<p>Rak dojke je trenutno po incidenciji vodeća maligna bolest kod žena kako u razvijenim tako i u zemljama u razvoju. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je da se defini&scaron;u faktori rizika u populaciji žena uzrasta 50-69 godina koje su obuhvaćene Nacionalnim skrining programom ranog otkrivanja raka dojke mamografijom na teritoriji Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine (APV). U istraživanju je kori&scaron;ćena retrospektivno-prospektivna studija. Za potrebe istraživanja formirana je grupa obolelih žena i kontrolna grupa žena na teritoriji APV. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 510 žena sa teritorije AP Vojvodine, uzrasta od 50 do 69 godina. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su se kao značajni prediktori raka dojke u na&scaron;em istraživanju izdvojili: 1. Hormonska terapija &ndash; one osobe koje su uzimale hormonsku terapiju značajno imaju veću verovatnoću da imaju rak dojke i obrnuto. 2. Prethodna maligna bolest &ndash; osobe koje su prethodno imale neku drugu malignu bolest imaju manju &scaron;ansu da imaju rak dojke&nbsp; 3. One žene koje vr&scaron;e samokontrolu dojke če&scaron;će su u nekliničkom uzorku. 4. Žene koje su u grupi starijih su če&scaron;će u kliničkom uzorku. 5. One osobe koje imaju u porodici nekog ko je oboleo od raka dojke če&scaron;će i same oboljevaju. Ovo je prvo istraživanje o faktorima rizika za rak dojke na populaciji žena AP Vojvodine u okviru Nacionalnog programa ranog otkrivanja raka dojke. Rezultati istraživanja daju osnove za buduća istraživanja iz ove oblasti, takođe mogu da utiču na podizanje svesti žena o značaju redovnih pregleda i ranom otkrivanju raka dojke kao i pružanje podr&scaron;ke programu skrininga.</p> / <p>Breast cancer is currently theleading malignant disease in women both in developed and developing countries. The main goal of the research was to define risk factors in the population of women aged 50-69 years, covered by the National Screening Program for Early Detection of Breast Cancer by Mammography on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The researchwasconducted asretrospective-prospective study. For the purpose of the research,were formed a group of diseased women and a control group of women in the territory of AP Vojvodina . The research involved 510 women with the territory of AP Vojvodina, aged 50 to 69 years. The results of the study showed that as significant predictors ofbreast cancer in our study. 1.Hormone Therapy -Those who have taken hormone therapy are significantly more likely to have breast cancer and vice versa. 2. Pre-existing malignant disease -people who previously had any other malignant disease have a lowerchance of having breast cancer 3. Women who perform self-control of their breasts are more often in a non-clinical sampl.e 4. Women in the elderly group are more often in the clinical sample. 5. Those who have a family member who has breast cancer are more likely to suffer from their own illness. This is the first study on the risk factors for breast cancer in the population of AP Vojvodina women within the National Breast Cancer Screening Program. The results of the research provide the basics for future research in this area, they can also help raise women&#39;s awareness of the importance of regular screening and early detection of breast cancer, as well as supporting the screening program</p>

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Le dépistage du cancer de la prostate est largement controversé de par l’équilibre de la balance bénéfices-risques de cette procédure. L’enjeu de santé publique est alors d’accompagner au mieux les hommes susceptibles de se faire dépister pour qu’ils puissent être informés et participer au choix. L’objectif de ce doctorat est de contribuer à comprendre pourquoi les hommes participent au dépistage du cancer de la prostate, pour pouvoir améliorer dans un second temps leur accompagnement. Nous avons tout d’abord interrogé des hommes sur leurs connaissances, leurs sources d’informations et leur rôle dans le choix de participer au dépistage du cancer de la prostate. Ces entretiens ont abouti à la nécessité de concevoir un nouvel outil d’information pour améliorer les connaissances des hommes, en particulier sur les risques de la procédure de dépistage. Enfin, nous avons estimé comment les bénéfices et les risques étaient intégrés dans le choix des individus selon si ces derniers avaient eu accès à notre outil d’information. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les hommes semblent moins favorables à une proposition de dépistage après avoir eu accès à notre outil d’information. Cependant, cela ne modifie pas leur appréciation des bénéfices et des risques du dépistage. Il est nécessaire de poursuivre les efforts pour permettre aux hommes de faire un choix éclairé. / Prostate cancer screening is highly controversial because of the benefit risk ratio. An issue is to support men susceptible to perform this screening towards informed choice and shared decision-making. The aim of this doctorate is to understand why men adhere to prostate cancer screening, and in a second time to improve their support. We interviewed men about their knowledge, their information seeking behaviour, and their implication in prostate cancer screening decision. This highlighted the necessity to create a new information tool to improve men’s knowledge, in particular regarding risks of the screening procedure. Finally, we investigate benefit risk trade-off with and without our information tool access. Results of this work shows that men are less favourable to a screening option after taking into account our information tool. However, benefit and risk of this screening appreciation was not changed. We need to continue efforts to allow men to make an informed choice.

Objective: Prospective study designs ideally allow patients to be followed from the first manifestations of the illness or even from an at-risk stage. It can thus provide data on the predictive value of changes in clinical symptomatology, cognition or further biological markers to broaden our understanding of the etiopathology and symptomatic trajectory of bipolar disorders. The scope of this narrative review is to summarize evidence from prospectively collected data on psychopathological and other clinical and biological changes in the early developmental course of bipolar disorders. Methods: The narrative review was based on a literature search conducted in February 2016 within the PubMed library for prospective study data of persons in antecedent and early manifest stages of manifest bipolar disorder published within the last 15 years. Results: A total of 19 prospective studies were included. Regarding psychopathological features; personality, temperament and character traits as well as changes in sleep and circadian rhythm, the evidence suggests that risk factors for the development of bipolar disorder can already be described and should be studied further to understand their interaction, mediation with other factors and timing in the developmental process of bipolar disorder. Apart from the positive family history, childhood anxiety, sleep problems, subthreshold (hypo)manic symptoms and certain character traits/emotionality should be identified and monitored already in clinical practice as their presence likely increases risk of bipolar disorder. Up to date no substantiated evidence was found from prospective studies addressing cognitive features, life events, immunological parameters and morphological central nervous system changes as potential risk factors for bipolar disorder. Conclusion: For an improved understanding of episodic disorders, longitudinal data collection is essential. Since the etiology of bipolar disorders is complex, a number of potential risk factors have been proposed. Prospective studies addressing this spectrum and resilience factors are critical and will be best conducted within multi-site research networks or initiatives.

No description available.

Since the field of computer networks has rapidly grown in the last two decades, congestion control of traffic loads within networks has become a high priority. Congestion occurs in network routers when the number of incoming packets exceeds the available network resources, such as buffer space and bandwidth allocation. This may result in a poor network performance with reference to average packet queueing delay, packet loss rate and throughput. To enhance the performance when the network becomes congested, several different active queue management (AQM) methods have been proposed and some of these are discussed in this thesis. Specifically, these AQM methods are surveyed in detail and their strengths and limitations are highlighted. A comparison is conducted between five known AQM methods, Random Early Detection (RED), Gentle Random Early Detection (GRED), Adaptive Random Early Detection (ARED), Dynamic Random Early Drop (DRED) and BLUE, based on several performance measures, including mean queue length, throughput, average queueing delay, overflow packet loss probability, packet dropping probability and the total of overflow loss and dropping probabilities for packets, with the aim of identifying which AQM method gives the most satisfactory results of the performance measures. This thesis presents a new AQM approach based on the RED algorithm that determines and controls the congested router buffers in an early stage. This approach is called Dynamic RED (REDD), which stabilises the average queue length between minimum and maximum threshold positions at a certain level called the target level to prevent building up the queues in the router buffers. A comparison is made between the proposed REDD, RED and ARED approaches regarding the above performance measures. Moreover, three methods based on RED and fuzzy logic are proposed to control the congested router buffers incipiently. These methods are named REDD1, REDD2, and REDD3 and their performances are also compared with RED using the above performance measures to identify which method achieves the most satisfactory results. Furthermore, a set of discrete-time queue analytical models are developed based on the following approaches: RED, GRED, DRED and BLUE, to detect the congestion at router buffers in an early stage. The proposed analytical models use the instantaneous queue length as a congestion measure to capture short term changes in the input and prevent packet loss due to overflow. The proposed analytical models are experimentally compared with their corresponding AQM simulations with reference to the above performance measures to identify which approach gives the most satisfactory results. The simulations for RED, GRED, ARED, DRED, BLUE, REDD, REDD1, REDD2 and REDD3 are run ten times, each time with a change of seed and the results of each run are used to obtain mean values, variance, standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals. The performance measures are calculated based on data collected only after the system has reached a steady state. After extensive experimentation, the results show that the proposed REDD, REDD1, REDD2 and REDD3 algorithms and some of the proposed analytical models such as DRED-Alpha, RED and GRED models offer somewhat better results of mean queue length and average queueing delay than these achieved by RED and its variants when the values of packet arrival probability are greater than the value of packet departure probability, i.e. in a congestion situation. This suggests that when traffic is largely of a non bursty nature, instantaneous queue length might be a better congestion measure to use rather than the average queue length as in the more traditional models.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that carries high costs for families and the healthcare system, requiring extensive management both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The implementation of AI-based systems in clinical practice represents a possible supportive solution that can help clinicians by providing more systematic meth- ods to monitor child behavior. The main advantage over more traditional observational approaches is to offer quantitative and refined analysis solutions that can be ecological at the same time. The relevance of AI in clinical applications can have a role both in the challenge of early detection and in designing intervention programs better tai- lored to the specific functioning of children with ASD. The research project presented in this dissertation focused on developing AI-based systems for fine-grained analysis of autism-related social behaviors and their validation in concrete clinical environments. Specifically, in Chapter 2, our first study is presented, which targets on implementing a computational phenotyping system to address the need for new early markers of the condition. Through fine-grained analytics of facial dynamics in videos, we identified a set of features that distinguished young (6-12 months) infants with ASD (18 ASD, 15 non-ASD) during unconstrained at-home interactions. In Chapters 3 and 4, we introduce EYE-C, a Behavior Imaging model for robust analysis of eye contact episodes in eco- logical therapist-child interactions. The system was validated in the clinical setting for personalized early intervention. First, we investigated the influence of extracted features in categorizing spectrum heterogeneity across a sample of 62 preschool (&lt;6 years) chil- dren with ASD. Further, we tested our metrics as predictors of early intensive treatment outcomes in a sub-sample of 18 subjects with ASD. The project aims to demonstrate the feasibility of effective computational systems that are robust to the high variability of unstructured interactions, with emphasis on the applicative value in real-world scenar- ios. Even though based on limited sample sizes, the work presented may offer interesting insights into the perspective of integrating AI into clinical practice. The research project was funded by an FBK scholarship and developed in a double in- ternship at ODFLab (University of Trento) and the FBK Data Science for Health (DSH) research unit.

No / Traffic congestion in communication networks can dramatically deteriorate user-perceived Quality-of-Service (QoS). The integration of the Random Early Detection (RED) and priority scheduling mechanisms is a promising scheme for congestion control and provisioning of differentiated QoS required by multimedia applications. Although analytical modelling of RED congestion control has received significant research efforts, the performance models reported in the current literature were primarily restricted to the RED algorithm only without consideration of traffic scheduling scheme for QoS differentiation. Moreover, for analytical tractability, these models were developed under the simplified assumption that the traffic follows Short-Range-Dependent (SRD) arrival processes (e.g., Poisson or Markov processes), which are unable to capture the self-similar nature (i.e., scale-invariant burstiness) of multimedia traffic in modern communication networks. To fill these gaps, this paper presents a new analytical model of RED congestion control for prioritized multi-class self-similar traffic. The closed-form expressions for the loss probability of individual traffic classes are derived. The effectiveness and accuracy of the model are validated through extensive comparison between analytical and simulation results. To illustrate its application, the model is adopted as a cost-effective tool to investigate the optimal threshold configuration and minimize the required buffer space with congestion control.

La detección del autismo por parte del profesional de enfermería permite la intervención temprana del trastorno del espectro autista, disminuyendo su sintomatología que presenta el niño con autismo. Método: Investigación cualitativa, con abordaje descriptivo. Objetivo: Describir las nociones sobre la detección temprana del autismo en profesionales de enfermería en la Microred de salud Lambayeque, 2022. Muestra: 12 profesionales de enfermería que laboran en el servicio integral del niño de la Microred de salud Lambayeque; el muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia, con criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los datos se recolectaron mediante una guía de entrevista semiestructurada, validada por juicio de expertos y prueba piloto previa aprobación del comité de ética, el análisis fue de contenido; se cumplió con los principios de rigor ético y científico. Se obtuvieron 4 categorías: (1) Nociones relacionadas con la detección del autismo desde la atención primaria de salud, (2) Conceptualizando el autismo desde los saberes de los profesionales de enfermería, (3) Reconociendo el rol que deben tener los profesionales de enfermería en la detección precoz del autismo, (4) Necesidad de incluir el autismo en la formación académica, educacióncontinua y planes de capacitación del profesional de enfermería. Conclusiones: Los conocimientos del profesional de enfermería sobre el autismo son superficiales, al parecer el autismo resulta en nuestro medio un trastorno en general poco conocido. / The detection of autism by the nursing professional allows early intervention of autism spectrum disorder, reducing the symptoms presented by the child with autism. Method: Qualitative research, with a descriptive approach. Objective: Describe the notions about the early detection of autism in nursing professionals in the Lambayeque Health Micronetwork, 2022. Sample: 12 nursing professionals who work in the comprehensive child service of the Lambayeque Health Micronetwork; The sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience, with inclusion and exclusion criteria, the data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide, validated by expert judgment and pilot testing prior approval of the ethics committee, the analysis was content; The principles of ethical and scientific rigor were complied with. 4 categories were obtained: (1) Notions related to the detection of autism from primary health care, (2) Conceptualizing autism from the knowledge of nursing professionals, (3) Recognizing the role that nursing professionals should have in early detection of autism, (4) Need to include autism in the academic training, continuing education and training plans of nursing professionals. Conclusions: The knowledge of the nursing professional about autism is superficial; it seems that autism is a generally little- known disorder in our environment.

A model was developed in this study to understand women's cervical screening behaviour. It revealed that the interaction among institutional factors, risk appraisal, coping appraisal, and health beliefs and cultural factors contributed to the complex nature of screening behaviour among Chinese women. The institutional component provided the contextual factors within which women perceived the risk of cervical cancer, perceived the practice of cervical screening, and decided to take or not to take cervical screening. Risk appraisal provided the premise factor that induces women to seek coping strategies to reduce or remove the risk. During the process of coping appraisal, women's motivation to have cervical screening could be increased or decreased as the perceived benefits and costs of screening interacted with each other. The importance of the women's health beliefs and cultural factors was reflected in the way that they were affected by their notions of health behaviour and their cultural beliefs about cervical cancer risk and cervical screening participation. Commitment to participate in screening was a reinforcing factor inducing women to take up an offer of cervical screening. / Aim: To explore the knowledge and the perception of the risk of cervical cancer, identify the factors determining cervical screening behaviour, and develop a model to understand cervical screening behaviour among women in mainland China. / Background: Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer, and is the second most common cause of cancer death in women in mainland China. Cervical screening is the most important intervention for the secondary prevention of cervical cancer. Theories of health behaviour and empirical research highlight risk perception as a significant factor motivating people to opt for cancer screening. However, little is known about the risk perception of cervical cancer and the factors influencing the screening participation of women in mainland China. / Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the complex factors influencing cervical screening behaviour and contributes new knowledge to the understanding of cervical screening behaviour within the Chinese cultural context. It further informs programmes for the promotion of cervical screening among this population. / Methods: A mixed method design consisting of two phases was used, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. First, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect a baseline assessment of women's knowledge of cervical cancer and screening, their perceptions of the risk of cervical cancer, and the relationship between these factors and their cervical screening behaviour. Findings from this phase also guided the purposive sampling of participants in phase two. / Results: The findings from phase one demonstrated that the availability of an organized screening programme was a major motivator for women to opt for cervical screening. Multivariate analysis shows that having children (OR=2.57, p=0.026), a perception that visiting doctors regularly is important for health (OR-2.66, p=0.025), average (OR-4.84, 1)=0.006) and high levels of knowledge about cervical screening (OR-9.66, p=0.001) were significantly associated with having been screened in the previous three years. / Then in phase two, qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews of 27 women, 16 of whom had been screened and 11 had not. The interview structure was based on an initial analysis of the data from phase one and from a review of the related literature. The data from the interviews were analyzed using latent content analysis, involving an interpretative reading of the symbolism underlying the surface structure in the text. The audio recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim in Chinese, and then the key phrases which were important for the objectives of the study were identified. The key phrases and words were grouped according to their commonality of meaning. Then, these groups of data were sorted and classified to create categories and sub-categories, which were mutually exclusive, explicit and accurate without overlapping. / Two themes emerged from the qualitative data from phase two. Theme I was that perceptions of cervical cancer and cervical screening included five categories: the perceived effects of suffering from cervical cancer; the perception of cervical screening; a lack of understanding about cervical cancer and screening; the perceived risk of cervical cancer; and factors related to the cultural beliefs system. Theme II was that the institutional and health care practitioner system included two categories: availability of an organised physical examination programme and the role of the health care practitioner in encouraging cervical screening utilization. / Gu, Can. / Adviser: Chan, Carmen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 244-267). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.