Det finns för närvarande en stark, nationell och internationell, efterfrågan på effektivare bruk av resurser och färskvaror, bland annat från svensk dagligvaruhandel, den svenska regeringen och FN. Naturvårdsverket visar samtidigt att i Sverige så slängs cirka 1.3 miljoner ton mat årligen och att 40% av detta slängs i konsument och butiksled. Detta till trots att dagligvaruhandeln har automatiserade inköpssystem, så kallade Automatiska Ordersystem (AOS). Med utgångspunkt ur dessa system har författarna undersökt, med hjälp av evidensbaserad managementmetodik, intervjuer och observation, Axfoods AOS, Autoorder (AO) utifrån ett inventory managementperspektiv hur systemets nuläge ser ut samt utvecklat en prototyp-modell. Dynamiken av systemet låg fokus, utifrån teoretisk applicering från nutida forskning inom Inventory management. Studien resulterade i teoretisk prototyp som ämnar att bidra till underlag för vidare forskning av AOS. / There’s currently a strong demand, national and international, for a more effective use of resources and perishable goods, among those behind this demand is the Swedish government, the UN and the daily grocery business interest group, Svenskt Näringsliv. At the same time the environmental protection agency in Sweden reports that 1.3 million tons of food are thrown away yearly and that 40% of this originates from the end consumer and the daily grocery business. This problem occurs even though the daily grocery business operates with automated ordering systems (AOS). With this as a starting point the authors have, using evidence-based management methods, interviews and observations, studied the current stat of the Swedish grocery chain Axfood’s AOS, called Autoorder (AO) from an inventory management-based perspective. This resulted in a simple prototype model, where the dynamic modelling of inventory management took center, to act as a foundation for future research within AOS.

<p>Today's rapid changes and major business developments in organizations increase the need for effective management teams. In management teams, there are significant demands on the members to understand how strategic, tactical and operational decisions and actions generate results. High management team effectiveness requires optimum cooperation between the members with particular emphasis on well-operated communication and ability and flexibility in working as a team. It further requires a deep understanding of the factors that influence the</p><p>management team effectiveness. The challenge to create a theoretical dynamic model to indicate development potentials regarding the effectiveness in the management teams represents the foundation for the idea behind this master thesis.</p><p>This master thesis presents a theoretical management dynamic model I have developed based on identified key factors that influence the effectiveness of management teams. For identification of these key factors, I have used literary studies and research concerning the concept of team, management team, team effectiveness, leading organizations, organization development, dynamic models and many other concepts.</p><p>I have categorized these key factors in five criteria. These criteria are engagement and dynamic leadership, team spirit, management meetings, conflict management and visions and objectives. In view of that, my definition of an effective management team is: team where high-engaged and motivated members including a strategic and dynamic leader work in a team having a good team spirit, hold effective management meetings and manage conflicts effectively to make qualified decisions that mainly are concentrated to reach welldefined bjectives and visions”.</p><p> The inspired idea behind my model is to integrate these criteria in the mechanical system called the Planetary Gear System to create a metaphoric image describing the dynamic of management teams and their effectiveness. Strategies for measuring these criteria also are identified and presented in this master thesis. These properties make the present dynamic model to a unique model in its appearance and functionality. The main function of my model is to indicate development potentials in the management teams. These development potentials are then used to give the studied management team relevant recommendations aimed at making the management team more effective. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate whether the developed model fulfill this function.</p><p>In order to investigate the ability of the model to fulfill this function the model has been applied to a real management team. The results have shown that the model has sufficient ability to indicate development potentials in the studied management team. The obtained results have been analyzed using SPSS computer program. Based on these results several recommendations are given. In this manner, the model has fulfilled stated expectations. However, a couple of additional actions aimed at increasing the qualifications of the presented dynamic model are identified at the end of this master thesis.</p><p>With the intention of verifying whether the developed model contributes to make the studied management team more effective, the performed measurement should be repeated after a period of at least six months. The re-measurement is necessary to follow up the effect of the given recommendations and also to indicate any new development potential. Such a task is recommended for further research and development of the model.</p><p> </p>

Today's rapid changes and major business developments in organizations increase the need for effective management teams. In management teams, there are significant demands on the members to understand how strategic, tactical and operational decisions and actions generate results. High management team effectiveness requires optimum cooperation between the members with particular emphasis on well-operated communication and ability and flexibility in working as a team. It further requires a deep understanding of the factors that influence the management team effectiveness. The challenge to create a theoretical dynamic model to indicate development potentials regarding the effectiveness in the management teams represents the foundation for the idea behind this master thesis. This master thesis presents a theoretical management dynamic model I have developed based on identified key factors that influence the effectiveness of management teams. For identification of these key factors, I have used literary studies and research concerning the concept of team, management team, team effectiveness, leading organizations, organization development, dynamic models and many other concepts. I have categorized these key factors in five criteria. These criteria are engagement and dynamic leadership, team spirit, management meetings, conflict management and visions and objectives. In view of that, my definition of an effective management team is: team where high-engaged and motivated members including a strategic and dynamic leader work in a team having a good team spirit, hold effective management meetings and manage conflicts effectively to make qualified decisions that mainly are concentrated to reach welldefined bjectives and visions”.  The inspired idea behind my model is to integrate these criteria in the mechanical system called the Planetary Gear System to create a metaphoric image describing the dynamic of management teams and their effectiveness. Strategies for measuring these criteria also are identified and presented in this master thesis. These properties make the present dynamic model to a unique model in its appearance and functionality. The main function of my model is to indicate development potentials in the management teams. These development potentials are then used to give the studied management team relevant recommendations aimed at making the management team more effective. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate whether the developed model fulfill this function. In order to investigate the ability of the model to fulfill this function the model has been applied to a real management team. The results have shown that the model has sufficient ability to indicate development potentials in the studied management team. The obtained results have been analyzed using SPSS computer program. Based on these results several recommendations are given. In this manner, the model has fulfilled stated expectations. However, a couple of additional actions aimed at increasing the qualifications of the presented dynamic model are identified at the end of this master thesis. With the intention of verifying whether the developed model contributes to make the studied management team more effective, the performed measurement should be repeated after a period of at least six months. The re-measurement is necessary to follow up the effect of the given recommendations and also to indicate any new development potential. Such a task is recommended for further research and development of the model.

Under  ekonomiska  konjunkturcykler  är  sambandet  mellan  grundläggande makroekonomiska variabler och aktiemarknadens avkastning högst intressant att undersöka. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur aktiepriser på den svenska- och amerikanska aktiemarknaden påverkas av relevanta makroekonomiska faktorer under tidsperioden 1970–2021. Genom ko-integrationstest, Vector Error Correction modeller och kausalitetstest på årsdata finner vi signifikanta resultat för att den svenska aktiemarknaden divergerar från jämvikt av en chock i penningmängd. För den amerikanska aktiemarknaden finner vi fler signifikanta resultat och att en chock i statsskulden skapar en divergerande effekt i fjärde laggen men en konvergerande effekt i andra. För att fördjupa undersökningen genomförs en bivariat analys för att undersöka hur aktiepriser påverkas av BNP som en indikation på ekonomisk tillväxt och även hur aktiepriser påverkas av lång och kort ränta som en konjunkturindikator. Resultaten varierar för Sverige och USA. Det kausala sambandet mellan aktiepris och BNP visar att aktiepris påverkar BNP för Sverige. För USA finner vi däremot inga signifikanta resultat gällande det kausala sambandet. För sambandet mellan amerikanskt aktiepris mot kort och lång ränta så visade det sig att kort ränta orkar divergens mot jämvikt för aktiemarknaden. För Sverige påvisade resultaten att kort ränta orsakar konvergens och lång ränta divergens vid en chock i aktiemarknaden. / During economic cycles, the relationship between fundamental macroeconomic variables and stock market returns is highly interesting to examine. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how share prices in the Swedish and American stock markets are affected by relevant macroeconomic factors during the period 1970–2021. Through co-integration tests, Vector Error Correction models and causality tests on annual data, we find significant results for the Swedish stock market to diverge from equilibrium by a shock in the money supply. For the US stock market, we find more significant variables and a result that a shock in the central government debt creates a divergent effect in the fourth layer but a converging effect in the second. To deepen the survey, a bivariate analysis is carried out to examine how share prices are affected by GDP as an indication of economic growth and how share prices are affected by long-term and short-term interest rates as a business cycle indicator. The results vary for Sweden and the USA. The causal relationship between share price and GDP shows that share price affects GDP for Sweden. For the United States, however, we find no significant results regarding the causal relationship. For the relationship between the US share price against short and long interest rates, it turned out that short interest rates can withstand divergence towards equilibrium for the stock market. For Sweden, the results showed that short-term interest rates cause convergence and long-term interest rate divergence in the event of a shock in the stock market.