Este trabalho pretende analisar as particularidades dos contratos de longo prazo que levam a exigir-se dos contratantes uma postura diferenciada quanto à cooperação que eles devem entre si, para que a execução do contrato ocorra de forma eficiente. Analisamos, também, o dever de cooperação decorrente da boa-fé objetiva, suas peculiaridades e forma de aplicação aos contratos de longo prazo, sempre considerando os novos paradigmas dos contratos, associados com o papel e a importância dos contratos à sociedade e à economia. De fato, as contratações duradouras possuem características que as distinguem das relações instantâneas, com especial destaque para seu caráter relacional e incompleto, que demonstram que a postura das partes deve ser mais próxima e leal e, por isso, a cooperação tem forte importância. A boa-fé objetiva determina o dever de cooperação por meio de sua função de criação de regras de conduta. Na prática, o dever de cooperação que deve ser mais intenso para os contratos de longo prazo se concretiza por meio dos deveres anexos de conduta, que só serão conhecidos e individualizados em cada contratação individualizada. Considerados tais aspectos que justificam a maior intensidade da cooperação nos contratos de longo prazo e demonstram como a cooperação se verificará por meio dos deveres anexos de conduta, analisamos os casos de descumprimento de tais deveres por meio do conceito da violação positiva do contrato, em oposição à mora ou inadimplemento, que se relacionam ao descumprimento da própria prestação e suas consequências às relações contratuais, especialmente às de longo prazo. / This thesis has the purpose of analyzing the particularities of the long term contracts that lead to require the contracting parties to adopt a different conduct concerning cooperation between them, so that the performance of the contract may occur in an efficient fashion. We also intend to analyze the cooperation duty arising out of the goodfaith principle, its characteristics and its application to the long term contracts, always taking into consideration the news standards of the Contract Law associated with the role of the contracts to the society and economy. Indeed, the long term contracts have certain particularities that make them different from the spot relationships, in special their relational character and incompleteness, which show that the parties conduct shall be loyal and faithful and, thus, cooperation has a very important task. The principle of good-faith sets forth the duty to cooperate by means of its function of creating conduct rules. In practical terms, the duty to cooperate which shall be more intense for long term contracts is observed by means of the implied or ancillary duties, which are only known and individualized in each particular and concrete contract. Bearing in mind such aspects that justify a more intense cooperation in long term contracts and demonstrate that cooperation will mean, in practice, the compliance with ancillary or implied duties, we analyze the cases of violation of the duty to cooperate in opposition to the breaches of the contract obligations themselves and the consequences of such violation to the contractual relationship, especially to the long term contracts.

O presente trabalho examina trabalho avulso, consórcio de empregadores rurais e contrato de trabalho rural por pequeno prazo enquanto alternativas para a formalização da relação de trabalho rural de curta duração. Sob a ótica do trabalho decente e da preservação da dignidade do trabalhador, preocupa-se o estudo em pesquisar a adequação do ordenamento jurídico nacional à realidade do pequeno produtor rural e do trabalhador por ele contratado, para atividades que duram não mais que alguns dias ou semanas. A adaptabilidade do direito à realidade e a adequação dos modelos jurídicos às necessidades dos atores sociais são percebidas como condição necessária para a proteção da dignidade do trabalhador rural. Analisa-se de maneira crítica cada uma das três figuras jurídicas, a fim de apontar em que medida estão adaptadas às peculiaridades do campo e quanto estão aptas a tutelar os direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores rurais. A partir de tal verificação, sugerem-se elementos a serem considerados na busca de alternativas viáveis para a formalização das relações de trabalho rural de curta duração. / The present paper examines trabalho avulso, consórcio de empregadores rurais and contrato de trabalho rural por pequeno prazo as alternatives to formalize the rural work with short duration relationship. From the perspective of decent work and preserving the workers dignity, this study is concerned in researching the legal national system adequacy with the small rural producers reality and workers contracted by it for activities that do not last more than a few days or weeks. The adaptability of the right to the reality and legal models adequacy to social actors needs are perceived as a necessary condition for the protection of the rural workers dignity. Each of the three legal figures are critically analyzed to point to what extent are adapted to the peculiarities of the field and how much they are able to protect the rural workers fundamental rights. Upon such verification, elements are suggested to be considered in the search of viable alternatives to formalize the relations of rural work of short duration.

A compreensão da dinâmica de persistência e evasão da atividade exportadora é fundamental para o desenho de incentivos adequados às firmas estreantes no mercado internacional e encontra respaldo nos modelos da nova teoria do comércio internacional. O propósito deste trabalho é investigar os determinantes do desempenho de firmas industriais brasileiras estreantes no mercado internacional, em termos de probabilidade de sobrevivência e evolução do valor exportado, com especial atenção aos impactos dos instrumentos de apoio Drawback, BNDES Exim e Proex. Para tanto, serão analisadas empresas estreantes no comércio exterior entre os anos de 1998 e 2003, configurando um painel desbalanceado com 8,5 mil firmas. Por meio de análise econométrica para dados em painel e estimação de modelos de duração, verificou-se que a função de sobrevivência e crescimento do valor médio exportado no tempo difere claramente entre firmas que utilizam um dos benefícios e aquelas que não o fazem. Também se pode afirmar que custos irreversíveis de entrada no comércio internacional não sejam desprezíveis entre as firmas industriais analisadas, o que indica que os programas públicos de promoção de exportações devam se concentrar na (i) redução da taxa de abandono das recém-exportadoras e (ii) na minimização dos custos fixos associados aos investimentos para entrada no mercado exportador. / Understanding the dynamics of persistence and evasion of export activity is essential for the design of export promotion for new exporters and international trade policies. Several results point to the importance of taking into account the specific sector of the industry in the implementation of public policies, which is supported by the new models of international trade theory. The purpose of this work is to investigate the determinants of the performance of Brazilian industrial new exporters, with particular attention to the impacts of Drawback, BNDES Exim and Proex. For this, we analyzed firms between the 1998 and 2003, constituting an unbalanced panel with 8500 firms. By panel data analysis and estimation of duration models, we found that the survival function and the growth of exports clearly differs among companies that use one of the programs and those that do not. One can also say that sunk costs are not negligible among the industrial firms analyzed, which indicates that public export promotion should focus on (i) reducing the dropout rate of new exporters and (ii) minimize the fixed sunk costs related with initial investments to begin the export activty.

Vários trabalhos relacionados ao tema produção de água estão sendo realizados, tendo em comum a associação da cobertura florestal com o escoamento em bacias hidrográficas. Entretanto, não existem estudos onde foram verificados os locais onde esta cobertura tem efeito ótimo, pois, este é dependente das condições edafoclimáticas de cada bacia. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as alterações na produção de água ocasionadas pela posição das áreas com cobertura florestal em relação às de solos rasos em uma bacia hidrográfica. Os estudos foram realizados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão dos Marins em Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, por meio da modelagem hidrológica utilizando o modelo distribuído GSSHA. Para a calibração foram utilizados dados meteorológicos, fluviométricos e pluviométricos dos anos de 1999 e 2000, além da obtenção, em laboratório, da condutividade hidráulica e da curva de retenção dos solos da bacia. Foram realizadas sondagens SPT e testes de infiltração de água no solo para determinar a espessura dos solos na bacia e a condutividade hidráulica da zona saturada (lençol freático) desta. A espessura dos solos foi representada por um modelo numérico, elaborado a partir das espessuras medidas e da utilização do modelo HAND. A profundidade do lençol freático foi representada por outro modelo numérico, elaborado a partir da espessura do solo e da profundidade deste lençol medida em campo. Uma nova metodologia que, a partir do coeficiente CN, estima o coeficiente de rugosidade de Manning foi utilizada, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Nos processos de calibração e validação o modelo apresentou coeficientes de índices de correlação adequados. Foram feitas simulações hidrológicas para 15 anos em três cenários de uso e ocupação do solo, que foram elaborados de modo a comparar uma mesma área de cobertura florestal em diferentes posições da bacia, em função da presença de solos rasos nas proximidades dos cursos d\'água. Foram analisados, entre os cenários para todo o período simulado: o escoamento total e o de base; parâmetros dos hidrogramas (em eventos selecionados da série histórica); posição do lençol freático; umidade do solo; e, curva de permanência. Os resultados permitiram concluir que na área de estudo não há influência da posição da cobertura florestal em relação aos solos rasos para a produção de água. Devido à existência de poucos trabalhos a campo e, também, de modelagem que abordem o efeito da localização da cobertura florestal na produção de água, incentiva-se a realização de novas pesquisas, necessárias, entre outras razões, para a determinação dos locais prioritários a reflorestar ou manter florestado em programas de conservação ambiental. / Several works related to the theme of water production are being made, having in common the association of forest cover with runoff in watersheds. However, no studies were found where the places where this land cover has optimum effect, because it is dependent on climatic and physiographic conditions of each watershed. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in water yield caused by the spatial distribution of forest cover in relation to the shallow soils in a watershed. The studies were conducted in the watershed \"Ribeirão dos Marins\" in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, through the hydrologic modeling using the distributed model GSSHA. For calibration were used data of meteorological, rainfall and stream flow to the years 1999 and 2000, in addition of the hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention curve obtained in laboratory. SPT tests and water infiltration tests were conducted to determine the thickness of the soils and hydraulic conductivity of the saturated zone (water table) in the watershed. The thickness of the soil was represented by a numerical model, based on those thicknesses measures and the model HAND. The depth of the water table was represented by another numerical model, drawn from the soil thickness and depth of field measured. A new methodology that estimates the Manning coefficient from the CN coefficient was used with satisfactory results. In the processes of calibration and validation of the model, the coefficients showed adequate correlation indexes. Hydrological simulations were made for 15 years in three land cover and land use scenarios, which have been prepared in order to compare the same area of forest cover in different positions of the basin, due to the presence of shallow soils near watercourses. Were analyzed, among the scenarios simulated for the entire period: total flow and baseflow; parameters of hydrographs (in selected events of the series); position of the water table, available water content; and flow duration curves. The results showed that in the study area there is no influence of the position of forest cover in relation to shallow soils to the water yield. Because there are few studies that address the effect of the location of forest cover in water yield is encouraged to conduct further research, among other reasons, for the determination of the priority sites to the reforestation in environmental conservation programs.

Der septische Schock geht bis heute mit einer hohen Mortalität einher und stellt für die Intensivmedizin ein schwer beherrschbares Krankheitsbild dar. Er ist die häufigste Todesursache auf nicht kardiologischen Intensivstationen und es wird davon ausgegangen, dass der Anteil septischer Patienten relativ wie absolut zunehmen wird. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, den Einfluss von Hydrokortison auf die Schockdauer und die Wirkung von Hydrokortison in Abhängigkeit der Nebennierenrindenfunktion sowie den Einfluss auf die Morbidität, gemessen am SOFA-Score zu untersuchen. Es wurden 41 Patienten mit frühem septischem Schock in eine doppelblinde, placebokontrollierte, randomisierte Studie eingeschlossen. Zur Beurteilung der Nebennierenfunktion wurde vor Beginn der Studie ein ACTH-Test durchgeführt und je nach Anstieg wurden die Patienten in „Non-Responder“ und „Responder“ unterteilt. Es zeigte sich, dass Hydrokortison zu einer signifikanten Verkürzung der Schockdauer führte. Die Frage nach dem unterschiedlichen Effekt von Hydrokortison bei „Respondern“ und „Non-Respondern“ konnte nicht abschließend geklärt werden; es zeigte sich bei den „Respondern“ und „Non-Respondern“, die Hydrokortison erhalten hatten, ein Trend zu einer kürzeren Schockdauer, der aber keine statistische Signifikanz erreichte, vermutlich weil die Gruppengröße durch die Aufteilung zu klein wurde. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse sind insofern mit anderen Studien kongruent, bedürfen aber noch der weiteren Abklärung in Studien mit größeren Patientenkollektiven. Der SOFA-Score war unter Hydrokortison in den ersten 48 Stunden signifikant reduziert. In anderen Studien war dies mit einer geringeren Mortalität assoziiert. Die Behandlung mit Hydrokortison reduziert also die Schockdauer und stellt eine wichtige Therapierationale zur Vorbeugung des sepsis-induzierten Organversagens dar. / Up to the present day septic shock is often accompanied with high mortality. For the medical intensive care field it is a hardly controllable disease pattern. Septic shock is the most frequent cause of death at non-cardiological intensive care units. It is believed that the number of septic patients will increase relatively as well as absolutely. The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of hydrocortisone on shock duration, the effect of hydrocortisone dependent on the adrenal function and the influence on morbidity, measured with SOFA score. 41 patients with early septic shock participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study. In the beginning of the study an ACTH-test was conducted in order to assess the adrenal function. Dependent on the increase of ACTH, the patients were classified into "non-responder" and "responder". It became apparent that hydrocortisone leads to a significant reduction of shock duration. The question about the different effect of hydrocortisone on “responder“ and “non-responder“ could not cleared up conclusively. “Responder“ and „non-responder“ who received hydrocortisone showed a trend towards shorter shock duration. There was, however, no statistic significance, probably because the groups became too small because of the division. The present results are insofar congruent with other studies, but they need further clarification through studies with bigger patient groups. For those using hydrocortisone the SOFA score was significantly reduced during the first 48 hours. In other studies this fact was associated with less mortality. The treatment with hydrocortisone therefore reduces the shock duration and is an important therapy rationale for the prevention of septic induced multi-organ failure.

Le taux de scolarisation dans l'enseignement supérieur au Cambodge augmente rapidement dans les deux dernières décennies. Cette augmentation est associée, pourtant, avec des inquiétudes sur la difficulté des diplômés à trouver des emplois correspondant à leur niveau et domaine d'études, ce que l'on appelle les inadéquations verticales et horizontales.Cette thèse vise à examiner les impacts des inadéquations éducatives dans les pays en développement avec un accent particulier sur le Cambodge.Le chapitre 1 examine le lien entre les risques des inadéquations et la durée du chômage. Théoriquement, en supposant que les chercheurs d'emploi ne peuvent accéder qu'à des informations imparfaites sur les offres d'emploi disponibles, les individus font face à deux choix alternatifs : accepter la première offre d'emploi qui pourrait être inadéquate à leur qualification ou rester au chômage pour attendre un emploi plus adéquat. En revanche, si les travailleurs sont hétérogènes et les opportunités d'emplois sont limitées, il est possible que certains travailleurs ne parviennent pas à trouver une position adéquate et restent au chômage pour une durée plus longue.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature sur trois points. Premièrement, nous étendons la recherche au pays en développement. Deuxièmement, nous tenons compte l’endogénéité des inadéquations éducatives et considérons ces inadéquations dans les deux formes et dans toutes les dimensions. Troisièmement, nous proposons une analyse sous deux angles : un modèle théorique et empirique appliquée sur une enquête en 2011 auprès de dix-neuf universités au Cambodge. Les résultats soulignent que la durée du chômage augmente avec les risques d'inadéquations éducatives.Le chapitre 2 examine si les inadéquations diminuent les salaires. Il existe un consensus théorique sur l’impact négatif des inadéquations sur le salaire. En effet, travailler dans un emploi inadéquat ne permettrait pas les travailleurs d'exploiter leurs compétences potentielles, et par conséquent, ils seraient moins productifs et gagneraient moins (Sattinger, 1993). Pourtant, des limites existent encore dans les études empiriques.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en trois points. Premièrement, il analyse un autre cas de pays en développement, alors que les études existantes concernent les pays relativement plus avancés. Deuxièmement, il analyse les effets combinés des inadéquations verticales et horizontales. Troisièmement, nous tenons compte le problème du biais de sélection en proposant un modèle de Heckman ordonné, appliqué sur les données d’enquêtes en 2014 de huit universités au Cambodge. Les résultats économétriques nous permettent de conclure que le salaire diminue avec le niveau des inadéquations.Le chapitre 3 examine les impacts de la suréducation sur la croissance économique au sein de trente-huit pays en développement. D’un point de vue théorique, deux approches s’affrontent. D’abord, la productivité d'un travailleur dépend à la fois des attributs du travail et des caractéristiques individuelles. Ainsi, les travailleurs suréduqués sont plus productifs que leurs collègues dans le même emploi, ce qui est favorable à la croissance économique. Pourtant, les travailleurs suréduqués peuvent être insatisfaits de leur travail, ce qui induit des comportements contre-productifs tels que des taux élevés d'absentéisme et de roulement, et donc négatif pour la croissance.Ce chapitre contribue à la littérature en deux points. Premièrement, ce chapitre contribue en termes de données sur le taux de suréducation dans des différents pays en développement, ce qui permet d’analyser les impacts de la suréducation au niveau macroéconomique sur ces pays. Deuxièmement, ce chapitre traite l'hétérogénéité non observée des pays et l'endogénéité de la suréducation en employant la méthode des moindres carrés en deux étapes avec des effets fixes. Le résultat montre que la suréducation a un effet négatif sur la croissance / The enrollment rate in higher education in Cambodia has risen rapidly in the last two decades. Nevertheless, concerns on the graduates' employability exist: University graduates seem to be more and more struggled to find jobs corresponding to their level and field of education, the so-called vertical and horizontal mismatches.This thesis aims at examining the impacts of educational mismatches among graduates in developing countries with a special attention to the Cambodia's case.Chapter 1 examines the relation between education-job mismatches and unemployment duration among graduates in Cambodia. Theoretically, by assuming that job seekers can only access to limited information about the available job opportunities, they face two alternative choices between accepting the first job offer that can be mismatched to their qualification and staying unemployed to wait for a better suitable job. In contrast, if workers are heterogeneous and the job opportunities are limited, it is possible that some workers may fail to find a matched position and stay unemployed for a longer duration.This chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, we extend the research into the developing country. Second, we take into account the endogeneity of educational mismatches and consider them in their both forms and all dimensions: Vertical or horizontal, single or double mismatch. Third, we propose an analysis from two angles: A theoretical model and an empirical model applied on a survey data in 2011 from nineteen higher education institutions (HEI) in Cambodia. The results underline that unemployment duration increases with the risks of mismatches.Chapter 2 examines whether education-job mismatches lower individual wages. There exists a theoretical consensus on the negative impact of mismatches on wages. Indeed, working in a mismatched job would not allow workers to exploit their potential skills, and consequently they would be less productive and earn less than if they were employed in a matched occupation. Yet, some limits remain in empirical studies.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in three points. First, it analyzes another case of developing country, while the existing studies focus on relatively more advanced countries. Second, it analyzes the combination effects of vertical and horizontal mismatches. Third, we take into account the selection bias problem by proposing an ordered Heckman model applied on a survey data from eight HEI in Cambodia in 2014. The econometric results allow us concluding that wages decrease with the level of mismatches.Chapter 3 examines the impacts of overeducation on economics growth in thirty-eight developing countries. Two theoretical approaches confront each another. First, a worker's productivity depends on both job attributes and individual characteristics. Thus, overeducated workers are more productive than their counterparts in the same job, which is good for the economic growth. In contrast, overeducated workers may be dissatisfied with their jobs, which induces to counterproductive behaviors, such as high rates of absenteeism and turnover, that is bad for the growth outcome.Hence, this chapter contributes to the literature in two points. First, this chapter contributes in terms of data, allowing to analyze the impacts of overeducation on economic growth in developing countries. Second, this chapter deals with unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity of overeducation by employing two-stage least squares regression with country fixed-effects. The results show that overeducation has a negative impact on economic growth

La thèse étudie les liens qui existent entre les recommandations issues de la littérature sur l'assurance chômage optimale et la qualité des emplois repris par les chômeurs. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à une dimension de la qualité de l'emploi qu'est la stabilité des emplois dans un contexte où les contrats de courte voire de très courte durée sont en pleine expansion en France. En utilisant les modèles théoriques de recherche d'emploi et d'appariement, nous analysons la manière dont les caractéristiques de l'assurance chômage affectent la stabilité des emplois repris. La particularité de notre analyse consiste à intégrer la manière dont les employés sont influencés par les paramètres de l'assurance chômage. En effet, si l'on souhaite analyser de manière globale l'impact des paramètres du système d'indemnisation sur l'évolution du taux de chômage, il convient de déterminer comment ces derniers influencent le taux de sortie du chômage (analyse du comportement des demandeurs d'emploi) mais aussi comment ils affectent le taux d'entrée au chômage (analyse du comportement des employés). Pour étudier le comportement des employés nous considérons que ces derniers influencent leur probabilité de conserver leur emploi en fournissant des efforts de rétention d'emploi. Nous montrons notamment que les chômeurs qui quittent rapidement le chômage retrouvent fréquemment des emplois peu stables. Une fois en emploi, ils exercent relativement peu d'efforts pour conserver leur emploi augmentant par là même leur probabilité de retourner rapidement au chômage. L'impact final d'une réduction du montant de l'indemnisation sur l'évolution du chômage est donc indéterminé dès lors que l'on intègre les employés dans l'analyse. / The thesis studies the relationships between the Optimal Unemployment Insurance (UI) literature recommendations and post unemployment job stability. We focus on one particular job quality dimension that is job stability within a context of a huge increase of very short duration job contracts in France since the 2000’s. Using job search and matching frameworks, we analyse how the features of the UI system affect job stability. The particularity of our approach is that we account for employees’ behaviors while the majority of the literature on optimal UI focuses only on jobless workers behaviors. We show notably that job-seekers who leave quickly unemployment tend to find unstable jobs. Once employed they have a greater probability to return to unemployment because the job-retention efforts they exert are not sufficient.

Estudo de abordagem metodológica para avaliação de um instrumento de medida de carga de trabalho foi realizado na Unidade Neonatal e na UTIN (Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal) do Hospital Universitário da USP (HU-USP), no período de 06 de novembro de 2006 a 06 de dezembro de 2006. Teve como objetivo avaliar o resultado da aplicação do NAS, como instrumento de medida da carga de trabalho de enfermagem em neonatologia. Reviu-se a literatura sobre os instrumentos de medida de gravidade e carga de trabalho em UTI Pediátrica e Neonatal para que se iniciasse o processo de diferenciação dos processos assistenciais básicos nas unidades infantis. A amostra foi composta por 48 RN avaliados na Unidade Neonatal e 11 na UTIN e que permaneceram internados por um período mínimo de 24 horas. O NAS foi aplicado 301 vezes na Unidade Neonatal e 106 vezes na UTIN. Foi elaborado um tutorial para a melhor interpretação das atividades do NAS que facilitou a compreensão do instrumento, na área neonatal. Comparando as amostras segundo variáveis demográficas e clínicas, entre as unidades estudadas, observou-se que as únicas estatisticamente significativas foram peso ao nascer e tempo de permanência na unidade. A pontuação do NAS médio para a Unidade Neonatal foi de 66,9 pontos. Em média, 67% do tempo de um profissional de enfermagem é dedicado ao cuidado dos RN enquanto permanecem na Unidade. Ainda em relação ao tempo de cuidado, considerando que cada ponto NAS equivale a 14,4 min, foi identificada no estudo uma média de 16h 04 min de assistência por RN/24h. O valor médio para a equipe de enfermagem calculada pela pontuação do NAS obtido da amostra do estudo foi de 26,7 profissionais. Em média, a equipe disponível em serviço foi de 20,7 profissionais. O número médio de profissionais requerido, segundo o NAS foi 29% mais elevado do que no quadro de profissionais de enfermagem disponível para a Unidade Neonatal. Isso indica que nessa unidade deve haver sobrecarga de trabalho. A pontuação do NAS médio para a UTIN foi de 91,1 pontos. Em média, 90% do tempo de um profissional de enfermagem é dedicado ao cuidado dos RN enquanto permanecem na UTIN. Quanto ao tempo de cuidado, foi identificada uma média de 21h 54 min de assistência por RN/24h. O valor médio para a equipe de enfermagem calculada pela pontuação do NAS obtido da amostra do estudo foi de 12,8 profissionais. Em média, a equipe disponível em serviço foi de 12 profissionais. Essa diferença é menor que 1,7% e faz com que os valores sejam significativamente semelhantes e indiquem que não havia sobrecarga de serviço na UTIN. Os resultados da aplicação do NAS permitem identificar o perfil de cuidados de enfermagem na assistência semi-intensiva e intensiva aos recém nascidos. / Study of methodological approach of an instrument of workload measuring evaluation was done in the Neonatal Unit and the NICU (Neonatal Unit of Intensive Care) of the University Hospital of USP (HU-USP), in the period of 06 of November of 2006 to 06 of December of 2006. It had as objective to evaluate the application of the NAS (Nursing Activity Score) result as an instrument to measure the nursing workload in neonatology area. It was reviewed the available literature related to the gravity and to the workload measuring instruments in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and NICU, so then it was initiated the basic process differentiation of the assistant processes in the infantile units. The sample was composed by 48 neonates and evaluated in the Neonate Unit and 11 in NICU’s that had remained interned for a minimum period of 24-hour. The NAS instrument was applied 301 times in the Neonate Unit and 106 times in the NICU. A tutorial route was elaborated for better NAS activities interpretation and that has facilitated the instrument understanding, in the neonate area. Comparing the samples in according to demographic and clinical variables among the studied units, it was observed that only the statistical significant ones had been the weight at birth and length of stay in the unit. The punctuation of the medium NAS for the Neonatal Unit was of 66,9 points. On average, 67% of the time of a nursing professional is dedicated to the newborn (NB) care while they remain in the Unit. Even though in relation to the care time, considering that each NAS point is equivalent to 14,4 min, it was identified in the study the a average of 16h 04 min of assistance for NB/24h. The average value for the team of nursing calculated for the NAS punctuation gotten from the study sample of 26,7 professionals. On average, the available team in service was of 20,7 professionals. The average number of professionals required, in according to NAS was raised 29% more than what was available in the professionals total of available nursing in the Neonatal Unit. This indicates that in this unit it must have overload work. The punctuation of the average NAS for the NICU was 91,1 points. On average, 90% of a nursing professional time is dedicated to the NB care while they remain in the NICU. Related to the time of care, it was identified that the assistance average time as 21h 54 min by NB/24h. The average value for nursing team calculated by the NAS punctuation gotten from the study sample was of 12,8 professionals. On average, the available team in service was of 12 professionals. This difference is less than 1.7% and makes the values significantly similar and indicates that did not have overload of service in the NICU. The results of the application of the NAS allow identifying the care profile of nursing in the semi-intensive and intensive assistance to the newborn.

La thèse présentée s'intéresse à la modélisation de l'aléa pluviométrique dans la région du Sud-Est de la France centrée sur les Cévennes. Cette région connait régulièrement des crues rapides et très localisées appelées crues éclair qui ont des impacts socio-économiques considérables. Une mesure statistique de l'aléa est la fréquence d'occurrence ou, de manière équivalente, la période de retour. La pluie étant un phénomène qui s'accumule non uniformément dans le temps et dans l'espace, l'aléa pluviométrique est une variable multi-échelle. Cette thèse vise à en proposer une modélisation intégrée pour la région du Sud-Est de la France, c'est à dire valide pour le continuum d'échelles spatio-temporelles.La première partie de ces travaux permet de comprendre quel cadre d'inférence est le plus adapté à cette modélisation. La seconde partie propose un modèle permettant d'exprimer l'aléa pluviométrique sur le continuum d'échelles spatio-temporelles. Enfin, le troisième partie propose un cadre de quantification multi-échelle (en temps et en espace) de fréquence d'occurrence d'un événement pluviométrique donné ainsi que la quantification des incertitudes associées / This thesis aims at modelling the rainfall hazard in a mountainous region of southeastern France centered on the Cévennes massif. This region undergoes intense rainfall events leading to flash floods, which have considerable socio-economics impacts. A statistical measure of hazard is the frequency of occurrence, or equivalently the return period. Since rainfall accumulates in both time and space, rainfall hazard in a multi-scale variable. This thesis propose a generic framework for rainfall hazard modelling over the continuum of spatio-temporal scales.The first part of this work allows to determine which is the most relevant statistical framework. The second part proposes a multi scale modelling of rainfall hazard for the region. Finally, the third part allows the multi-scale quantification of the frequency of occurrence of a given storm and of the related uncertainties.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIO LASSERRE SOUSA BORGES.pdf: 955880 bytes, checksum: d8cedef379d591ca780342f22e450563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-17 / This study aims to analyze the meaning and scope of the rights of reasonable processing time and access to justice, drawing a parallel between the theoretical framework and the practical reality on the subject, characterizing it as a fundamental right inherent in the individual, analyzing this theme with a view to environmental law. Protecting the environment is presented in the Federal Constitution as the supreme premise, given that it is, above all his life protection. Nevertheless, this research will seek to discover what are the biggest obstacles to give a reasonable time to the process, seek to demonstrate the accountability of the judiciary as the body responsible for the solution of conflicts in court level, as well as throughout the state that has the responsibility to provide the apparatus necessary for the production of the common good. By the same token, it will be made to demonstrate the changes necessary to the effective applicability of speedy trial, and the mechanisms to resolve such problems, so that the provision outlined in the abovementioned legal instruments produce practical results and noticeable to the community. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o significado e alcance dos direitos da razoável duração do processo e acesso à justiça, traçando um paralelo entre a construção teórica e a realidade prática acerca do tema, caracterizando-o como um direito fundamental inerente ao indivíduo, analisando tal temática com vistas ao Direito Ambiental. A proteção ao meio ambiente é apresentada na Constituição Federal como premissa suprema, tendo em vista que se trata, sobretudo da proteção a própria vida. Não obstante, a presente pesquisa, procurará descobrir quais são os maiores óbices a conferir uma razoável duração ao processo, buscará demonstrar a responsabilidade do Poder Judiciário enquanto órgão responsável pela solução dos conflitos em âmbito jurisdicional, bem como, de todo o Estado que possui a responsabilidade de fornecer o aparato necessário à produção do bem-comum. No mesmo diapasão, procurar-seá demonstrar as transformações necessárias à efetiva aplicabilidade da celeridade processual, e os mecanismos capazes de solucionar tal problemática, de forma que, o preceito traçado nos diplomas legais supramencionados produzam resultados práticos e perceptíveis à coletividade.