Guerrilla marketing is a relatively new way of doing marketing. It is initially used by small companies and/or individuals allowing them to act like large companies. However, more and more large companies use Guerrilla marketing these days. The usage of Guerrilla management can bring advantages but can also increase risks. At this moment little research is done about the way how large companies manage the reputational risk associated with Guerrilla marketing. This is a problem in both science and practise. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the understanding of how large companies manage the possible reputational risk that Guerrilla marketing and the communication of Guerrilla marketing brings along. This research is based on several theories, both emerging and dominant about Guerrilla marketing, Viral Marketing, Buzz marketing, Reputational risk and Reputational Risk Management. To do the research, in-depth interviews were held with experts when it comes to managing reputational risk and new marketing tools of four large companies based in Sweden. The analyses show that large companies manage the increasing reputational risks in some extend. Main findings are that the companies do not monitor Guerrilla marketing processes and do not have a central coordination for reputational risk management. This shows that not all companies are really aware of the risk that new marketing tools bring along and do not have a solid reputational risk management.

<p>The social network services (SNS) on the Internet are becoming more common, and are starting to have a higher range of users, which is affecting Internet marketing. We (the authors) have a feeling</p><p>that a growing online marketing within social networks could interrupt the order of social standards. That is why we in this paper have tried to figure out what position marketing has – and might have – within SNS, and what impact it will have on social relations.</p><p>During qualitative interviews along with both representatives of public relation offices as well as with SNS users, we became aware of the occurring strategies of online marketing, and the users</p><p>understanding of it. In the information from the interviews, we found some interesting contradictions on which this paper underlies. As a tool to try to sort the information from the interviews out, we had a</p><p>closer look on what networking really is, and its significance for both relations as well as marketing, since networking is a keyword for both PR offices and SNS users. We also needed to find out more</p><p>about client relations since it to companies is very much important to manage to keep their clients and create a trust among themselves. They have to know how and where to find their target group and</p><p>learn their language, otherwise they will easily be seen through. The PR offices stress sincerity and honesty, so do the users. The difference, however, is the definition of its meaning. The offices say that it is most important to be sincere in the first contact, and as soon as the word-of-mouth (WOM) takes form it is no longer in their hands. This WOM method creates a ripple effect which gives the main message a push. The users, on the other hand, want sincerity by being given the opportunity to choose what commercial message they would want to take part of. But they have no idea that the recommendation from the friend really is a well-laid marketing plan.</p><p>The fact that the SNS users really don’t know how it all works is something we see as an ethical problem. Mostly because the rules of friendship is changing, and that the social life of the human</p><p>being is becoming a part of marketing. Something that can be prevented – through awareness.</p> / <p>De sociala nätverken på Internet blir allt fler och får allt fler användare, något som i sin tur även påverkar marknadsföringen på Internet. Genom att marknadsföringen tar allt större plats på de sociala nätverken, anar vi att det kan störa relationers sociala ordning. Därför undersöker vi i den här uppsatsen vilken roll marknadsföring har, och kan få, inom sociala nätverk på Internet, och vilken konsekvens det kan få för sociala relationer.</p><p>Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter från PR-byråer och användare av sociala forum på Internet, tog vi del av de förekommande strategierna och användarnas uppfattning av dessa. I intervjumaterialet hittade vi intressanta motsägelser, och det är det som uppsatsen är byggd på. Som verktyg för att reda ut intervjumaterialet har vi tittat närmre på vad nätverk egentligen är och vad det har för betydelse för både relationer och marknadsföring, eftersom det är lite av ett nyckelord båda parter. Gemensamt är bland annat att olika roller är något som vi människor klär i oss varje dag, hela tiden, för att fungera i relationer. Och företagens kundrelationer är a och o för att lyckas bevara kunderna och skapa förtroende sinsemellan. I kapitlet om just kundrelationer får vi veta att det primära för företagen gällande Internetmarknadsföring är att hitta målgruppen och lära sig deras språk, annars kan de lätt bli genomskådade. PR-byråerna betonar öppenhet och ärlighet, lika så användarna. Skillnaden är däremot att de har olika definitioner på vad det egentligen innebär. Från byråernas sida menar man att öppenhet i det första steget är det viktigaste och att då mun-till-mun-metoden tar fart är det inte längre i deras händer. Denna mun-till-mun-metod blir en ”ringar på vattnet”-effekt och budskapet får sig en rejäl skjuts. Användarna å andra sidan vill ha öppenhet och ärlighet genom att få möjlighet att välja vilket reklambudskap de tar till sig. Att tipset från vännen är en del av en genomarbetad marknadsföring har de ingen aning om.</p><p>Att användarna inte har riktigt koll på hur det hela funkar är något som vi ser som ett etiskt problem. Främst för att vänskapens regler ändras, och att människans sociala liv blir en del av marknadsföringen. Något som kanske kan förhindras – genom medvetenhet.</p>

Social Media ist Kommunikation, ein weiterer Evolutionssprung in den zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen. Die damit verbundenen Tools, wie Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, XING, Blogs, Wiki, und Co, sind nur Werkzeuge, die, wenn man sie strategisch und professionell nutzt, erheblich den aktuellen und vor allem den zukünftigen unternehmerischen Erfolg ausmachen werden. Social Media verändert das Verhalten der Bürger und ist ein Element des sich gegenwärtig vollziehenden Kulturwandels. Das Gesundheitswesen insgesamt steht noch am Anfang der Nutzung von Social Media. Die vom Autor durchgeführten Befragungen, Analysen und Wertungen haben diese Einschätzung bestätigt. Erfolgreiche Beispiele der Anwendung von Social Media in Krankenhäusern und Arztpraxen dürfen nicht darüber hinweg täuschen, dass von der Mehrheit der medizinischen Einrichtungen, die Möglichkeiten der Nutzung von sozialen Netzwerken für die externe und interne Kommunikation und damit für die Erhöhung des unternehmerischen Erfolges nicht ausreichend erkannt werden. Aktives Zugehen auf die Zielgruppen, permanente Nutzung der Tools und des Feedbacks für die Erhöhung des Bekanntheitsgrades der Einrichtung, die Integration der Mitarbeiter und Dienstleister führen zu einer Verbesserung der Patientenzufriedenheit. Sie sind der Schlüssel nicht nur für mehr, sondern auch für qualitativ hochwertigeren Umsatz. Social Media führte zu einem Wertewandel in der Arbeitskultur auch der medizinischen Einrichtungen. Von Beginn an bei der Arbeit mit sozialen Netzwerken müssen alle Mitarbeiter in den Prozess integriert werden. Ihr Wissen über moderne Medien sollte gezielt und mit Übertragung von Verantwortung eingesetzt werden. Social Media muss zu einem integrierten Arbeitsmittel im Unternehmen werden, denn es lebt von der Einheit externer und interner Kommunikation und trägt entscheidend zur Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit bei. Die Aktivitäten zur Nutzung von Social Media werden erfolgreich, wenn für alle Arbeiten genügend Zeit und die erforderlichen Ressourcen für die ersten Schritte und für das notwendige permanente Controlling bereitgestellt werden. Der Erfolg von Social Media ist nicht zuletzt davon abhängig, welches Wissen in den medizinischen Einrichtungen vorhanden ist. Die oft zitierten Risiken beim Einsatz sozialer Netzwerke reduzieren sich im Wesentlichen auf ein nicht professionell geführtes Herangehen. Datenrechtliche- und Sicherheitsrisiken sind mit entsprechendem Wissen und einer klaren Positionierung was, wie, durch wen und wo publiziert wird beherrschbar. Der Erfolg ist nur dann erreichbar, wenn mit exakten Zielvorgaben, machbaren Schritten, klaren Verantwortungen und professionellem Controlling herangegangen wird. Die Arbeit gibt Anregungen für die Anwendung von Social Media in der Praxis, wie und mit welchen Methoden an den künftigen Einsatz der sozialen Netzwerke herangegangen werden kann, welche rechtlichen Fragen zu beachten sind und das ein effektives Monitoring unbedingt installiert werden muss. Social Media ist eine strategische Aufgabe und sollte in jedem Unternehmen so angesehen und eingeordnet werden. Ein brauchbares Mittel für die weitere Arbeit sieht der Autor in den erarbeiteten Leitfäden für Entscheider.

Old Spice cleverly used a handsome actor to play the Old Spice Man character for a Super Bowl commercial in 2010. After the game, this Old Spice commercial was viewed more than 13 million times on YouTube, a social media video-sharing site. This viral marketing campaign, also known as electronic word-of-mouth (E-WOM), propelled the Old Spice brand into the forefront of consumers’ minds, increased brand awareness, and inspired people to share the video links with their family, friends, and co-workers. The rapid growth of E-WOM is an indication of consumers’ increased willingness to convey marketing messages to others. However, despite this development, marketing academics and practitioners do not fully understand this powerful form of marketing. This dissertation enriches our understanding of E-WOM and how e-servicescape may lead to E-WOM. To that end, stimulus-organism-response theory and the network co-production model of E-WOM are applied to investigate the relationships between e-servicescape, trust, E-WOM intentions, customer loyalty, and purchase intentions. Two forms of E-WOM were examined, namely emails and social network postings. E-servicescape is defined as the online environmental factors of a marketer’s website. E-servicescape is composed of three main dimensions, including aesthetic appeal, financial security, and layout and functionality. This study used cross-sectional customer data from a single e-tailer. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the responses. Customer reviews was added as an additional sub-dimension of e-servicescape. The findings suggest e-servicescape positively impacts trust, which in turn positively influences E-WOM and customer loyalty. Moreover, two groups of customers were compared using multi-group analysis, where one group of users received emails and the other group received social network postings from the same e-tailer. Overall, the results indicated emails had a stronger impact on e-servicescape, E-WOM, and customer loyalty. Social networking site postings had slightly greater influence on trust, and two sub-dimensions of e-servicescape, i.e., interactivity and ease of payment. These findings contribute to the marketing research on E-WOM theory and electronic commerce shopping behavior. In particular, the sub-dimension of customer reviews is added to e-servicescape. This study yields practical implications for marketers in understanding consumers’ perceptions of websites and how to better design sites. In addition, these findings add to knowledge on how to engender consumers’ trust and customer loyalty online. Finally, this research provides suggestions for firms wanting to create marketing campaigns that will lead to E-WOM.

Tema: Relación entre el E-wom y la decisión final de compra en adultos de 20 a 30 años del NSE A en el sector hotelero para el turismo en el Perú, 2019. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el E-wom y la decisión final de compra en adultos de 20 a 30 años de NSE A en el sector hotelero para el Perú, 2019. En la presente investigación se analizará el E-wom y su relación con la decisión de compra en el sector hotelero para el turismo en Peru dirigido hacia adultos de 20 a 30 años de un nivel socioeconómico A. En base a ello, la hipótesis que se plantea es que existe una relación moderada entre el E-wom y la decisión de compra en el sector hotelero peruano. Dicho esto, la investigación parte de la identificación de los indicadores de ambas variables, entre los que destacan la credibilidad, calidad y cantidad del E-wom. Asimismo, se describe el proceso de decisión de compra en lo que respecta al sector hotelero para el turismo en Peru y como los comentarios vertidos en línea influyen en la decisión final del consumidor. Finalmente, la investigación es de tipo no experimental y de carácter transversal, ya que se realizará el estudio en un periodo de tiempo sobre una población o muestra. / Topic: Relationship between the E-wom and the final purchase decision in adults from 20 to 30 years of the NSE A and B in the hotel sector for tourism in Peru, 2019. Objective: Identify the relationship between E-wom and the final purchase decision in adults from 20 to 30 years of NSE A and B in the hotel sector for Peru, 2019. This research will analyze the E-wom and its relationship with the purchase decision in the hotel sector for tourism in Peru aimed at adults between 20 and 30 years of age, socioeconomic level A. Based on this, the hypothesis proposed is that there is a moderate relationship between E-wom and the purchase decision in the Peruvian hotel sector. That said, the research starts from the identification of the indicators of both variables, among which the credibility, quality and quantity of the E-wom stand out. Likewise, the purchase decision process is described in regard to the hotel sector for tourism in Peru and how the comments made online influence the final decision of the consumer. Finally, the research is non-experimental and transversal, since the study will be carried out over a period of time on a population or sample. / Trabajo de investigación

One of the biggest responsibilities of today’s marketing managers is to use their financial and labour resources in the most efficient way. However, any kind of traditional marketing method which is designed and spread by the seller is both costly and less influential on customer’s buying behaviour. Word of Mouth, which can simply be explained as any marketing action that leads to earn customer recommendation, (Word of Mouth Marketing Association) helps organizations to burst their sales revenues while decreasing their marketing budgets. WOM is considered as more transparent, more credible and more relevant by customers. Besides, it is a cheaper way of advertisement for organizations due to its organic spread characteristic. Therefore, marketers should focus on creating strategic marketing actions that will keep WOM effect at the peak level. This research attempts to disprove the common belief that, WOM cannot be controlled by the seller itself. Especially, the effort will be put on Business to Business relationships, which are usually considered more unreactive to WOM communication. In order to achieve that, author will provide a four-step WOM analysis framework to its readers. First, transactions mapping will be utilised to see possible areas of WOM development. Afterwards, WOM actors of the market will be identified and customer decision cycle elements will be disclosed in order to understand the WOM potential of a particular market. Final step of the framework will be the calculation of Customer’s Total Value which is composed of their Lifetime and Referral Values. Research also includes an online survey, whose results are converted to numerical data in order to determine Customers´ Referral Value. In the final part, Telefónica Data/Capacity Services´ customers will be ranked according to their total values and a Customer Value Matrix will be created. Customers will be segmented into four main groups named as Champions, Affluents, Advocates and Misers; all of which have different buying and WOM characteristics. Ultimately, tailored WOM strategies will be advised in order to maximize each group’s total value.

This paper is about femvertising which is used as a strategy within marketing to attract female consumers. This strategy is done by companies by pushing for gender equality and female empowerment in their ads. There is a lack of research regarding how femvertising affects consumers' purchase intentions and buying behavior. Further research also needs to be done examining female portrayals on digital platforms. The study is done with a qualitative method and inductive approach. In this paper, 20 respondents have participated in in-depth interviews and the respondents are all born between 1995 to 1998, which is called Gen Z, and are also all women. The paper is based on finding codes and converting them into categories which results in themes based on the different interviews. The conclusion of the paper is that social media are leading to purchases due to the possibility of targeting its consumers. Although, consumers easily tend to feel monitored when companies use them for targeting. Influencers can be successful for companies to use if the fit is good so it generates trust for the consumer. Another conclusion is that companies need to use different female portrayals, showing women in all of their uniqueness for them to be more relatable. Social media is an important part when it comes to if consumers will make purchases as it makes information and products easily accessible. Femvertising needs to shine through all of the company, not only the advertising. Companies should also monitor which type of WOM is out there about them as the point of view of other consumers is weighing heavily in affecting purchase intentions.

The Covid-19 pandemic, as a health and economic crisis, has significantly affected consumers, businesses and industries in all parts of the world. In this study, the aim was to investigate how situational factors, the covid-19 pandemic, affected consumer behavior regarding food purchases via e-commerce instead of physical stores. This has been done through a qualitative method in the form of 15 semi-structured interviews that have taken place via the Zoom program. The study sample consisted of a combination of both a goal-directed and convenience sample, where the authors chose the interviewees based on their circle of acquaintances and based on three different criterias, (1) the interviewees live in either the Salem or Södertälje municipality, (2) the interviewees need to be at least 18 years old to participate in the study and (3) the interviewees must have purchased food via e-commerce after the emergence of the covid-19 pandemic. The study's question is: How has the covid-19 pandemic affected consumers over the age of 18 in Södertälje and Salem municipalities when buying food, from shopping in physical stores to shopping via e-commerce? The authors analyzed the empirical data with regard to the study's theoretical frame of reference. The results of the study showed that the situational factor, the covid-19 pandemic, has been a contributing force in a change in consumer behavior when purchasing food starting from physical stores to e-commerce. This has been demonstrated by the fact that the interviewees' subjective norm, attitude and evaluation of alternatives have been influenced by the situational factor. Some trends have also been found in the empirical study, where one of the trends concerns the perceived behavioral control, which has been shown to have the opposite effect. Post-purchase evaluation in The Consumer Purchase Decision-Making Process has been shown to be for the most part positive in the interviewees answers and finally, WOM-communication has had an impact on consumer behavior inconnection with the impact of the covid-19 pandemic. / Covid-19-pandemin, som både en hälso- och ekonomisk kris, har väsentligt påverkat konsumenter, företag och industrier i alla delar av världen. I denna studie var syftet att undersöka hur situationella faktorer, covid-19-pandemin, påverkat konsumentbeteendet gällande inköp av livsmedel via e-handeln istället för fysiska butiker. Detta har genomförts via en kvalitativ metod i form av 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer som skett via Zoom-programmet. Studiens urval bestod av en kombination av ett målstyrt och bekvämlighetsurval, där författarna valde intervjupersonerna utifrån deras bekantskapskrets och utifrån tre olika kriterier, att (1) intervjupersonerna bor i antingen Salem eller Södertälje kommun, (2) intervjupersonerna behöver vara minst 18 år gamla för att delta i studien och (3) intervjupersonerna måste ha handlat livsmedel via e-handeln efter covid-19-pandemins uppkomst. Studiens frågeställning lyder: Hur har covid-19-pandemin påverkat konsumenterna över 18 år i Södertälje och Salem kommun vid inköp av livsmedel, från att handla i fysiska butiker till att handla via e-handel? Författarna analyserade empirin med hänsyn till studiens teoretiska referensram. Studiens resultat visade att den situationella faktorn, covid-19-pandemin har varit en medverkande kraft i ett ändrat konsumentbeteende vid inköp av livsmedel från fysiska butiker till e-handeln. Detta har påvisats genom att intervjupersonernas subjektiva norm, attityd och utvärdering av alternativ har påverkats av den situationella faktorn. Även en del trender har upptäckts i empirin, där en av trenderna berör den upplevda beteendekontrollen, vilket har visats ha en omvänd effekt. Utvärdering efter köpet i  The Consumer Purchase Decision-Making Process har visats vara för den övervägande delen positiv och slutligen har WOM-kommunikationen haft en påverkan på konsumentbeteendet i samband med covid-19-pandemins inverkan.

Solicitud de embargo por publicación en revista indexada. / El presente trabajo busca examinar de manera holística los indicadores claves que determinan el grado de calidad de un servicio web. Para el modelo se propone que las variables diseño web, información web, seguridad/privacidad, servicio al cliente y cumplimiento influyan positivamente en la satisfacción electrónica, confianza electrónica, lealtad electrónica, y boca a boca electrónica. Se recopiló información de 300 usuarios con experiencia en compra electrónica en retailers, para comprobar las hipótesis propuestas se analizaron los resultados mediante la técnica de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS). Los resultados mostraron que las dimensiones de e-TailQ tienen efecto positivo en e-satisfaction y e-trust, sin embargo web layout, web information y customer service no guardan relación con ninguna de estas. Además, e-satisfaction y e-trust guardan relación con e-loyalty; e-loyalty y e-satisfaction tiene efecto positivo con e-wom, sin embargo e-trust no lo hace con esta variable pero sí con e-satisfaction. Posteriormente se analizan los resultados comparándolos con investigaciones similares de autores relevantes que se han realizado en otros contextos. Para finalizar se desarrollan las implicancias a la gerencia, las limitaciones del estudio y futuras investigaciones, teniendo como expectativa brindar información precisa para abordar nuevas estrategias en retailers peruanos. / The present work seeks to examine in a holistic way the vital indicators that determine the degree of web service quality. For the model, it is proposed that the variables web design, web information, security/privacy, customer service and compliance positively influence electronic satisfaction, electronic trust, electronic loyalty, and electronic word of mouth. Information was collected from 300 users with experience in electronic purchasing in retailers, to verify the proposed hypotheses, the results were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) technique. The results showed that the e-TailQ dimensions have a positive effect on e-satisfaction and e-trust, however web layout, web information are not related to any of these. Customer service is also not related to both variables. Furthermore, e-Satisfaction and e-trust are related to e-loyalty; e-loyalty and e-satisfaction have a positive effect with e-wom, however e-trust does not do so with this variable but with e-satisfaction. The results are subsequently analyzed by comparing them with similar investigations by relevant authors that have been carried out in other contexts. Finally, the implications for management, the limitations of the study and future research are developed, with the expectation of providing accurate information to address new strategies in Peruvian retailers. / Tesis / PE

Title: The power of eWOM and online reviews on Generation Z - a quantitative study about to what degree do eWOM and online reviews influence Generation Z’s purchase intention regarding interior design in Sweden. Background: This thesis explains the influence of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) and online reviews on the purchasing intention of Generation Z, the world's largest consumer group, within the interior design industry in Sweden. As a result of their constant exposure to marketing through various platforms and social media, eWOM and online reviews have become increasingly influential in consumer purchasing intention. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explain to what degree do eWOM and online reviews influence Generation Z’s (those born between 1995-2005) purchasing intention regarding interior design in Sweden. Method: The empirical findings were obtained using quantitative research with a deductive approach. Data collection was done through an online survey completed by participants born between 1995-2005 and did not exclude any other age groups. After analysing the findings through an independent sample t-test and Cronbach’s alpha test, they were compared and contrasted with the existing literature to determine their similarities and differences. Conclusion: Overall, this research contributes to our knowledge of consumer behaviour and provides guidance for companies and their marketers aiming to target Generation Z. Understanding the influence of eWOM and online reviews enables companies to adapt their marketing strategies to align with this generation's preferences and trust factors.