Analysis of differences in price, time and distinct measures of accessibility for eské dráhy Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to resolve the issue of accessibility in the passenger rail network of eské dráhy in the Czech Republic. Secondary objectives are the analysis of distance, time availability, and price of passenger rail service. The main sources are the Railway Timetable 2009 and the geographic database Arc R 500. Basic tool for the processing is geographic information system (GIS) with extension Network Analyst. The main aim of the thesis is to provide a database with the values of distance, time availability and price. Secondary aims are to produce partial maps which present various types of accessibility. Part of the results are also the methodology for establishing different kinds of accessibility, the evaluation of methods used, and quality assessment models used in relation to the database and partial results of comparison with the literature. Keywords: transport accessibility, rail transport, network analysis, accessibility, availability of models, Network Analyst

La codification, qui a plus de 4000 ans d’histoire, vise à assurer la sécurité juridique tout en exigeant une forte volonté politique. Il s’agit d’une technique juridique qui a connu plusieurs âges d’or, et également des périodes moins propices, voire de régression. Elle découle de multiples enjeux techniques, sociaux et politiques. On distingue de nombreux types de codification. Ils mobilisent deux principales méthodes, la codification-modification et la codification-compilation. Les acteurs de la codification, ses étapes ainsi que la composition du code sont des processus importants pour caractériser la technique mobilisée. Cette recherche présente l’expérience française en la matière. Son ambition est de fournir un cadre de référence au législateur vietnamien en vue d’améliorer le système juridique de ce pays. / Codification is a more than 4000-year old process aiming to assure juridical security while requiring strong political back-up. This judicial technique has been through several golden ages as well as periods of less favorable development. Codification has produced numerous technical, social and political outcomes through a large number of different approaches. Codification-modification and codification-compilation are two major methods in codification. Techniques also differ in relation to stakeholders involved, stages in codification as well as code structure. This research is an analysis of France’s experience in those fields. It aims to produce a reference framework to lawmakers in Vietnam in view of improving the national legal framework.

Notre époque est caractérisée par des enjeux globaux inédits qui exigent une critique et une reformulation des principes d'organisation socioéconomique, notamment dans le domaine de l'aménagement urbain. La concentration de la population dans des grandes agglomérations, leur ségrégation croissante et leur empreinte écologique, soulignent l'importance de faire évoluer les institutions métropolitaines. Au sein de ce vaste champ de recherche, cette thèse se concentre sur la problématique des inégalités de localisation et déplacements, et des limites de l'action publique face à ces enjeux. Ainsi, nous développons l'hypothèse que l'accumulation de désavantages de logement et déplacements constituerait une forme d'injustice sociale qui pourrait être objectivée par des mesures quantitatives à un niveau méso-social. Le corolaire éthique d'un tel constat, en termes d'action publique nous amène à proposer une hypothèse complémentaire. En effet, l'atténuation des inégalités urbaines nécessiterait d'institutions capables de coordonner diverses politiques sectorielles, avec cohérence territoriale et en réponse aux demandes sociales. Ces deux hypothèses s'articulent dans une dialectique qui développe des concepts et des méthodologies pour l'étude du droit à la ville, que nous concevons comme une synthèse de capacités socioéconomiques et politiques. En particulier, la mobilité urbaine est définie dans ce travail comme l'imbrication des pratiques de localisation résidentielle et de déplacements quotidiens, à niveau des ménages. Cet ensemble de capacités est nécessaire pour l'épanouissement des citoyens, mais la connotation d'injustice des différences statistiques est difficile à démontrer. Ainsi, le principal objectif de cette thèse consiste au développement et application d'une méthodologie d'analyse quantitative à l'échelle métropolitaine, qui permettrait d'affirmer s'il existe, ou pas, une limitation injuste de la mobilité urbaine de certains groupes sociaux. Avec cet objectif, nous analysons quatre indicateurs complémentaires, chacun mesurant une dimension différente des arbitrages spatio-temporels des ménages. Il s'agit de l'usage du temps quotidien, des efforts en transport et logement, de l'accessibilité aux emplois et autres destinations, et de l'utilité de la mobilité urbaine. Au total, des désavantages simultanés parmi ces mesures suggèrent que certains groupes sociaux sont privés de mécanismes d'ajustement qui leur permettrait de bénéficier des ressources urbaines, ce que nous qualifions d'injuste. Nous montrons notamment que l'effet des politiques sociales en Ile-de-France semble être confondu par l'extension de son aire urbaine, qui présente des niveaux d'inégalités socio-spatiales proches à ceux observés dans le Grand Santiago, où les mécanismes redistributifs sont très faibles. Cette convergence souligne l'intérêt d'analyser les limites des systèmes de gouvernance métropolitaine pour résoudre ce type d'iniquités. Cette question est adressée par l'observation de deux controverses publiques récentes, l'implémentation du Transantiago et les débats autour du Grand Paris, et par l'étude de l'évolution des instruments d'aménagement. Cette analyse institutionnelle est appuyée sur la synthèse des règles et ressources de l'action publique et sur des entretiens à des experts et autorités. Dans les deux cas d'étude et par des mécanismes différents, ils existeraient des défaillances de représentation des groupes vulnérables dans les arènes de gouvernance métropolitaine, ce qui contribuerait au creusement des inégalités socio-spatiales. Finalement, la garantie du droit à la ville dans le Grand Santiago et la Région Ile-de-France nécessiterait d'innovations techniques et politiques complémentaires. Celles-ci pourraient être implémentées dans un niveau méso-social, visant à l'amélioration des conditions de mobilité urbaine et de représentation politique des ménages vulnérables, selon les spécificités de chaque sous-territoire métropolitain / Our era is characterized by unprecedented global challenges that require a critical review and a reformulation of the principles of social and economic organization, particularly in the field of urban planning. The concentration of population in major conurbations, their growing segregation and their ecological footprint, stress the importance of adapting metropolitan institutions. Within this large field of research, this thesis focuses on the problem of inequalities of residential location and daily travel, and on the limits of public action to address these challenges. Thus, we develop the hypothesis that the accumulation of residential and travel handicaps constitute a form of social injustice that could be objectified by quantitative measures at a mesosocial level. The ethical corollary of this observation in terms of public action leads us to propose a complementary hypothesis. Indeed, mitigation of urban inequalities would require institutions having the capacity to coordinate various sectoral policies, with territorial coherence and in response to social demands. These two hypotheses are articulated in a dialectical argument that develops operative concepts and methodologies for the study of the right to the city, which we conceive as a synthesis of socio-economic and political empowerment. In particular, urban mobility is defined in this work as the interweaving practices of residential location and daily travel at the household level. This set of capabilities is necessary for the blooming of citizens, but the unjust connotation of differences measured by this kind statistics is difficult to demonstrate. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is the development and application of a methodology for quantitative analysis at the metropolitan level, capable to assert if there is or not an unfair limitation of urban mobility for a certain social group. With this purpose, we analyze four complementary indicators, each measuring a different dimension of space-time tradeoffs at household level. This are: the daily use of time, travel and housing efforts, accessibility to jobs and other destinations, and utility of urban mobility. In sum, simultaneous disadvantages among these measures would suggest that some social groups are deprived of adjustment mechanisms that would allow them to benefit from urban resources, what we qualify as being unfair. In particular, we show that the effect of social policies in Ile-de-France seems to be antagonized by the extension of its urban area, attaining levels of socio-spatial inequalities close to those observed in Greater Santiago, where redistributive mechanisms are extremely weak. This convergence emphasizes the importance of analyzing the limits of metropolitan governance systems to resolve such inequities. This issue is addressed by the observation of two recent public controversies, the implementation of Transantiago and the debates around the Grand Paris, and by the study of the evolution of planning instruments. This institutional analysis is based on a synthesis of the rules and resources of public action, and on interviews with experts and authorities. In both study cases and by different mechanisms, there would be failures of representation for vulnerable groups in the arenas of metropolitan governance, thus contributing to the widening socio-spatial inequalities. Finally, guaranteeing the right to the city in the Greater Santiago and the Ile -de- France would require complementary technical and policy innovations. These could be implemented in a mesosocial level, aiming for the improvement of urban mobility and political representation of vulnerable households, according to the specificities of each sub-metropolitan territory

High capacity transport infrastructure is often referred to as a one of key factors in regional development. The aim of this study is specify effects of capacity transport infrastructure in relation with accessibility to Prague on possible municipalities development in the Central Bohemia region. Basis of this research is identify indicators, that are significantly affected existence of transport infrastructure and accessibility strong core and then to formulate future development of concerned areas. We used spatial analysis methods with demarcation time accessibility zones for accessibility research. Long term development is monitored using index changes of relevant indicators between 2001 and 2011 and their significance are evaluated by analysis of variance. Key factors in municipalities on transport infrastructure were compared with SO ORP. Characteristic of significant effects in area has provide identification different values in development. In spite problematic data base this research confirmed development effects of high capacity roads, especially in demographic terms, but they are significantly influenced by the time accessibility to region core and area economic base. The results can be used as a document for deciding on territorial investment and to prediction effects for the planned transport...

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have had a remarkable influence on society. Many argue that the impact of ICTs, either positive or negative, affects all of humanity. Acceptance, usability, and accessibility are key for ICTs to make a positive impact on society. Previous research states that Information Technology (IT) can lead to higher salaries, better communication, and more rapid advancements from emerging to developed nations. Additionally, information technology has demonstrated the potential to improve society's effectiveness and productivity by establishing a means to circulate knowledge, increase knowledge sharing, and provide knowledge accumulation and internalization. Therefore, if information technology can improve knowledge and productivity in society, why are the indigent not leveraging technology to a higher degree? This formal research provides a benchmark analysis of a set of female Foreign Domestic Workers that have been hired as household maids. This study provides baseline insights of how these women who share low levels of skill, low wages, and to whom English, the worldwide language of the Internet is a second language, interact with technology. This study also contributes research data that can help improve development, design, and implementation of future Information Systems. It can be concluded that FDWs do have availability of technology as shown in the study results. Yet, these women are not visiting websites designed for their use, such as government portals providing information and services. The study shows that the current Information Systems developed for this segment of the population may not be providing the Design, Quality of information, nor the User Acceptance needed to make these tools successful as compared to social media sites which are being visited by FDWs. The results demonstrate that Foreign Domestic Worker's interaction with technology is still not integrated in their culture or every day activities although they have the advantage of living and working in Singapore, where infrastructure, technology and communications top ICT's charts and tables as one of the most advanced countries in the world.

Trafikverket planerar att inom snar framtidrusta upp plattformen för Murjek station, enliten tågstation som utgör Jokkmokk kommunsenda tågstation längs Malmbanan och hartydlig koppling till turistiska destinationer. Isamband med detta ska en kartläggning överviktiga turistiska bedömningsaspekter förmindre tågstationer med koppling till turismgöras och ett tillhörande gestaltningsprogramför Murjek stationsområde tas fram.Detta arbete har bland annat gått ut på attgenom en systematisk litteraturstudie,intervjuer och fältstudier genomföra dennakartläggning. Målet med arbetet är att genomde framtagna bedömningsaspekterna ochgestaltningsprogrammet kunna svara påföljande vetenskapliga frågor:Hur kan utformningen se ut för småskaligatågstationer kopplade till turism?● Vilka funktioner är viktiga för att skapa entillgänglig och funktionell tågstation?● Vilka parametrar är viktiga för en småskaligtågstation ur ett turistiskt perspektiv?Hur bör Murjek station och omgivningenutformas för att på ett hållbart sätt främjaturistnäringens utveckling?● Hur ska man uppfylla de turistiskaupplevelsevärdena genom gestaltning avstationsområdet?● Vilka turistiska aspekter bör uppfyllas vidgestaltning av Murjek station?Genom att följa metoden för åtgärdsvalsstudiehar Murjek stationsområde inventerats och ensammanfattad bild av brister på området harsammanställts. Vidare har åtgärder baseradepå intervjuer och teori tagits fram ochutvärderats för att sedan mynna ut i turistiskabedömningsaspekter. Dessa har sedan,tillsammans med teori för utformning avstationer legat som bas för detgestaltningsprogram som tagits fram.De sammanställda turistiskabedömningsaspekterna täcker områdenagestaltning, utformning, information, kultur,konst, funktioner och sociala aspekter och ärutformade för att kunna tillämpas på allamindre stationer med koppling till turism.Gestaltningsprogrammet är uppdelat i tredelar: stationsområdet, stationshuset ochplattformen. Alla tre områden har byggts omoch anpassats för att vara mer tillgängliga ochfunktionella utifrån de riktlinjer som finnssamt för att uppfylla de turistiskabedömningsaspekter som tagits fram.Gestaltningsprogrammet innebär en praktisktillämpning av de turistiskabedömningsaspekterna samt de riktlinjer somfinns för funktion, tillgänglighet ochutformning. Detta resultat är menat sominspiration för andra mindre stationer ochvisar på möjligheten att kombinera alla dessafaktorer till ett attraktivt resecentrum välanpassat för alla typer av resenärer, inklusivepersoner med funktionsnedsättning ochturister.Arbetet är geografiskt avgränsat till Murjekmed omnejd och är begränsat tillparametrarna turism, tillgänglighet, ochfunktionsanpassning. / Trafikverket plans to soon upgrade theplatform of Murjek station, a small-scale trainstation that constitute Jokkmokkmunicipality's only railway station alongMalmbanan and has clear links to touristdestinations. In connection with this, amapping of touristic aspects for smaller trainstations related to tourism shall be made andan associated design program for Murjekstation area will be developed.This method in this report consists of doing asystematic literature review, interviews andfield studies, which served as the base for themapping that has been done. The goal of thisreport is to, through the touristic aspects andthe design program, answer the followingscientific questions:How can a design proposal for a small-scaletrain station linked to tourism look like?● What features are important to create anaccessible and functional train station?● What parameters are important for a smallscaletrain station seen from a touristicperspective?How should Murjek station and thesurrounding station area be designed in orderto promote tourism development in asustainable way?● How can touristic experience values be metthrough the design of the station area?● What touristic aspects should be met in thedesign of Murjek station?Through following the method ofåtgärdsvalsstudier, the station area has beeninventoried and a summarized view of theshortcomings in the area has been compiled.Furthermore, measures of action based on theinterviews and theory have been developedand evaluated which has culminated in thetouristic aspects. These, along with the theoryfor the design of train stations, were the basisfor the design program.The compiled touristic aspects cover the areasof design, information, culture, art,functionality, and social aspects and aredesigned to be applicable to all small-scalestations linked to tourism. The design programis divided into three parts: the station area,the station building and the platform. All threeareas have been renovated and adapted to bemore accessible and functional based onexisting guidelines and to meet the touristicaspects developed.The design program embodies the practicalapplication of the touristic aspects and theexisting guidelines for functionality,accessibility, and design. This result is meantas a source of inspiration for other small-scalestations and demonstrates the possibility tocombine all of these elements into anattractive travel center that is well suited forall types of travelers, including persons withdisabilities and tourists.The report is geographically limited to Murjekand its vicinity and is limited to theparameters tourism, accessibility, andfunctional adaptation.

Websites have a significant impact on the competitiveness of organizations. Therefore it is necessary to deal with aspects that affect their success. At least it is worth to detect weaknesses which can be repaired with minimal effort and which baffle effective use of the site. It is possible to use quite a number of audit methods and tools but the global approach to this issue is missing. The aim of this thesis is to create audit methodology and its implementation into the online tool, to allow automatic audit performance. I first describe aspects of success of a website such as search engine optimization, accessibility, usability, information architecture and information value. Then I analyzed the methods and tools for webpages audit and explored the possibilities of their system integration. This enabled me to design the optimal process of audit and realize the tool which is the main output of the thesis and is enclosed on the CD. The benefit of this tool lies primarily in the comprehensive conception which focuses not only on a certain area, but tries to evaluate all possible facts within a single analysis. The advantage of the tool is its mass utilization. It allows detection of possible errors and solutions proposition with minimal costs and without the need of special knowledge. The tool contains several unique algorithms that check some aspects of sites and eliminate manual verification.

This study looks at the difference in accessibility to green spaces within the four largest Scottish cities. Having access to green spaces provides several physical and mental health benefits while also providing important ecosystem services. Previous studies show that the frequency of use of a green space declines once the distance surpasses 300 m to an access point. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to analyse the service area of an access point to a green space, from which the rate of accessibility is established. The study also analyses the difference in accessibility between Euclidean and network distance. It is found that the Euclidean difference underestimates the distance needed to reach an access point and that 300 m recommendation by Euclidean distance is more closely resembles 500 m network distance. This study recommends that a distinction be made between which measurement metric is used when stating distances regarding accessibility, in order to create a more consistent approach.

At present, a large part of the products from the north is transported on the main line through upper Norrland, which handles all railway transports through Norrland. The track does not meet today´s requirements for freight transport because of its curvy and hilly traction, its only track and the fact that it is located far from the coast where most industries are situated. In 2002, the investigation of a new coastal railway began, which can relieve the main line from freight traffic, but also promote passenger transport by dimidiated travel times and increased communication between the cities. The new railway was named Norrbotniabanan and is planned to pass through the larger cities along the coast. Piteå is the city that has the most possible route options and potential locations for the railway station. After a number of investigations, only two alternative tractions through Piteå remains, alternatives P1 and P2. In alternative P1, or the Coastal route, Norrbotniabanan is supposed to run parallel with E4. A travel center is planned to be located south of Lomtjärn and west of E4. In the other alternative P2, or the Central route, the track would pass through the center of Piteå where the travel center would be located also. The purpose of this work has been to investigate the potential of Lomtjärn Travel Center in the alternative coastal route of the Norrbotniabanan railway. The aim was to be able to specify which features that should be implemented to achieve the best design for the Lomtjärn Travel Center in its peripheral position, with regard to social and ecological sustainability, to promote passenger transport. In order to achieve the aim information was obtained by a literature study linked to the railway station's basic properties and importance to the city. Furthermore, a study was conducted of existing peripheral stations to gather inspiration and see how others had solved various functions connected to the station. A site analysis was also conducted where the travel centers location previously determined by the municipality was analyzed to find out if it really was the best location in the area. The above studies and analyzes resulted in a concept proposal for the design of the Lomtjärn Travel Center. Early on, accessibility proved to be one of the most important success of the location of a railway station. The passage over the railway tracks and E4 is seen as the most important accessibility action because it breaks the barrier created by E4 and creates access to the station from two directions. Other measures that contribute to increased accessibility are the division of the car and cycle parking lots to each side of E4 and the connection between the station and the grocery store at Backen. Another action that is connected to both accessibility and ecological sustainability is the transport between the station and the center, as it strengthens the connection between them at the same time as it is fossil-free. Good personal security is also seen as important. The decision to choose a raised glazed walkway as a passage instead of a tunnel under the ground is considered to be a positive action for the proposal. Another security action was to add a kiosk, this creates security by adding someone who can oversee the station. Other measures that increase security are the choice to keep the passage open and not add anything that obscures the visibility and the fact that the entire passage is a waiting room, because it allows excellent view of the tracks. A solution that does not have much to do with either social or ecological sustainability, but which is nevertheless believed to be significant for Piteå city is the height of the passage. The height enables it to appear from a longer distance and form a landmark in the northwest while forming an entrance to Piteå.

Student Number : 0001367T - MA dissertation - School of Architecture and Planning - Faculty of Humanities / This is an exploratory study which seeks to look at barriers to land accessibility for the construction of low-income or affordable housing on former mining lands between Soweto and Johannesburg CBD. Based on the findings, there are various barriers which inhibit and threaten the construction of houses on former mining lands. These barriers, exposed by the findings of this report are radon, mine dust - both of which pose a serious health risk to residents if exposed to it for a long period of time - high prices of land, inadequate funding for housing subsidies and the National Nuclear Regulator’s too strict and uncompromising stance on housing construction on contaminated lands. The conclusion drawn by this report is that the government, owners of former mining land and the National Nuclear Regulator need to co-operate and work together towards finding a common ground in order to enhance the possibility of a total removal of these barriers, so that the previously marginalized citizens can afford to own houses closer to the Central Business District of Johannesburg.