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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Determinação de valores de referência para a força de preensão palmar e força muscular respiratória em adultos saudáveis / Determination of reference values for handgrip and respiratory muscle strength in healthy adults

Hannah Miranda Araújo Chagas 05 October 2018 (has links)
Diversos testes têm sido realizados como parte da avaliação na população com doenças cardiovasculares para avaliação de força global, dentre eles está a força da musculatura respiratória que quando reduzida no pre operatório é um forte indicador de tempo de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) prolongado, uma outra avaliação de força frequentemente aplicado no ambiente hospitalar é a avaliação da força de preensão palmar que está incluso na identificação do fenótipo da fragilidade física e índice nutricional. A consciência da importância da disfunção da musculatura respiratória em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória motivou o desenvolvimento de diversos estudos conduzidos em indivíduos saudáveis, a fim de se avaliar a força muscular de forma indireta através de valores de pressão inspiratória máxima (PIMÁX) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEMÁX). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar valores de referência e equações para predição da força de preensão palmar (FPP) e a força da musculatura respiratória em indivíduos adultos saudáveis da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP) e região. Foi utilizado um dinamômetro manual portátil hidráulico MN70142 - North Coast® (Sammons Preston). Foram estudados 114 voluntários, 71 mulheres e 70 homens, com idades entre 18 e 82 anos (média 47±16 anos). A FPP média da mão dominante foi de 28,4±9,7quilograma/força (kgf) para mulheres (percentil 25%:24kgf - percentil 75%: 32kgf) e 40,3±14,3kgf para homens ((percentil 25%:32kgf - percentil 75%: 46kgf) (p<0,001). A equação para predição da FPP da mão dominante obtida foi: FPP= -20,928 + idade x (-0,181) + estatura x (36,011) + gênero x (7,246). A Pressão Inspiratória máxima (PImáx) foi de 77,06cmH2O para o gênero feminino e 107,29cmH2O para o gênero masculino. A Pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) foi de 83,28cmH2O para o gênero feminino e de 112,07cmH2O para o gênero masculino. A equação para predição da PImáx obtida foi: PImáx=106,767+ gênero x (29,513) + idade x (-0,666). E a equação de predição da PEmáx obtida foi: PEmax = 7,382+ idade x (-0,309) + gênero x (21,534). O presente estudo forneceu valores de referência e equações para a predição da força de preensão palmar, da PImáx e da PEmáx de acordo com a faixa etária e o gênero, de indivíduos saudáveis residentes em Ribeirão Preto (SP) e região. / Several tests have been performed as part of the evaluation in the population with cardiovascular diseases for global strength assessment, among them is the strength of the respiratory muscles which, when reduced in the preoperative period, is a strong indicator of the time of prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), a another assessment of force frequently applied in the hospital environment is the evaluation of palmar grip strength that is included in the identification of the physical fragility and nutritional index phenotype. The awareness of the importance of respiratory muscle dysfunction in patients with respiratory failure motivated the development of several studies conducted in healthy individuals to evaluate muscle strength indirectly through maximal inspiratory pressure (PIMÁX) and maximal expiratory pressure (PEMÁX). The aim of this study was to determine reference values and equations for the prediction of palmar grip strength (FPP) and respiratory muscle strength in healthy adults in the city of Ribeirão Preto (SP) and region. A MN70142 - North Coast® portable handheld hydraulic dynamometer (Sammons Preston) was used. A total of 114 volunteers, 71 women and 70 men, aged between 18 and 82 years (mean 47 ± 16 years) were studied. The mean FP of the dominant hand was 28.4 ± 9.7 kilograms (kgf) for females (25% percentile: 24kgf - 75% percentile: 32kgf) and 40.3 ± 14.3kgf for males (25th percentile The equation for predicting the FPP of the dominant hand obtained was: FPP = -20.928 + age x (-0.181) + height x (36.011) + gender x (7,246%) (p <0.001) The maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) was 77.06cmH2O for the female gender and 107,29cmH2O for the male gender. The maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) was 83.28cmH2O for the female gender and 112.07cmH2O for the The prediction equation for PEmax obtained was: PEmax = 7.382+ age x (-0.309) + (-0.309) + gender x (29.513) + age x (-0.666) gender x (21,534) The present study provided reference values and equations for the prediction of palmar grip strength, MIP and MEP according to age group and gender, of individuals residents healthy duos in Ribeirão Preto (SP) and region.
182

[en] EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DEPOSITS IN FUEL INJECTORS OF A GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL DE DEPÓSITOS EM BICOS DE UM MOTOR COM INJEÇÃO DIRETA DE GASOLINA

LEONARDO COSTA BRAGA 03 May 2019 (has links)
[pt] O desenvolvimento de um motor de quatro tempos, de ignição por centelha, com injeção direta de combustível dentro da câmara de combustão foi uma iniciativa importante para o mercado automobilístico mundial. O potencial termodinâmico deste tipo de motor e sua notória melhoria na economia de combustível têm feito com que a tecnologia seja foco de um grande número de projetos de pesquisa, com o objetivo de entender, desenvolver e aperfeiçoar o sistema de injeção direta de combustível. No entanto, para atender aos novos limites de emissões estabelecidas pela especificação EURO 5, foi necessária uma reavaliação do projeto da geometria do injetor, o que ocasionou no desenvolvimento de um novo componente com um maior número de furos e com uma redução do diâmetro dos mesmos (injetor multifuros). Essa alteração no projeto visa garantir uma melhor pulverização, otimização da relação ar/combustível e, consequentemente, um melhor processo de queima na câmara de combustão, atendendo dessa forma os limites de emissões estabelecidos pela diretriz normativa vigente. Os processos de preparação da mistura, injeção, vaporização e controle do escoamento de ar dentro do cilindro têm sido as principais fontes de publicações de periódicos que estudam o sistema de injeção direta. O presente trabalho, por sua vez, tem por finalidade avaliar a formação de depósitos de compostos inorgânicos nos injetores, provenientes da utilização de combustíveis formulados com diferentes teores de sulfato. O motor utilizado para execução dos testes foi o EP6CDT da PSA Peugeot Citroen. No estudo foram realizados ensaios em bancada de testes e em veículos (estrada e dinamômetro). Outros veículos com a mesma tecnologia, disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, também foram testados. As variáveis avaliadas durante o projeto foram: a composição química de diferentes combustíveis, fator de correção do tempo de injeção (FRA) e a vazão através dos bicos injetores no decorrer dos testes. Os estudos indicaram que a mudança na geometria dos injetores, somada a composição das gasolinas nacionais testadas, originou a formação dos depósitos que será discutida ao longo deste trabalho. / [en] The development of a four-stroke engine, spark ignition, with direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber was an important initiative for the global automotive market. The thermodynamic potential of this type of engine and its significant improvement in fuel economy have meant this technology as focus of a large number of research projects, with the objective to understand, develop and improve the system of direct fuel injection. However, to meet new emission limits set by Euro 5 specification, it was necessary to reevaluate the geometry design of the injector, which resulted in the development of a new component with a larger number of holes and with a diameter reduction (multi-holes injector). This change in the project aims to ensure a better spray, optimizing air / fuel ratio and, consequently, a better process of combustion inside the combustion chamber, satisfying the emission limits established by the applicable norms. The processes for preparing the mixture, injection, atomization and air flow control inside the cylinder have been the main source of periodic publications that study the direct injection system. Therefore, this paper purpose is to evaluate the formation of inorganic deposits in the injectors using fuels formulated with different amounts of sulfate. The engine used for running the tests was the EP6CDT of PSA Peugeot Citroen. For this study one has performed tests on test bench and in vehicles (road and dynamometer). Other vehicles, with the same technology available in Brazil, were also tested. The variables evaluated during the project were: the chemical composition of different fuels, the correction factor from the injection time (FRA) and flow through the injectors during the tests. This study has indicated that the injector geometry modification, coupled with tested compositions of gasoline, resulted in the formation of deposits that will be discussed throughout this work.
183

Contribuição das forças musculares isocinéticas de joelho e tronco para aquisição da massa óssea em atletas de futebol feminino / Contributions of knee and trunk isokinetic muscular strength to bone mass acquisition in female soccer players

Michele Forgiarini Saccol 31 October 2007 (has links)
OBJETIVO: Analisar a contribuição da força muscular isocinética de flexores e extensores do joelho dominante e tronco na aquisição da massa óssea das regiões correspondentes a aplicação dessas forças em atletas de futebol feminino (GAF). MÉTODOS: vinte e duas atletas de futebol feminino foram comparadas com 20 controles pareados (GC). O conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) foram avaliados em corpo total, coluna lombar e quadril dominante (fêmur total e colo femoral) pelo software pediátrico do densitômetro Hologic QDR (modelo Discovery, Bedford, MA, USA). Pela análise de corpo total, foram determinadas as variáveis de composição corporal e a massa óssea do membro inferior dominante, tronco e cabeça. A força muscular no movimento de flexão e extensão do joelho e do tronco foi avaliada pelo dinamômetro isocinético Biodex Multi-joint System 3 (Shirley, NY, USA) na velocidade de 60°/s, com 5 repetições do modo concêntrico/excêntrico. As variáveis concêntricas de pico de torque, trabalho na repetição máxima e trabalho total dos flexores e extensores foram considerados. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student para análise entre grupos e os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e de regressão linear simples para o GAF. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram semelhantes para idade, peso, altura, raça e ingestão de cálcio (p>0.05), porém o GAF apresentou maior percentual de massa magra e menor percentual de gordura corporal que o GC (p<0.001). Todos os sítios ósseos submetidos à carga mecânica durante o exercício físico apresentaram valores significativamente superiores no GAF, assim como todas as variáveis de força isocinética concêntrica de joelho dominante e tronco (p<0.05 e p<0.001). As variáveis de massa óssea de todas as regiões avaliadas do GAF apresentaram correlações positivas com o peso, índice de massa corporal, massa magra total e do tronco. A DMO das regiões analisadas não apresentou nenhuma correlação significante com as variáveis de força muscular. Porém, todas as variáveis de força de flexão do tronco correlacionaram-se positivamente com o CMO do corpo total e do tronco, assim como as variáveis de extensão do joelho demonstraram associações positivas com o CMO do quadril e do membro inferior dominante. CONCLUSÃO: A força muscular exerceu uma contribuição positiva na aquisição do CMO dos sítios específicos. Esses resultados de correlação positiva entre a força e a quantidade mineral óssea de sítios específicos provêem evidências adicionais de um papel da força muscular na aquisição da massa óssea regional. / OBJECTIVE: to analyze the contribution of isokinetic muscular strength of dominant knee and trunk flexors and extensors in the acquisition of bone mass in the correspondent regions that these forces are applied in female soccer players. METHODS: twenty-two female soccer athletes (GAF) were compared with 20 matched-controls (GC). The bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated in whole body, lumbar spine and dominant hip (femoral neck and total hip) with the paediatric software of Hologic QDR (Discovery model, Bedford, MA, USA). From whole body scan, the variables of body composition and bone mass of dominant leg, trunk and head were also determined. The muscular strength of flexion and extension movements in dominant knee and trunk were evaluated with the Biodex Multi-joint System 3 (Shirley, NY, USA) with 60°/s, and 5 repetitions at concentric/eccentric mode. The concentric variables peak torque, maximal repetition total work and total work of flexors and extensors were considered. Statistical analysis was performed using Student\'s t-test to compare groups and additionally Pearson\'s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis to GAF. RESULTS: Both groups were similar regarding age, weight, height, race and calcium intake (p>0.05), however GAF presented a higher percentage of lean body mass and a lower percentage of body fat compared to GC (p<0.001). All loaded sites during exercise had significantly higher values of bone mass for GAF, and so for all isokinetic concentric strength variables of dominant knee and trunk (p<0.05 e p<0.001). Bone mass variables of GAF regions presented positive correlations with weight, body mass index, total and trunk lean mass. The BMD of any region presents significant correlations with variables of strength performance. Nevertheless, all strength variables of trunk flexors were positively correlated with BMC of whole body and trunk, so as knee dominant extensors with BMC of hip and dominant leg. CONCLUSION: muscular strength exerted a positive contribution to BMC acquisition at specifics sites. These results of positive correlation between force and bone mineral quantity of specific sites give us further evidences of the muscle strength role in the acquisition of regional bone mass.
184

Função abdutora do quadril após a osteotomia basocervical e cervicoplastia no escorregamento epifisário proximal do fêmur / Hip abductor function after basicervical osteotomy and osteochondroplasty in slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Angelico, Ana Cecilia Capoani 13 September 2017 (has links)
O escorregamento epifisário proximal do fêmur (EEPF) é a afecção do quadril mais comum na adolescência e se caracteriza pela excentricidade da epífise em relação à metáfise. Deformidades anatômicas residuais e efeitos secundários no mecanismo abdutor podem estar associados à perda de força abdutora. Objetivamos avaliar a função da musculatura abdutora do quadril após tratamento cirúrgico com osteotomia femoral basocervical e cervicoplastia e comparar os resultados com indivíduos saudáveis. Vinte e quatro pacientes com EEPF moderado ou grave foram submetidos à osteotomia femoral basocervical e cervicoplastia entre 2012 e 2015, e foram avaliados prospectivamente com seguimento mínimo de um ano (idade média 14,9 ± 1,6 anos). O grupo controle foi composto por 15 indivíduos saudáveis sem sintomas no quadril (16,5 ± 2,5 anos). Avaliamos a amplitude de abdução passiva dos quadris, força concêntrica dos músculos abdutores do quadril por meio de dinamometria isocinética a 60°/s e a 120°/s, teste de Trendelenburg, e a pontuação dos questionários Harris Hip Score (HHS) e 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Um subgrupo de sete pacientes foi submetido à avaliação longitudinal aos seis, 12 e 24 meses de pós-operatório. No seguimento final, comparamos a função abdutora dos quadris com escorregamentos moderados e graves submetidos à osteotomia basocervical e cervicoplastia, com escorregamentos contralaterais mais leves, submetidos à fixação in situ, quadris contralaterais sem EEPF, e grupo controle. No subgrupo avaliado longitudinalmente, houve melhora significativa na força muscular abdutora dos quadris durante os dois anos de seguimento (60º/s, p=0,048; 120º/s, p=0,001). O seguimento final médio de todos os pacientes foi de 1,6 ± 0,6 anos. Quadris com EEPF apresentaram a média de pico de torque abdutor diminuída quando comparados aos quadris contralaterais sem escorregamento (60º/s, p=0,004; 120º/s, p<0,001) e aos quadris dos indivíduos controles (60º/s, p<0,001; 120º/s, p<0,001). Após a osteotomia basocervical e cervicoplatia, os quadris apresentaram média de pico de torque abdutor (60°/s, p=0,63; 120º/s, p=0,99) e amplitude de abdução passiva (p=0,5) semelhante aos quadris fixados in situ. Houve correlação positiva significativa entre médias de pico de torque abdutor e a amplitude de abdução passiva do quadril (coeficiente de Spearman, 0,36; p<0,001). O sinal de Trendelenburg foi ausente em 91,6% dos pacientes no tempo final de seguimento. As médias das pontuações dos questionários dos pacientes no seguimento final foram de 94.8 ± 7.3 para o HHS; 52.6 ± 6.8 e 57.6 ± 4.6 para os componentes físico e mental do SF-12, respectivamente. Concluímos que o restabelecimento de força de mecanismo abdutor é progressivo nos dois anos após osteotomia basocervical e cervicoplastia, porém a força não foi restabelecida aos níveis normais. Um ano não foi suficiente para recuperação da força abdutora. Os resultados da osteotomia basocervical realizada em quadris com EEPF moderado e grave foram comparáveis aos resultados de quadris com desvio inicial significativamente menores submetidos à fixação in situ. / Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip disorder in adolescence and is characterized by the eccentricity of the epiphysis in relation to the metaphysis. The condition is associated with loss of abductor strength as a consequence of residual anatomical deformities and secondary effects in the abductor mechanism. We aimed to evaluate the abductor muscle function after the surgical treatment with basicervical femoral osteotomy and head-neck osteochondroplasty, comparing with healthy control individuals. Twenty-four patients with moderate or severe SCFE underwent basocervical femoral osteotomy and osteochondroplasty between 2012 and 2015, and were prospectively evaluated with a minimum follow-up of one year (mean age: 14.9 ± 1.6 years). The control group consisted of 15 individuals without hip symptoms (16.5 ± 2.5 years). We evaluated the passive range of hip abduction, concentric strength of the hip abductor muscles by means of isokinetic dynamometry at 60°/s and 120°/s, Trendelenburg test, Harris Hip Score (HHS) and 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12). A subset of seven patients underwent to longitudinal evaluation at six, 12 and 24 postoperative months. At the final follow-up, we compared the abductor function of the hips with moderate and severe slips submitted to basocervical osteotomy and cervicoplasty, with less severe contralateral slips submitted to in situ fixation, contralateral hips without SCFE, and control group. The subgroup assessed longitudinally had a significant improvement in the abductor muscular strength of the hips during two years of follow-up (60º/s, p = 0.048, 120º/s, p = 0.001). The mean final follow-up of all patients was 1.6 ± 0.6 years. The mean peak abductor torque was decreased in hips with SCFE when compared to the contralateral non-slip side (60º/s, p = 0.004; 120º/s, p <0.001); and control individuals (60º/s, p<0.001; 120º/s, p<0.001). After a basicervical osteotomy and osteochondroplasty, hips had a mean abductor torque (60º/s, p=0.63; 120º/s, p=0.99) and range of abduction (p=0.5) similar to hips pinned in situ. Abduction strength had significant positive correlation with the passive range of abduction (Spearman\'s coefficient, 0.36; p<0.001).The Trendelenburg signal was absent in 91.6% of the patients at the final follow-up. The mean HHS at the final follow-up was 94.8 ± 7.3; and the physical and mental components of the SF-12 were 52.6 ± 6.8 and 57.6 ± 4.6. We conclude that the restoration of abductor strength is progressive in two years following basicervical osteotomy and osteochondroplasty. One year was not enough for the restoration of the abductor strength. The outcomes of the basicervical osteotomy performed in hips with moderate and severe SCFE were comparable to in situ fixation performed in much less severe slips.
185

Predictors of Muscle Function in Hemodialysis Patients

Mahdavi, Sara 15 July 2013 (has links)
Decreased skeletal muscle function (MF) is ubiquitous in hemodialysis (HD) patients and linked to functional decline. Serum vitamin D (25-OHD) and habitual physical activity (PA) are decreased in HD and linked to reduced MF in other populations. The associations between 25-OHD, PA, and MF were investigated in 81 stable HD patients. PA intensity was quantified using accelerometery, MF using handgrip strength dynamometery, 25-OHD via serum measures, and dietary and supplementation of vitamin D intake via three-day food records. MF correlated with PA (r =0.411, p = 0.003) when controlled for body mass (BM) and with 25-OHD (r =0.298, p = 0.023) when controlled for BM, age, and sex. Both MF (r=0.285, p=0.025) and 25-OHD (r=0.314, p=0.005) correlated with vitamin D supplementation. MF remained correlated with supplementation after controlling for 25-OHD (r=0.269, p=0.037). These findings should be further explored in interventional studies to assess how their manipulation influences MF in HD.
186

Predictors of Muscle Function in Hemodialysis Patients

Mahdavi, Sara 15 July 2013 (has links)
Decreased skeletal muscle function (MF) is ubiquitous in hemodialysis (HD) patients and linked to functional decline. Serum vitamin D (25-OHD) and habitual physical activity (PA) are decreased in HD and linked to reduced MF in other populations. The associations between 25-OHD, PA, and MF were investigated in 81 stable HD patients. PA intensity was quantified using accelerometery, MF using handgrip strength dynamometery, 25-OHD via serum measures, and dietary and supplementation of vitamin D intake via three-day food records. MF correlated with PA (r =0.411, p = 0.003) when controlled for body mass (BM) and with 25-OHD (r =0.298, p = 0.023) when controlled for BM, age, and sex. Both MF (r=0.285, p=0.025) and 25-OHD (r=0.314, p=0.005) correlated with vitamin D supplementation. MF remained correlated with supplementation after controlling for 25-OHD (r=0.269, p=0.037). These findings should be further explored in interventional studies to assess how their manipulation influences MF in HD.
187

Měření a vyhodnocení síly paravertebrálních svalů v oblasti bederní páteře a svalů dutiny břišní. / Measurement and evaluation force paraxial ray muscles in the area lumbar spine and muscles sinuses coeliac.\\

ŠEBESTA, Karel January 2006 (has links)
The aim of the work was to measure and evaluate the strength of deep stabilizing system (DSS) in connection with correct body posture and, subsequently, to asses the efficiency of the existing known exercise of the lumbar spine area as well as drawing comparison to the exercise recently introduced by doc. PaedDr. Pavel Kolář. The research was carried out on two sample groups of sixth form boys attending elementary school. It was necessary in the first place to detect, test and document correct body posture and, above all, the functionality of the DSS in members of the respected groups. This was followed by six weeks of active exercise according to exercise programme focusing primarily on the lumber spine area. The control group of ten boys carried out exercises based mainly on general principles of correct exercise whereas the experimental group totalling the same number of boys did exercises of DSS and lumbar spine area according to doc. PaedDr. Pavel Kolář. A muscle dynamometer was used to objectify and check the DSM in lumbar spine area. The measuring was than documented, processed and evaluated by means of charts and graphs. The work also comprises an overview of basic principles of lumbar spine stability as well as a questionnaire designed to assess health and lifestyle.\\
188

Estudo das alterações no volume muscular, na função articular e na marcha de hemiparéticos crônicos

Medeiros, Christiane Lanatovitz Prado 03 May 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2959.pdf: 1881236 bytes, checksum: 0562673d7f2deff6e61218a2842d970d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-03 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This work consists of two studies. The aim of the first study was to investigate quadriceps and hamstring muscle volumes and strength deficits of the knee extensors and flexors in people with chronic hemiparesis compared to a healthy group. Fifteen individuals with chronic stroke and fifteen healthy individuals took part in this study. Motor function, quadriceps and hamstring muscle volume (MV), and maximal concentric and eccentric contractions of the knee extensors and flexors were obtained. The quadriceps muscle showed a reduction in MV. The peak torque of the paretic and non paretic limbs knee extensors and flexors was reduced in both contraction modes and velocities. There were significant correlations between motor function and strength deficits. With regard to muscle mass, there was a difference between quadriceps and hamstring response. There was no disuse atrophy; however this did not prevent extensor torque reduction. The aim of the second study was to investigate the effects of ground level gait training combining body weight support (BWS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES). Twelve people following chronic stroke. An A1-B-A2 system was applied; A1 and A2 corresponded to ground level gait training using BWS, and B corresponded to the same training associated to FES. The analyzed variables were: mean walking speed of locomotion; step length; stride length, speed and duration; initial and final double support duration; single-limb support duration; swing period; range of motion (ROM), maximum and minimum angles of foot, leg, thigh, and trunk segments. Mean walking speed, stride length and speed increased. Regarding the ROMs, there was a significant increase for leg and thigh. There was not improvement in the variables measured during the FES phase. Ground level gait training using BWS was effective to improve some gait, and the association to FES did not provide any additional improvement in the measured parameters. / Esse trabalho é composto por dois estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi investigar os volumes dos músculos quadríceps e isquiotibiais e os déficits de força dos músculos extensores e flexores do joelho em hemiparéticos crônicos comparados a um grupo controle saudável. Quinze indivíduos com hemiparesia crônica e 15 indivíduos saudáveis fizeram parte do estudo. Foram obtidos: pontuação da função motora geral, volume muscular (VM) dos músculos quadríceps e isquiotibiais e contrações concêntricas e excêntricas dos músculos extensores e flexores do joelho. O músculo quadríceps do membro parético apresentou redução no VM comparado ao membro contralateral. Os picos de torque extensor e flexor dos membros parético e contralateral apresentaram-se reduzidos para ambos os modos de contração e ambas as velocidades e correlações entre a função motora e os déficits de força muscular foram encontradas. Observou-se que há diferentes respostas entre os músculos quadríceps e isquiotibiais com relação à massa muscular. Não foi observada atrofia muscular por desuso. Entretanto, esse fato não preveniu a redução do torque articular. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi investigar os efeitos de um treinamento de marcha, em piso fixo, associado ao suporte parcial de peso corporal (SPPC) e à estimulação elétrica funcional (EEF) do nervo fibular comum, em hemiparéticos crônicos. Participaram do estudo 12 hemiparéticos crônicos. O sistema adotado foi o A1-B-A2, no qual A correspondeu ao treinamento de marcha em piso fixo com SPPC e B ao mesmo treinamento associado à EEF. Foram analisadas: velocidade média de locomoção, comprimento do passo, comprimento, velocidade e duração da passada; duração dos períodos de apoio duplo inicial e final, apoio simples e balanço; ângulos máximos e mínimos e amplitude de movimento (ADM) dos segmentos pé, perna, coxa e tronco dos membros parético e não-parético. Houve um aumento na velocidade média e no comprimento e velocidade do ciclo. Com relação às ADMs, houve aumento significativo entre as avaliações para o segmentos: perna e coxa após. Não houve melhora nas variáveis mensuradas na fase de EEF. Concluímos que o treinamento com SPPC, em piso fixo, foi efetivo na melhora de alguns aspectos da marcha e a associação à EEF não promoveu melhora adicional dos parâmetros mensurados.
189

Caractérisation et impacts des émissions de polluants du transport routier : Apports méthodologiques et cas d'études en Rhône Alpes. / Characterization and impacts of road traffic emissions : Methodology and case of study in Rhônes Alpes.

Polo Rehn, Lucie 17 September 2013 (has links)
L'impact des particules fines (PM10-PM2.5) sur la santé a été largement étudié depuis de nombreuses années, notamment pour les sites de proximité automobile. De nombreux dépassements de la valeur limite en PM10 imposée par les directives européennes ont lieu en France et en Europe, en milieu urbain et plus fréquemment en proximité automobile. Les émissions véhiculaires sont une des sources majeures de particules. Ces émissions proviennent à la fois des échappements (TE) mais aussi des émissions hors échappement (TNE) (abrasion des freins, des pneus et de la route, resuspension des poussières de la chaussée dû au déplacement des véhicules…). En France, très peu d'études en proximité automobile ont été effectuées. Les études de déconvolution des sources en France et en Europe s'appuient la plupart du temps sur des parcs automobiles non adaptés (parc américain) ou trop anciens. De plus, seule la source TE est considérée, ce qui sous-estime largement la contribution véhiculaire aux PM10. La meilleure connaissance de la formation, de la caractérisation et de la quantification des particules émises par le trafic est devenue primordiale. L'objectif final étant la détermination des contributions des émissions véhiculaires TE et TNE aux sources primaires de particules, la caractérisation précise de ces sources est primordial. Pour cela, la recherche de traceurs véhiculaires en phases gaz et particulaire a constitué une grosse partie de ce travail. La combinaison de l'étude sur banc à rouleau de cinq véhicules bien représentés dans le parc automobile roulant français et de l'étude effectuée en proximité automobile (Rocade Sud de Grenoble) a constitué le socle de ce travail. Dans la première étude, certains composés chimiques sont apparus comme indicateurs des émissions TE (EC, HAP légers, profils d'alcanes typiques, quelques métaux comme Fe, Cu etc.). Des différences importantes sont observées entre les véhicules diesel sans filtre à particules (FAP) et les véhicules essence et diesel sans FAP. La seconde étude, comparant le site trafic (Grenoble-Echirolles) avec un site de fond urbain (Grenoble- Les Frênes), a mis en évidence certains composés chimiques comme spécifiques des sources TNE et TE sur la base des connaissances acquises avec les mesures sur banc et sur l'enrichissement de certains composés par rapport au site de fond (EC, Cu, Fe, Sn, Mn…). On peut souligner certains enrichissements majeurs comme EC (78%), Cu (82%), Fe (88%), etc. La résolution temporelle a été faite sur une base de 4h, permettant ainsi une caractérisation chimique détaillée en fonction des heures de pointe et "creuses". Une troisième étude, en site trafic également (Grenoble-Le Rondeau) mais sous influence du salage en hiver, est venue compléter nos recherches. Enfin, en nous appuyant sur les résultats de la première partie, nous avons cherché à déconvoluer les sources véhiculaires TE et TNE (Echirolles et Le Rondeau) au moyen d'un modèle statistique d'analyses multivariées, la PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization), apportant ainsi la contribution possible de ces sources aux PM10. Les émissions véhiculaires (TNE+ TE) y contribuent à 34% à Echirolles et à 53% au Rondeau. Quelques incertitudes sont discutées par rapport aux résultats trouvés avec ceux provenant de l'étude géochimique détaillée en première partie. / Fine particles (PM10-P2.5) are recognized to be deleterious to human health particularly in the roadway vicinity. In European countries, and in particular in France, the European daily limit value is exceeded in many sites more than 35 times a year. One of the major sources of fine particles in urban and roadside sites is road traffic. Emissions from road traffic involve exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (resuspension of road dusts, from the brakes, tyres and road-surface-wear, from the corrosion of vehicle components…). Numerous studies have been performed in order to account for exhaust emissions, however not in France. Generally, the profiles used in source apportionment models are not adapted (since they are American profiles) to the French or European fleets. In addition, the contribution of the nonexhaust fraction to total particulate matter (PM) mass is generally not accounted for in the source apportionment results. Therefore, PM10 emissions are underestimated. As a result, better knowledge about formation, characterization and quantification of particles from traffic are becoming necessary. The goals of this work are numerous because ambient air and exhaust emission measurements have been involved. The aim is to accurately discriminate exhaust and nonexhaust sources, in order to provide groundbreaking insights into the contribution and chemical composition of traffic sources. Therefore, the analyses of gas and particle tracers represent a big part of this work. The relationships between the measurements of 5 in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet and measurements performed in the vicinity of a suburban highway (southern ring road of Grenoble) have been firstly examined. In the first study, several chemical compounds, organics and inorganics, appeared as tracers of vehicular exhaust (EC, light PAHs, typical alkanes profiles, metals like Fe, Cu etc.). Large differences are noticeable between Diesel vehicles without DPF and petrol vehicles/diesel vehicle retrofitted with a DPF. In the second study, comparison with results from an urban background site (Grenoble-Les Frênes) and from the traffic site (Grenoble-Echirolles) highlighted several specific chemical compounds of exhaust and non-exhaust sources (EC, Cu, Fe, Sn, Mn…). Large increments due to the local traffic have been observed (EC (+78%), Cu (82%), Fe (88%), etc.). The 4-hour temporal resolution allowed for the detailed characterization of chemical species during rush hours and less busy periods. An additional field campaign was performed in another roadside site (Grenoble-Le Rondeau) but in winter during salting conditions. Supplementary information was obtained concerning non-exhaust sources. Finally, thanks to the results from the first part of this work, a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to roadside data (Echirolles and Le Rondeau) in order to discriminate non-exhaust and exhaust traffic sources and to estimate their contribution to PM10. Major contributions for traffic sources (exhaust and non-exhaust) were 34% (Echirolles) and 53% (Le Rondeau). Uncertainties linked to these results are discussed with the results of the first part (detailed chemical study) of this work.
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Correlação da força muscular com a composição corporal segmentar na obesidade grave / Correlation of muscle strength with segmental body composition in severe obesity

Alexandre Vieira Gadducci 14 May 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade mórbida é um problema de saúde pública. O aumento da massa gorda contribui para a perda de massa livre de gordura e mudanças na força muscular e resistência dos músculos dos membros inferiores (flexores e extensores), que são responsáveis pela independência, mobilidade e capacidade para realizar com segurança as atividades diárias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre a força muscular e composição corporal total e segmentar de acordo com o grau de obesidade. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos no estudo 132 pacientes com obesidade mórbida de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos, sendo divididos entre grupo obeso (>= 40Kg/m2 e < 50Kg/m²) e superobeso (>= 50Kg/m2 e < 60Kg/m²). Todos os pacientes realizaram avaliação da composição corporal (bioimpedância elétrica) e da força muscular máxima dos membros inferiores (dinamometria isocinética). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre o valor médio da força muscular absoluta de extensão (156,4 ± 45 Nm vs. 156,4 ± 41 Nm) e flexão (71,5 ± 22 Nm vs. 72,8 ± 22 Nm) entre o grupo obeso e superobeso. O grupo superobeso apresentou redução da força muscular de extensão e flexão corrigida pelo peso corporal e pelo peso dos membros inferiores em relação ao grupo obeso (P < 0,05). A correlação da força muscular com o peso corporal foi fraca (r = 0,37-0,57, P < 0,001) a moderada, enquanto que observou se correlação moderada em relação ao peso dos membros inferiores (r = 0,46-0,61, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O grupo superobeso apresentou um valor médio na força absoluta de extensão e de flexão. A força muscular diminuída na obesidade grave está diretamente relacionada com a composição corporal dos membros inferiores / BACKGROUND: Morbid obesity is a public health problem. The increase in fat mass contributes to loss of fat free mass and changes in strength and endurance of lower limbs muscles (flexors and extensors) that are responsible for independence, mobility and ability to perform daily activities safely. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the correlation between the muscle strength and total and segmental body composition according to the obesity grade. METHODS: 132 morbidly obese patients were included in the study of both sexes, aged 18 and 60 years, divided between obese group (>= 40Kg/m2 e < 50Kg/m²) and super obese (>= 50Kg/m2 e < 60Kg/m²). All patients performed a body composition evaluation (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and maximum muscle strength of the lower limbs (isokinetic dynamometry). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between absolute extension (156.4 ± 45 Nm vs. 156.4 ± 41 Nm) and flexion muscle strength (71.5 ± 22 Nm vs. 72.8 ± 22) between the obese and the super obese group. The super obese group presented a reduced extension and flexion muscle strength corrected to body weight and to weight of the lower limbs in compared to obese group (P < 0.05). The correlation of muscle strength relative to body weight was weak to moderate (r = 0.37 - 0.57, P<0.001) whereas strength relative to weight of the lower limbs presented a moderate correlation (r = 0.46 - 0.61, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Super obese group had a mean value in absolute extension and flexion muscle strength. The decreased muscular strength in severe obesity is directly related to body composition of the lower limbs

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