Esta tese propõe um novo método para o prognóstico da produtividade na execução de rodovias com ênfase na terraplenagem e pavimentação asfáltica. O método foi desenvolvido com base no conhecimento dos principais manuais, estudando o assunto e acompanhando a execução de obras, além de ter recebido a contribuição de especialistas no assunto. Neste texto, inicialmente, descreve-se a metodologia de pesquisa. Em seguida os principais conceitos para a compreensão do tema são apresentados. Os principais manuais de orçamentação são estudados e uma nova forma de abordagem para os serviços de execução de rodovias é proposta. Em paralelo, dois estudos de caso foram desenvolvidos no período de 131 dias. Ao final, especialistas foram consultados e com sua contribuição o método foi finalizado. Este método tem a contribuição inovadora de propor composições (empregando métodos teóricos e experimentais) para as diferentes fases executivas de cada tipo de serviço e de apresentar os indicadores por meio de faixas de valores (que representam a produtividade variável) associadas a faixas de fatores orientadores para a tomada de decisão sobre qual valor adotar. Esta nova abordagem subsidia a tomada de diversas decisões: das relacionadas ao estudo de orçamentação até aquelas associadas à gestão da produção. / This thesis proposes a new method to allow the forecast of the productivity in highways execution with emphasis on earthwork and asphalt paving. The method was developed based on the knowledge of the main estimating manuals, studying the issue and monitoring the execution of work \"in situ\", and received cooperation from experts on the subject. This text initially describes the research methodology. Afterward the main concepts for the comprehension of the subject are presented. The main estimating (budgeting) manuals are studied and a new approach to the execution services of highways is proposed. In parallel, two case studies were developed through 131 days of direct observation. In the end, experts are consulted and with their contribution the method is finished. This method has the innovative contribution of proposing compositions (using theoretical and empirical methods) for the different executive phases of each sort of service and displays the indicators through values ranges (which represent the variable productivity) associated with guiding factors ranges to allow the decision-making about which value to adopt. This new approach subsidizes the taking of several decisions: since those ones related to the study of budgeting until those associated with production management.

Stable carbon isotope analyses of the humin fraction of the soil organic matter were conducted on more than 160 soil profiles from Tikal, Guatemala. The profiles were collected from near areas associated with the earthworks of Tikal; an ancient ditch and parapet construction hypothesized to have formed ancient boundaries of the polity. In addition to the isotope analyses, the physical and chemical characteristics of the horizons were determined. Maize, a C4 plant, formed an integral part of the ancient Maya diet and is the only known C4 plant cultivated by the Maya. Prior to and subsequent to the ancient Maya occupation of Tikal, the landscape was dominated by C3 forest vegetation. Over the centuries C4 plant biomass including rhizodeposition decomposed to form soil organic matter that contains a distinct C4 signature reflecting the vegetation history of the area. Forested areas anciently cleared for agriculture were identified through interpretation of significant isotopic shifts that signaled past vegetation changes. Buried horizons were encountered in the upland depressions and bajo wetlands. The aggraded soil deposits were likely the result of increased human activity related to settlement and agriculture. The buried horizons and the overlying sediments exhibited stable carbon isotope shifts associated with forest clearance and maize agriculture. Geospatial analysis of the stable carbon isotope ratios indicated that ancient Maya agriculture was focused on deeper footslope and toeslope soils in both bajos and upland depressions. Some evidence of infield agriculture or food processing was also encountered in connection with ancient settlement at upland locations. The soil data provide insight into ancient land use and sustainability that could potentially contribute to subsistence and population reconstruction models.

Not Empty is a two- part exploration of the relationship between humans and nature. In this essay I intend to discuss the relationship Australian Aboriginal peoples have with their environment. Their many cultures are among the oldest surviving civilizations on the planet, and their natural history is rich and complex. I plan to compare the relationship Australian Aboriginal cultures have to their environment to that of a Western civilization, specifically the United States. Neither relationship is perfect, nor is one of them 'better.' Both have histories riddled with extinction, evolution, and the conquest of new lands. The struggle Aboriginal Australians experienced when first settling their new land is concurrent to the degradation occurring today by Western cultures, with some differences, including scale and speed.

Using cluster analysis and a geographic information system (GIS), this study attempted to identify a settlement system in the Dingle Peninsula of Early Christian Ireland based on the morphological variability of ringforts. Cluster analysis was used to determine if an intuitive ringfort typological model created by the author had validity. Use of cluster analysis identified three distinct classes of univallate ringfort. Although these clusters have a higher variable mean than anticipated, they do appear to verify partial validity of the author's model. With the exception of Cluster 1, it appears that the assumption that as unvallate ringfort banks increase in elaboration, than so does their internal diameter.ARC/INFO, a GIS was used to help test the hypothesized relationship between ringfort clusters. It was assumed that the univallate ringforts with the smallest banks would be very close to and in the line of sight of bivallate and mulitvallate ringforts. Those with an intermediate bank size would tend to be farther away and not in the line of sight of bivallate and multivallate ringforts. These assumptions were determined to be invalid. / Department of Anthropology

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Planejar as atividades de distribuiÃÃo de materiais em obras de terraplenagem pode representar um ganho na obra como um todo. Alguns estudos afirmam que, para obter uma economia geral na construÃÃo, os planejadores devem desenvolver uma estratÃgia de forma a otimizar a utilizaÃÃo dos recursos. Uma das formas de fazer isso à minimizar a distÃncia total percorrida pelos veÃculos na movimentaÃÃo de terra entre as zonas de corte e aterro. Hà muitos estudos e trabalhos que focam a otimizaÃÃo da distribuiÃÃo de materiais entre zonas de corte e aterro, porÃm poucos aplicaram em projetos reais com a consideraÃÃo de mÃltiplos equipamentos, alÃm de nÃo terem feito uma anÃlise baseada na distÃncia entre estacas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de ProgramaÃÃo MatemÃtica que minimize a distÃncia percorrida pelos caminhÃes basculantes em atividades de distribuiÃÃo de materiais na terraplenagem. O modelo elaborado com princÃpios da ProgramaÃÃo Linear Inteira foi baseado no problema de roteamento, cujo objetivo à minimizar o caminho percorrido. O modelo foi aplicado em um estudo de caso utilizando o projeto da obra rodoviÃria PE099, onde se obteve a alocaÃÃo de corte e aterro Ãtima, de forma a minimizar a distÃncia percorrida pelos caminhÃes. Ao comparar o resultado obtido pelo modelo e o resultado fornecido pelo diagrama de massas obtÃm-se uma economia de 40% no momento de transporte e, por conseguinte, na distÃncia mÃdia de transporte percorrida. O modelo proposto considerou algumas lacunas da literatura, entre elas o fato de considerar o problema de roteamento com mÃltiplos veÃculos, aplicado em um projeto real. Utilizando esse modelo, engenheiros, planejadores e analistas tem uma importante ferramenta computacional que facilitarà a tomada de decisÃo.

Estudo sistemático de sítios com estruturas de terra em vala (mais conhecidos por \"geoglifos\") na calha direita do médio rio Guaporé, entre as cidades de São Francisco do Guaporé e Costa Marques, estado de Rondônia. Nesta região - nos limites sudoeste da floresta tropical que recobre a maior parte da bacia Amazônica - o conhecimento prévio de tais estruturas levou à prospecção e, com efeito, identificação de novos sítios a partir da análise de imagens aéreas disponibilizadas pelo programa Google Earth 5.1. Posteriormente, a recuperação de uma série de dados sobre estes sítios foi analisada de forma comparada aos demais sítios arqueológicos com estruturas de terra similares conhecidos no sudoeste da bacia Amazônica através de um SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas) criado com o auxílio do programa ArcGIS 10.1. Além dos dados desse levantamento e da análise cruzada entre os atributos físicos e formais dos sítios levantados (tanto através da bibliografia consultada quanto através dos novos levantamentos remotos) esta dissertação apresenta também pequeno histórico de pesquisas sobre o tema, os conceitos teóricos que norteiam o seu estudo bem como a metodologia empregada durante seu levantamento e análise. / This work presents the general survey for new archaeological sites with anthropogenic ditched earthworks (also known as \"geoglyphs\" in Brazil) founded at the right margin of the middle Guaporé river, estate of Rondonia, Brazil. In this region - at the limits of the southwestern boarder of the Tropical Rain Forest in the Amazon river basin - the preview knowledge of structures like the ones cited above lead to the discovery of new sites out of the satellite imagery recovered from Google Earth software. After the discovery of these sites, their physical and formal attributes were analyzed comparatively with similar archaeological sites founded in western amazon with the help of an GIS (Geographical Information System) created in the ArcGIS ArcGIS 10.1 software platform. Beside the data from this survey and the comparative analysis made of them, this work also presents a little summary of the research focused on the theme, the theoretical concepts and the methodology used in the survey and analysis of these archaeological sites.

Esta tese propõe um novo método para o prognóstico da produtividade na execução de rodovias com ênfase na terraplenagem e pavimentação asfáltica. O método foi desenvolvido com base no conhecimento dos principais manuais, estudando o assunto e acompanhando a execução de obras, além de ter recebido a contribuição de especialistas no assunto. Neste texto, inicialmente, descreve-se a metodologia de pesquisa. Em seguida os principais conceitos para a compreensão do tema são apresentados. Os principais manuais de orçamentação são estudados e uma nova forma de abordagem para os serviços de execução de rodovias é proposta. Em paralelo, dois estudos de caso foram desenvolvidos no período de 131 dias. Ao final, especialistas foram consultados e com sua contribuição o método foi finalizado. Este método tem a contribuição inovadora de propor composições (empregando métodos teóricos e experimentais) para as diferentes fases executivas de cada tipo de serviço e de apresentar os indicadores por meio de faixas de valores (que representam a produtividade variável) associadas a faixas de fatores orientadores para a tomada de decisão sobre qual valor adotar. Esta nova abordagem subsidia a tomada de diversas decisões: das relacionadas ao estudo de orçamentação até aquelas associadas à gestão da produção. / This thesis proposes a new method to allow the forecast of the productivity in highways execution with emphasis on earthwork and asphalt paving. The method was developed based on the knowledge of the main estimating manuals, studying the issue and monitoring the execution of work \"in situ\", and received cooperation from experts on the subject. This text initially describes the research methodology. Afterward the main concepts for the comprehension of the subject are presented. The main estimating (budgeting) manuals are studied and a new approach to the execution services of highways is proposed. In parallel, two case studies were developed through 131 days of direct observation. In the end, experts are consulted and with their contribution the method is finished. This method has the innovative contribution of proposing compositions (using theoretical and empirical methods) for the different executive phases of each sort of service and displays the indicators through values ranges (which represent the variable productivity) associated with guiding factors ranges to allow the decision-making about which value to adopt. This new approach subsidizes the taking of several decisions: since those ones related to the study of budgeting until those associated with production management.

Dans le cadre général de la préservation des ressources naturelles, cette thèse vise la valorisation des sols urbains excavés lors des opérations de terrassements. Compte tenu de leur forte hétérogénéité et de leur histoire perturbée, les sols urbains restent assez mal caractérisés du point de vue géotechnique et environnemental. De plus leurs spécificités ne permettent pas en général d’appliquer les guides réglementaires actuellement disponibles qui ont pour objet l’encadrement de la réutilisation de matériaux dans les domaines du génie civil. La première partie du travail de thèse a consisté en une caractérisation géotechnique, chimique et minéralogiques de deux sols urbains excavés à plus d’un mètre de profondeur en région parisienne dans une zone industrielle (à Boulogne Billancourt) et dans une zone proche du périphérique parisien (à Ivry-sur-Seine). Cette étape a permis de mettre en évidence certaines caractéristiques communes : des classifications géotechniques proches (C1B5/C1A1 selon le GTR), une teneur remarquable en carbone organique, des quantités non négligeables (en contenu total) d’éléments trace métalliques et de sulfates, et enfin une composition complexe avec une composante naturelle et anthropique mise en évidence par un essai de tri importé du domaine des granulats. Cette dernière composante comprend des briques, du gypse (porteur principal du soufre et du strontium), des éléments à base de béton ainsi que des scories (magnétiques et non magnétiques), principales phases porteuses des phases métalliques et carbonées respectivement. A l’aide d’une approche en régression linéaire, la répartition des artefacts anthropiques a été évaluée dans les différents compartiments granulométriques du sol, ce qui permet d’appréhender les processus de dégradation naturels des sols urbains (fragmentation des phases accompagnée d’un transfert de polluants).Selon la réglementation environnementale basée sur des essais de lixiviation, les polluants métalliques ne montrent pas une mobilité (lixiviation) critique. Néanmoins ces sols ne sont pas considérés comme des déchets inertes du fait de leur teneur élevé en contenu total en carbone organique et d’un relargage trop élevés en sulfates (principal polluant du sol), en fluorure et en antimoine. Les performances mécaniques requises pour un usage routier après un traitement avec 5% de ciment ainsi que l’aptitude au traitement avec un traitement à 1% de chaux pour un usage en remblai ont été validées, et ce en dépit de la présence des polluants perturbateurs (notamment les sulfates). Les propriétés de perméabilité des sols urbains compactés (à l’OPN ou l’OPM) avec ou sans traitement ont permis d’étudier le transfert des polluants dans des conditions proches de celles in situ. Si le traitement à la chaux semble augmenter la perméabilité, le traitement au ciment semble fortement la diminuer sur certaines éprouvettes (absence d’écoulement sous 5 kPa de charge hydraulique). Les traitements pourraient également avoir un effet sur le relargage de certains polluants si on se base sur les résultats de test de lixiviation à pH 12 avec tantôt un effet inhibiteur (pour Ba, Sb, Mo Ni voire As), tantôt un effet activateur (pour Cu ou V voire As). Enfin, un essai d’immersion sur monolithe qui met en avant la diffusion des polluants plutôt que leur percolation sous l’effet d’une charge hydraulique complète le panel des expériences pour observer le transfert des polluants / This work fits in the protection of natural resources. It aims the valorization urban soils excavated during earthworks. Given their high degree of heterogeneity and disturbed history, urban soils remain poorly characterized from a geotechnical and environmental point of view. In addition, their specificities generally do not allow the application of currently available regulatory guides, the purpose of which is to supervise the reuse of materials in the fields of civil engineering. The first part of this work consisted of a geotechnical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of two urban soils. These soils were excavated more than one meter deep in the Paris region in an industrial area (in Boulogne Billancourt) and in an area near the Paris peripheral road (in Ivry-sur-Seine). This step made it possible to show some common characteristics: close geotechnical, gypsum (main support of sulfur and strontium), elements based on concrete and slags (magnetic and non-magnetic), important phases falling respectively to classifications (C1B5 / C1A1 according to the RTM), a remarkable content of organic carbon, significant amounts (in total content) of metallic trace elements and sulphates, and finally a complex composition with a natural and anthropogenic component evidenced by a test of sorting imported from the field of aggregates. This latter component comprises bricks, gypsum (main support of sulfur and strontium), concrete-based elements as well as slags (magnetic and non-magnetic), main phases respectively carrying the metallic and carbon phases. Using a linear regression approach, the distribution of anthropogenic artifacts was evaluated in the different soil size compartments, which allows understanding the natural processes of urban soil degradation (phase fragmentation accompanied by pollutant transfer).According to environmental regulations based on leaching tests, metallic pollutants do not exhibit critical mobility (leaching). However, these soils are not considered inert waste because of their high total organic carbon content and their excessive release of sulphates (the main soil pollutant), fluorine and antimony. The treatment with 1% lime for use in backfill has been validated, despite the mechanical performance required for road use after treatment with 5% cement and the suitability for treatment with the presence of disturbing pollutants (in especially sulphates). The permeability properties of compacted urban soils (OPN or OPM) with or without treatment have made it possible to study the transfer of pollutants under conditions close to those in situ. If the lime treatment seems to increase the permeability, the treatment with cement seems to strongly reduce it on certain test pieces (no flow below 5 kPa of hydraulic load). The treatments could also have an effect on the release of certain pollutants from the results of the leaching test at pH 12 with sometimes an inhibitory effect (for Ba, Sb, Mo Ni or As), sometimes an activating effect (for Cu or V or As). Finally, an immersion test on a monolith showing the diffusion of pollutants rather than their percolation under the effect of a hydraulic load completes the panel of experiments to observe the transfer of pollutants

Inom byggbranschen uppstår dagligen fel och störningar som minskar effektiviteten av arbetsprocessen. Tidigare studier har visat att det finns ett antal olika faktorer som orsakar förseningar i produktionstidplanen i väg- och markarbeten. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka de vanligt förekommande fel och störningar som försenar produktionstidplanen i väg- och markarbeten. Dessa fel och störningar analyserades för att ge förbättringsförslag där dessa undviks. Detta gjordes genom kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. En intervjustudie har genomförts där litteraturstudien låg till grund. Frågorna var en kombination av öppna och slutna frågor, där de slutna frågorna ibland hade ledande frågor. Den kvantitativa metoden bestod av en elektronisk enkätundersökning som skickades till olika byggföretag. Dessutom har fyra olika byggprojekt inom väg- och markarbeten granskats med hjälp av tidplaner och dokumentation av fel och störningar. De största bristerna låg i planeringen och bygghandlingarna. Engagemang, okunskap och samarbete var bakomliggande faktorer. Förbättringsförslagen har utarbetats utifrån Lean Construction och BIM. / In construction process, can several factors reduce effective workflow. Previous studies have shown that there are several factors that cause delay in the earthwork and road construction process. The purpose of this study is to investigate common problems that cause delays in the schedule of road construction process. Identifying these problems would allow to propose methods to avoid these problems and to improve the road construction process. This study includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. The data collection methods include interviews and questionnaires. The questions were based on literature. The format of the question includes both open and closed ended questions. Some of the limitations of closed questions ended with leading questions. The questionnaires were distributed electronically to various participating construction companies. In additions, four different construction projects were examined using their schedules and documentation for problems in their road construction projects. This study determined that the main causes of delay in earthwork and road construction process are problems with planning and construction documents. The underlying factors for these problems include lack of commitment, skill and cooperation. The improvement proposal is drafted on the basis of Lean Construction and BIM.

Transportation geotechnics associated with constructing and maintaining properly functioning transportation infrastructure is a very resource intensive activity. Large amounts of materials and natural resources are required, consuming proportionately large amounts of energy and fuel. Thus, the implementation of the principles of sustainability is important to reduce energy consumption, carbon footprint, greenhouse gas emissions, and to increase material reuse/recycling, for example. This paper focusses on some issues and activities relevant to sustainable earthwork construction aimed at minimising the use of energy and the production of CO2 while improving the in-situ ground to enable its use as a foundation without the consumption of large amounts of primary aggregate as additional foundation layers. The use of recycled materials is discussed, including steel slag and tyre bales, alongside a conceptual framework for evaluating the utility of applications for recycled materials in transportation infrastructure.