females), seeing that 242 were duodenal ulcer carriers and 69 gastric ulcer, in the period from January 1997 to December 2000. Thirty-five patients died (11,25%). The following factors were analyzed: age, sex, smoking, chronic alcohol consumption, previous ulcer disease, use of anti-inflammatory medication, pneumoperitoneum, concomitant diseases, shock upon admittance, time lapsed since perforation, peritonitis, type of surgery and perforation site. The risk factors for mortality in the two types of ulcer were compared descriptively, using the odds ratio, percentage of mortality, the Zelen test and the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. It is worth pointing out that most of the patients had undergone nondefinitive surgical treatment and the criterion used to decide the type of surgery was random selection by the surgical team. Results: The risk factors associated to mortality in the perforated gastroduodenal ulcer identified by the univariate analisys were: age (GU), pneumoperitoneum, concomitant diseases, perforation site, shock upon admittance, time lapsed since perforation, peritonitis and type of surgery. The presence of pneumoperitoneum is an important radiological sign for the diagnosis of the perforated peptic ulcer. When this diagnostic tool was not used, an increase in the incidence of mortality was observed. The incidence of mortality for perforated gastric ulcers was higher in elderly patients. The incidence of mortality was higher for gastric ulcers relative to duodenal ulcers. However, the multivariate analysis showed that independent predictive risk factors for mortality were the following, for the duodenal ulcer: time lapse of more than 24 hours since perforation, severe coexisting diseases and shock at the time of admittance; for gastric ulcer: age, time lapse of more than 24 hours, from moment perforation and shock at the time of admittance. Conclusion: The increased risk of mortality for perforated duodenal ulcer can be predicted when the patients are elderly (GU), when there are concomitant diseases (DU), the time lapsed from the moment of perforation exceeds 24 hours, and when the patients are in shock at the time of admittance
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The Duodenal Mucosal Bicarbonate Secretion : Role of Melatonin in Neurohumoral Control and Cellular SignalingSjöblom, Markus January 2003 (has links)
<p>The duodenal lumen is exposed to aggressive factors with a high potential to cause damage to the mucosa. Bicarbonate secretion by the duodenal mucosa is accepted as the primary important defense mechanism against the hydrochloric acid intermittently expelled from the stomach.</p><p>The present thesis concerns the influence of the central nervous system and the effects of the hormone melatonin on bicarbonate secretion in anesthetized rats in vivo. Effects of melatonin on intracellular calcium signaling by duodenal enterocyte in vitro were examined in tissues of both human and rat origin. The main findings were as follows:</p><p>Melatonin is a potent stimulant of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion and also seems to be involved in the acid-induced stimulation of the secretion. Stimulation elicited in the central nervous system by the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine induced release of melatonin from the intestinal mucosa and a four-fold increase in alkaline secretion. The melatonin antagonist luzindole abolished the duodenal secretory response to administered melatonin and to central nervous phenylephrine but did not influence the release of intestinal melatonin. Central nervous stimulation was also abolished by synchronous ligation of the vagal trunks and the sympathetic chains at the sub-laryngeal level. </p><p>Melatonin induced release of calcium from intracellular stores and also influx of extracellular calcium in isolated duodenal enterocytes. Enterocytes in clusters functioned as a syncytium.</p><p>Overnight fasting rapidly and profoundly down-regulated the responses to the duodenal secretagogues orexin-A and bethanechol but not those to melatonin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.</p><p>In conclusion, the results strongly suggest that intestinal melatonin plays an important role in central nervous elicited stimulation of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Sensitivity of this alkaline secretion to some peripheral stimulators markedly depends on the feeding status.</p>
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The Duodenal Mucosal Bicarbonate Secretion : Role of Melatonin in Neurohumoral Control and Cellular SignalingSjöblom, Markus January 2003 (has links)
The duodenal lumen is exposed to aggressive factors with a high potential to cause damage to the mucosa. Bicarbonate secretion by the duodenal mucosa is accepted as the primary important defense mechanism against the hydrochloric acid intermittently expelled from the stomach. The present thesis concerns the influence of the central nervous system and the effects of the hormone melatonin on bicarbonate secretion in anesthetized rats in vivo. Effects of melatonin on intracellular calcium signaling by duodenal enterocyte in vitro were examined in tissues of both human and rat origin. The main findings were as follows: Melatonin is a potent stimulant of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion and also seems to be involved in the acid-induced stimulation of the secretion. Stimulation elicited in the central nervous system by the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine induced release of melatonin from the intestinal mucosa and a four-fold increase in alkaline secretion. The melatonin antagonist luzindole abolished the duodenal secretory response to administered melatonin and to central nervous phenylephrine but did not influence the release of intestinal melatonin. Central nervous stimulation was also abolished by synchronous ligation of the vagal trunks and the sympathetic chains at the sub-laryngeal level. Melatonin induced release of calcium from intracellular stores and also influx of extracellular calcium in isolated duodenal enterocytes. Enterocytes in clusters functioned as a syncytium. Overnight fasting rapidly and profoundly down-regulated the responses to the duodenal secretagogues orexin-A and bethanechol but not those to melatonin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In conclusion, the results strongly suggest that intestinal melatonin plays an important role in central nervous elicited stimulation of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Sensitivity of this alkaline secretion to some peripheral stimulators markedly depends on the feeding status.
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Nutrição pós-eclosão de frangos de corte / Post-hatch nutrition of broiler chickensGilson Alexandre Gomes 15 March 2007 (has links)
Realizaram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da nutrição pós-eclosão em frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se o efeito do tempo de fornecimento da dieta pré-inicial (DPI) nas características histomorfométricas do duodeno (CHD), em parâmetros de desempenho (PDES), de rendimento de carcaça (RC) até os 49 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 960 aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x4 (2 pesos de pintainhos - até 42 gramas e acima de 45 gramas; 4 tempos de fornecimento da DPI - 0, 1 a 7 dias, 1 a 10 dias e 1 a 14 dias), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 5 repetições de 30 aves cada. No segundo experimento avaliaram-se o tempo para alojamento e o fornecimento de suplementos pós-eclosão (SPO) para pintainhos com diferentes pesos à eclosão, na atividade mitótica de células satélites da musculatura peitoral, na alometria dos órgãos do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), em CHD, em PDES, e RC até os 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 1.280 aves distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (2 pesos dos pintainhos à eclosão: até 44g e acima de 48g; 2 SPO: 1 suplemento com 8% PB e 16% carboidratos - SPO 8/16 - e 1 suplemento com 10% PB e 20% de carboidratos - SPO 10/20 - ; 2 períodos de fornecimento dos SPO: 24 e 48h), totalizando 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições de 40 aves cada. Adicionalmente, foram alojadas 160 aves da mesma linhagem, que apresentavam peso médio de 49g à eclosão, e foram submetidas a um período de jejum de 24h, sendo que as mesmas provinham do mesmo lote de matrizes das aves submetidas aos tratamentos supracitados. Os animais de ambos os experimentos foram submetidas a programas alimentares que compreenderam três ou quatro fases (préinicial e/ou inicial; engorda; final), sendo as dietas formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com auxílio do procedimento GLM do software estatístico SAS, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para o presente estudo, o peso dos pintainhos ao alojamento/eclosão causou efeito significativo no desempenho dos animais, sendo que animais mais pesados apresentaram peso vivo superior, apesar de terem apresentado menores alturas de vilosidade. Observou-se que o fornecimento da DPI por um período de 7 dias, causou efeito benéfico no desempenho dos animais, acarretando, entretanto, numa diminuição no RC das aves. Pintainhos mantidos em jejum por um período de 24h demonstraram um melhor desenvolvimento do TGI no período pós-eclosão, permitindo que estas aves apresentassem crescimento compensatório. O fornecimento de SPO demonstrou ser eficaz em reduzir a perda de peso dos animais no período pré-alojamento, sendo que o oferecimento do SPO 10/20 mostrou ser mais vantajoso, devido ao fato do mesmo ter causado efeitos benéficos nas CHD, e também um aumento no rendimento de filé de peito. Entretanto, deve-se priorizar o fornecimento dos SPO pelo menor período possível, já que os mesmos não são capazes de suprir de maneira adequada às exigências nutricionais das aves recém-eclodidas. / It were performed two experiments with the aim of evaluate the effects of posthatch nutrition of broiler chickens. In the first trial were evaluated the effects of feeding a pre-starter diet (PSD) on duodenal morphology (DM), live performance (LP), and carcass yield (CY). Nine hundred and sixty day-old male Cobb-500 broiler, with two different weights at housing (until 42 g and more than 45 g) were placed in 32 floor pens, and then submitted to four different periods of feeding a PSD (0, 1 to 7 days, 1 to 10 days and 1 to 14 days), totalizing 8 treatments with 4 replications of 30 birds each. In the second trial were evaluated the effects of feeding different hatchling supplements (HS) for different periods on breast muscle satellite cell mitotic activity (SCMA), alometric growth of digestive organs, DM, LP, and CY of broiler chickens up to 42 days. One thousand and two hundred and eighty day-old male Cobb-500 broiler were used on a 2x2x2 factorial study (two different weights at hatch :until 44 g and more than 49 g; two HS: 8% of crude protein and 16% of carbohydrates - HS 8/16 - or 10% of crude protein and 20% of carbohydrates - HS 10/20; two feeding periods of HS: 24 or 48h), totalizing 8 treatments with 4 replications of 40 birds each. Additionally, it were housed 160 male chicks from the same broiler breeder flock, of 49g of mean weight at hatch, which were submitted to 24h fasting prior to placement. The animals of both experiments were fed with basal corn-soy pre-starter/starter/grower/finisher diets. All data were analyzed using SAS\'s GLM procedures, and significance were measured at p<0,05 using Tukey\'s multiple range test to determine differences between treatments means. Overall, heavier birds at hatch/housing caused significative effect on LP, presenting decreased villus height, and an increased body weight. The birds that were fed with the PSD up to 7 days presented an increased LP, and a smaller CY. Chicks which were fasted for 24h presented a better development of DM on the post-hatch period, showing a compensatory growth. Both HS were efficient on minimize the chick\'s weight loss prior to placement, however birds that were fed with 10/20 HS showed satisfactory effects not only on DM but also an increased breast meat yield. However, the period of feeding of HS should be as small as possible, because this supplement is not capable to supply efficiently the nutritional requirements of newly hatched chicks.
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