In a context of rising inequalities in the European Union, accompanied by a certain mistrust in the capacity of the European institutions to improve and secure the social conditions of the citizens, the question of ‘social Europe’ is more than ever source of debate and interrogations. Focusing on the revision of the Posting of Workers Directive, proposed by the Commission in 2016, this thesis analyses the way the European Ministers framed this revision and ‘social Europe’ more broadly during the negotiations.This work contributes to the existing research on elite framing and expands this field to ‘negotiations analysis’, a topic which has rarely been addressed. The analysis, based on Helbling’s frame categorisation, shows that workers’ social protection is a divisive issue which opposes two main groups: the proponents (high wage member states) and the opponents (low wage member states). The first group frames ‘social Europe’ as a way to restore trust in the European economic model, jeopardised by the downward pressure on wages and social conditions caused by low wage member states. On the other hand, opponents to the revision frame social policies as disruptive forces damaging the single market’s competitiveness and economic freedoms. They portray themselves as the victims of an unwelcome protectionism orchestrated by high wage member states.These findings question the future of ‘social Europe’, as they bring to light the unwillingness of both sides to rethink the European economic system. In the absence of a strong and positive ‘counter-narrative’, it seems that social policies will continue to beseen as hindering economic freedoms or as a mean to legitimise a system that has proven to be unequal. In that sense, the European social project did not yet reach the ‘status’ of the economic project and is still understood as a side issue that cannot challenge the status quo. If framed differently, social welfare in the Union could become a priority and take precedence over the fundamental freedoms that have been defined twenty-five years ago, in a very different socio-economic and political context.

This submission for PhD by Publication includes two studies I conducted during 8 years of dedicated field research examining the US role in mediating the Arab-Israeli conflict. These studies developed from my collection of in-depth oral testimonies and were buttressed by my recovery and examination of troves of original documents that had been previously denied any public, much less academic, scrutiny. The scope of this qualitative research and my political and historical analysis of it resulted in two published books that chronicle the unsuccessful American efforts to negotiate Arab-Israeli peace agreements during the presidencies of William Clinton, George W. Bush, and the first term of Barack Obama. In order of publication, they are The Truth About Camp David (New York: Nation Books, 2004) and The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road? (London: Hesperus Press, 2011). The original academic contribution of both works was the presentation of new empirical evidence to advance understanding of how heavily biased American mediation severely damaged this diplomatic undertaking. Despite being a solidly pro-Israel country, the United States had previously been able to achieve some notable mediation successes when it made efforts to adopt an “even-handed” approach. Yet in the period covered by both my books, I demonstrated how top American mediators—comprised of mostly pro-Israel partisans—dismissed any pretext of impartiality, and in most instances even escalated their mediation bias. This behavior has exacerbated the Arab-Israeli conflict and made the stated aim of a comprehensive peace a very distant prospect. The Truth About Camp David was intended as a first rough draft of history. The title references the famous summit convened by President Clinton in July 2000 that failed to forge peace between Israelis and Palestinians and the overarching US-led “peace process” around it which contributed to the outbreak of the Second Intifada. The book also details the effort to conclude an Israeli-Syrian peace agreement at Geneva just months before, which also failed. My research advanced the thesis that both the Geneva and Camp David summits were historic miscarriages of diplomacy by my presentation of granular insider accounts revealing the intensity of American mediation bias. I also exposed the general disorganization of its negotiating team, a dysfunction that was largely unknown to the public prior to my book’s release. My primary purpose in writing The Truth About Camp David was thus to enable its reinterpretation by making public new evidence about this watershed moment and the period surrounding it. Relying primarily on oral history, I interviewed US, Arab, Israeli and European officials who were first-hand participants to collect their personal narratives. I sought to identify discrepancies in their accounts, and attempted to reconcile them through further interviews, document interrogation, and my own analysis. A key challenge of The Truth About Camp David was thus to weave a thread through the various testimonies and present, as best as I could, a coherent historical narrative. Following that, my aim was to have it reviewed and discussed among credible scholars and the foreign policy community. The testimonies within The Truth About Camp David directly challenged the official narrative and prevailing media orthodoxy at the time of Palestinian blame and Syrian intransigence. As a result, it helped reframe both political debate and academic scholarship concerning this crucial period of American diplomatic intervention. In 2006, The Truth About Camp David was translated into Arabic, giving its contents even greater reach. My 2011 book “The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road?” continued my earlier line of inquiry and was largely based on documents given to me the year prior, referred to as “The Palestine Papers,” the largest leak of confidential negotiating records in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Published in full by Al Jazeera Media Network, and in limited partnership with the UK’s Guardian newspaper, the content of the files generated headlines around the world from January 24-27, 2011. My additional research for The Palestine Papers was released in May 2011 as an anthology of select papers with my accompanying qualitative analysis and interpretation rather than a stylistic mediation critique. My aim in writing “The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road?” publication was to reach beyond Al Jazeera and Guardian audiences and equip interested scholars, practitioners, and skeptics with essential highlights from the papers as well as an analytical framework to put them into context. My research for The Palestine Papers sought to help reconcile the intervening gap of negotiating history from Truth About Camp David, following the trajectory of how Israelis and Palestinians alike had grown even more conditioned to expect if not rely upon biased American mediation that excessively tilts toward Israel. The Palestine Papers also catalogues for the first time the dynamics that enabled US negotiators to escalate its role from being the self-appointed judge of Palestinian negotiating behavior during the talks (in the Camp David 2000 era) to the unilateral “juror” of its final-status positions (evidenced by the presidencies of George W Bush and Barack Obama). A supplemental essay included in this submission analyzes an earlier diplomatic era to advance my thesis of how far US mediation bias has traveled since America assumed the principal negotiator role of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the early 1970’s. Indeed, based on the overarching narrative that evolve from both those publications and this essay, it is entirely predictable to see how America’s mediation posture has matured into the era of extreme pro-Israel bias that now characterizes the approach of the Trump Administration. I will interpret this collective diplomatic history using a range of multidisciplinary academic theories addressing biased mediation in international conflict resolution. Then, by drawing on the scholarship from my previous books, I will assess and critique the theoretical benefits of employing biased mediators in conflict resolution—as some prominent scholars have advocated for. By taking a fresh look at earlier Arab-Israeli negotiations led by Henry Kissinger under President’s Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, I am able to make even greater contrast to that very limited era when biased American mediation in the Arab-Israeli conflict appeared to yield limited success. The process of applying the scholarship of others against the knowledge created from my own published works enable me to demonstrate in this essay that the present day American negotiating bias toward Israel largely exceeds what the normative scholarship on mediation bias envisaged.

abstract: Human migration is not a new phenomenon but present and future human-induced environmental changes pose new questions and challenges. In the coming years, both rapid and slow onset environmental changes will drive many people to migrate in search of improved security and livelihoods. Anthropogenic climate change in particular requires international institutions to determine how to best meet the needs of present and future migrants. I analyzed interviews with experts to identify institutional gaps for managing environmental migration and what potential, if any, the Warsaw International Mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts (WIM) might contribute to filling these gaps. Using these interviews and literature, I propose a framework to assess the capacity of existing institutions to address the breadth of migrant needs. Then, I identify gaps and challenges in order to illuminate strategies for future solutions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Sustainability 2015

Background This thesis explores the role of ethics in negotiations within the international defence industry. Existing gaps in literature are identified by using two existing literature reviews: one concerning negotiations and one concerning ethics. The gaps in existing literature lead to the need for a number of areas of development: the need for new negotiation models; the need to include ethics in international negotiations; and the need for studies to included negotiation professionals, opposed to students. Methodology and Method The method used consists of a single-case study using interviews to gain insight from those responsible for negotiations and ethics at Saab, a Swedish International defence company. Theoretical Framework To explore the possibilities of an ethically based negotiation model, two existing models were examined. The first used is the Value-Based Negotiation Model (VBN) by Gan (2017) and establishes a negotiation framework. The second model by Erwin (2010) offers perspectives on the effectiveness of documents used to establish ethical foundations in organizations. Proposed Research Framework The research framework that is established is the Sanfran Ethical International Business Negotiations Model. The model incorporates the steps needed for successful integrative negotiations with aspects aimed at increasing ethical collaboration and to reduce the risk of unethical behaviour. Findings and further research. The research has fulfilled its two goals by adding to existing literature surrounding negotiations and by developing a conceptual framework to be used in international defence negotiations that uses ethical requirements as a foundation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed and future research directions are offered.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Compreender as negociaÃÃes de gÃnero no mundo do forrà pà de estrada a partir das relaÃÃes vivenciadas pelas forrozeiras nas festas de forrà em Fortaleza à o principal objetivo desta pesquisa. As festas de forrà representam uma opÃÃo de diversÃo para um pÃblico bastante significativo de fortalezenses e turistas. O estilo do forrà pà de estrada à referÃncia de atraÃÃo artÃstica no Estado, pois, o Cearà à o maior exportador de bandas e artistas do ritmo. A peculiaridade cearense encontra-se, essencialmente, na diferenciaÃÃo rÃtmica, instrumental e das composiÃÃes, haja vista o carÃter acelerado, marcado pelo uso de instrumentos elÃtricos e de letras que primam pelas relaÃÃes afetivas, festas, bebidas, sexo, comportamento e principalmente o corpo da mulher. Estas caracterÃsticas do forrà pà de estrada, um estilo mais urbano, adepto Ãs inovaÃÃes, despertam questionamentos em vÃrios segmentos da sociedade, pelo forte apelo sexual, pelo uso da figura feminina e da Ãnfase nas relaÃÃes momentÃneas; tais elementos associados à forte adesÃo feminina e à conotaÃÃo pejorativa e vulgarizada destinada, principalmente, ao feminino despertou questionamentos acerca da mulher forrozeira: quais os principais atrativos da festa de forrà para as mulheres? Como estas mulheres percebem as letras de conotaÃÃo pejorativa do feminino? Qual o significado para as forrozeiras da âraparigaâ e da âpirigueteâ cantadas nas festas de forrÃ? Como se dÃo as negociaÃÃes de gÃnero no Ãmbito das festas de forrà de Fortaleza? Dessas indagaÃÃes foram trilhados os caminhos da pesquisa. A metodologia utilizada, a etnografia, aliada à tÃcnica de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as participantes das festas, bem como pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental, participaÃÃo nos fÃruns virtuais do forrÃ, acompanhamento de sites e fanpages das bandas e casas de shows, possibilitou a realizaÃÃo desta pesquisa. As festas representam mÃltiplas dimensÃes da vida das forrozeiras, momentos de diversÃo, ruptura e afirmaÃÃo dos valores sociais hegemÃnicos; hÃbridas representaÃÃes das relaÃÃes e negociaÃÃes de gÃnero nas festas de forrÃ, onde se reforÃam a autonomia do desejo e da sexualidade e, contraditoriamente propaga-se a violÃncia, a dominaÃÃo/exploraÃÃo feminina. à neste cenÃrio que as forrozeiras transitam e vivenciam relaÃÃes vÃrias, sob o prisma da diversÃo, da satisfaÃÃo do desejo e da constante diferenciaÃÃo entre a mulher que vive o momento da festa e a âpirigueteâ, âraparigaâ cantada e rotulada nas festas de forrà em Fortaleza. / Understanding the negotiations of gender in the world of road foot forrÃ, from the relationships experienced by forrozeiras at the parties of forrà in Fortaleza is the main objective of this research. The parties of forrà represent a fun option for a fortalezenses and tourists. The forrà of road foot is reference of artistic attraction in the state, therefore, Cearà is the largest exporter of bands and artists of rhythm. The cearense peculiarity lies essentially in rhythmic differentiation, instrumental and compositions; given the accelerated character, marked by the use of electric instruments and lyrics that emphasize affective relationships, parties, booze, sex, especially the and behavior body of woman. These characteristics of road foot forrÃ, a more urban style, innovation supporter, arouse questions in various segments of society, the strong sex appeal, the use of the female figure and the emphasis on momentary relations; such elements associated with strong female membership and the pejorative and vulgarized connotation, raised questions about woman forrozeira: what are the main attractions of forrà party for women? As these women perceive the letters with a pejorative connotation of the female? What is the meaning for forrozeiras the "rapariga" and "piriguete" sung at the songs forrÃ? How occurring the negotiations of gender at the parties forrà in Fortaleza? From these questionings were tracings the paths of research. The methodology was ethnography, combined with the technique of semi-structured interviews with forrozeiras participating of parties, bibliographical research as well, documental, participation in online forums forrÃ, monitoring of sites and fanpages of bands and venues. The parties represent multiple dimensions of life of forrozeiras, fun times, break and affirmation of hegemonic social values; hybrid representations relations and negotiations of gender at the parties of forrÃ, which reinforce the autonomy of desire and sexuality and, contradictorily propagates violence, domination / female exploitation. It is in this scenario that forrozeiras they transit and they experience various relationships from the perspective at the fun, of the satisfaction of desire and of the constant differentiation between the woman who lives the moment of the party and the "piriguete", "rapariga" song and labeled, at the parties of forro in Fortaleza.

Orientador: Waldir Jose de Quadros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T12:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pasquali_RoselaineMaria_M.pdf: 961988 bytes, checksum: 94e6fc8c7bca54af56fd75cb5db9f412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As mudanças econômicas e estruturais ocorridas no país na década de noventa, trazem consigo uma grande mudança na composição das ocupações com o crescimento das ocupações no terciário que abrangem as ocupações do comércio e serviços. As ocupações no comércio, apesar de se manterem muito fragmentadas e principalmente em pequenas empresas, vão passar a concentrar-se em alguns segmentos do comércio, especialmente o varejista de alimentos que sofrerá mudanças significativas, fruto da internacionalização de capital, e da grande concentração de vendas, resultado do processo de fusões e aquisições que vai ocorrer no segmento. O comércio em Santa Catarina sofre mudanças como reflexo das transformações ocorridas a nível nacional tanto na estrutura e organização das empresas comerciais, bem como na organização sindical e nas negociações coletivas que vão sofrer um processo de segmentação enorme no estado, em geral refletindo mais em perda do que ganhos para a categoria comerciaria / Abstract: The economic and structural changes in the country in the nineties, bring a great change in the composition of the occupations with the growth of occupations in the tertiary sector covering the occupations of trade and services. The occupations in trade, although they were very fragmented and mostly in small businesses are going to concentrate on some commercial activities, especially the food retailer will suffer significant changes, resulting from the internationalization of capital, and high concentration of sales as a result of mergers and acquisitions that will occur in the segment. Trade in Santa Catarina state changes as a reflect of the changes ocurred at national level in both the structure and organization of commercial enterprises, as well as union organizing and collective bargaining that will suffer a huge process of segmentation in the state, reflecting more general loss than gains for the commercial categories / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Desde a criação da OMC em 1995, países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento intensificaram a busca por uma ação coordenada mais efetiva e, principalmente durante a Rodada Doha, passaram a influenciar o processo de tomada de decisão por meio da criação de coalizões internacionais. A atuação paradigmática do Brasil no processo de formação e atuação do G20 fez com que o país se tornasse um eminente player nas negociações agrícolas da Rodada de Desenvolvimento de Doha e entrasse de maneira definitiva no alto nível decisório da Organização. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é explorar o debate relacionado à atuação das coalizões internacionais, bem como identificar os elementos que constituem a liderança política nesse modo de ação coletiva, sobretudo no que se relaciona ao caso da atuação do Brasil no G20 durante as negociações da Rodada Doha da OMC. / Since the creation of the WTO in 1995, developed and developing countries intensified the demand for a more effective and coordinated action, especially during the Doha Round, and began to influence the decision making process through the creation of international coalitions. The paradigmatic role of Brazil in the formation and performance of the G20 has rendered the country a prominent position in the agricultural negotiations of the Doha Development Round. Thus, the objective of this paper is to explore the debate related to the performance of international coalitions, and to identify the elements that constitute the political leadership in this mode of collective action, especially with regard to the case of Brazil\'s role in G20 during negotiations of the WTO Doha Round.

Com a globalização, pessoas, empresas, organizações e países estão cada vez mais interdependentes, dando origem a inúmeros conflitos de interesses. A negociação internacional ganha relevo como meio de solução dos conflitos gerados no processo de globalização. Torna-se ainda mais relevante no contexto da pequena empresa, em que a limitação de recursos e a escassez de conhecimentos podem funcionar como fatores limitantes do processo de internacionalização. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho propõe desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual que ajude a sistematizar o planejamento da negociação internacional na pequena empresa, a fim de auxiliar os administradores dessas empresas a aperfeiçoar o processo de preparação para a negociação internacional, contribuindo, ainda que indiretamente, para a internacionalização de pequenas empresas, podendo gerar reflexos positivos para a economia brasileira. Para isso, foram estudadas as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas pequenas empresas na negociação internacional e a forma como costumam se preparar para essas situações. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica foram comparados aos modelos de planejamento da negociação encontrados na literatura, a fim de desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual para o planejamento da negociação adaptado ao contexto das pequenas empresas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica, de natureza qualitativa, no setor médico-odontológico de Ribeirão Preto. A pesquisa empírica consistiu de uma fase preliminar, de caráter exploratório, em que se buscou conhecer melhor o setor escolhido como objeto de estudo, através do levantamento de dados secundários, complementados com a realização de entrevistas com as instituições de apoio ao setor ? Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Artigos e Equipamentos Médicos, Odontológicos, Hospitalares e de Laboratórios (ABIMO) e Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE). A seguir, foi realizado um estudo de casos múltiplos (pesquisa qualitativa). As unidades de análise foram as pequenas empresas industriais do setor médicoodontológico da cidade de Ribeirão Preto. / With the globalization process, people, companies, organizations and countries have become more interconnected, fact that can result in several interest conflicts. Thus, international negotiation has been highlighted as a way to solve these conflicts created by the globalization process. It has also become more and more important for a small businesses environment due to the lack of resources and knowledge, factors that can work as a compass for an internationalization process. In this sense, the present study proposes to develop a conceptual structure which can help to systematize the planning of the international negotiation in a small business, in order to assist these businesses? managers to improve the preparation process to the international negotiation, contributing, even in an indirectly way, to the small businesses internationalization creating positive consequences to the Brazilian economy. To reach this the difficulties that small businesses had in the international negotiation and the way they used to get prepared to these situations were studied. The results of the empiric research were compared to the models of the planning of negotiation we have found in the literature in order to develop a conceptual structure to the planning of negotiation adapted to the context of the small businesses. An empiric research was carried out, with a qualitative nature, in the medical and odontologic sector of Ribeirão Preto town. The empiric research consisted of a preliminary phase of an exploratory nature. The research had the goal of knowing the best sector chosen as the object of the study, through the secondary data, complemented with the interviews carried out with the institutions of support to the sector ? Brazilian Medical, Odontologic and Hospital supplies and equipment?s Industry and Laboratory Brazilian Association (ABIMO) and Brazilian Service of Support to Micro and Small Businesses (SEBRAE). After that, a study of multiple cases (qualitative research) was carried out. The units were the industrial small businesses of the medical and odontologic sector of Ribeirão Preto town.

The present paper focuses on exploring the usage of communicative strategies (CSs) by business professionals who use business English as a lingua franca (BELF) in telephone negotiations. The purpose of the study is also to analyze the occurrence of misunderstanding and non-understandings. The data consists of nine naturally-occurring spoken ‘buy-sell’ negotiations between business professionals from seven different countries around Europe and Asia.  The negotiations summed up to 1 hour and 30 minutes of recorded material. The transcripts of these negotiations were analyzed in detail by using the qualitative method ‘conversation analysis’ (CA). The results show that business professionals use CSs as pre-empting measures to prevent misunderstanding. In addition, CSs in the present data appear to be used to create cooperativeness and subsequently reach successful communication. The present study also found two scenarios where communicative breakdown occurred but were subsequently repaired through ‘clarity requests’, ‘confirmation checks’ and repetition. Lastly, the present paper recognizes that previous knowledge of the other party is an effective aspect in keeping upbeat negotiations and reaching mutual understanding.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier, à travers deux quotidiens libanais, An-Naharet As-Safir, les négociations de paix entre le Liban, la Syrie et Israël, de 1991 à 2000, période sensible de l’histoire contemporaine libanaise, phase d’après-guerre marquée par une forte influence politique syrienne sur le pays et intervalle stratégique quant au processus de paix lancé entre Israël et les pays arabes. Il s’agit d’analyser l’évolution de la couverture de ces deux quotidiens, représentatifs de la presse quotidienne nationale libanaise et des divergences politiques que connaît le pays dans le traitement d’un sujet géopolitique sensible qui touche à la souveraineté du Liban, ainsi qu’aux relations entre la Syrie et Israël. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi un corpus qui couvre l’ensemble de la décennie, en se limitant à la Une de chaque journal. Afin de réaliser cette étude avec le recul scientifique nécessaire, nous avons mis au point un logiciel de tri spécialement conçu à cette fin. Il permet de mettre en place une grille d’organisation et d’analyse des informations textuelles et de la production médiatique.L’étude du corpus a été faite dans un premier temps de manière horizontale, afin de croiser les propos des différents acteurs et d’effectuer les mises en parallèle entre le traitement des deux quotidiens. Elle a ensuite été poursuivie de manière verticale, au sein de chaque journal et pour chaque auteur, dans le but de déterminer l’évolution des discours politiques et journalistiques retenus, tout en croisant les différents propos pour en faire ressortir les divergences et les convergences, ainsi que les constantes et les variantes au fil du temps. / The main purpose of this thesis is to study, peace negotiations between Lebanon,Syria and Israel from 1991 to 2000, via their coverage in two Lebanese news papers An-Naharand As-Safir. This was a tense period in the recent history of Lebanon; it was marked by thepolitical influence of Syria on Lebanon, and a strategic period during which the peace processbetween Israel and Arab countries began. It consists primarily in an analysis of the changingnature of the coverage and discourse of two major Lebanese daily newspapers - An-Nahar andAs-Safir. The “copy” here analyzed related to a sensitive geopolitical issue affecting Lebanese independence and relations between Syria and Israel. The survey spans à decade: it is limited to front-page coverage of each newspaper. In order to examine the subject scientifically, aspecific software was specially designed and developed for this purpose. A matrix fororganizing and analyzing textual information and media production was devised. First thestudy was affected horizontally, in order to compare various actors and their related newspaper coverage. Then the study was elaborated in a vertical manner, i.e. by handlingeach newspaper and each author separately, in order to establish the evolution of different discourse. This was achieved by cross-comparing differences and similarities in the discourse,and constants and variables over time.