Il suolo è un ambiente complesso che è alla base di molteplici servizi ecosistemici per la produzione agricola. Questa complessità è riflessa nella composizione e nelle funzioni degli organismi microbici coinvolti. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di esplorare le risposte della comunità microbica all’intervento dell’uomo in suoli agricoli. Lo studio ha coinvolto suoli di comune origine, modificatisi negli ultimi 6-700 anni a causa di differente uso e gestione agronomica del suolo. Per ottenere questo risultato, il DNA del suolo è stato analizzato con tecniche di sequenziamento avanzato. I risultati indicano che i suoli disturbati sono più diversi rispetto ai suoli naturali. I fattori che influenzano la comunità microbica sono il disturbo, la disponibilità di nutrienti e la dormienza microbica. In un altro esperimento, a carico di batteri ammonio ossidanti, si sono studiati gli effetti di diversi stress come l’umidità e la concentrazione di zinco nel suolo o la presenza di pesticidi nella lettiera. In tutte queste situazioni i batteri hanno mostrato una ridondanza e una variabilità che permettono di rispondere agli stress. In conclusione i risultati di questa tesi dimostrano che l’intervento umano è responsabile nel determinare la struttura e le funzioni della comunità procariotica dei suoli. / Soil is a complex environment comprising the basis for several ecosystem services, with many of them being connected to agricultural production. This complexity is reflected on the composition and functions of the hosted microbial life mainly responsible for the acquired services. Aim of the described studies was to explore microbial community responses to ecosystem services related human intervention in agricultural soils. Total prokaryotic diversity was studied in soils of common origin, which diverged in properties during the late 6-7 centuries due to different land use and management. For achieving this, related DNA markers were screened with high throughput sequencing. Cultivated environments had increased diversity compared to more natural soils. Factors potentially affecting the microbial community structure were: soil disturbance events; available nutrients; and microbial dormancy. In a second approach, ammonia oxidizing prokaryotes were used as biomarkers for studying stress effects caused by humidity and increased zinc concentrations and also the presence of organic pesticides in soil and litter respectively. In both referred cases the studied microbial guilds responded to the applied stresses showing strain or taxon level functional redundancy potentials, and tolerance variability. Overall, results show that human intervention is determining for the prokaryotic structure and functions in agricultural soils.

Different types of man-made retention systems (polder, small water reservoir, large water reservoir) have been characterized by means of their retention potential and cost of retention per one cubic meter. As part of these man-made retention systems, wetland area has been created. Its acreage and build expense has been counted up inreference to total area, which differed within various types of retention systems. The results of these calculations, Hessenian method, and the metohod of agricultural land use were used to evaluate natural river basin and its retention potential. The calculations reveal, that model locality of natural river basin has the lowest value, when used for agriculture cultivation. Hessenian method showed the highest value. The expense of substituting the natural retention of the model locality with different man-made retention systems is estimated to be 0.5?1.6 billion CZK.

Ethiopia has been challenged by multidimensional poverty. However, it has the potential to minimize the threat through an integrated multipurpose development process. In this regard, hydropower has a significant role to reduce energy poverty and enhance the multipurpose use of natural resources efficiency. Hydropower is a source of clean, sustainable and renewable energy. It has a contribution to reducing carbon emission and maintaining environmental sustainability. In Ethiopia, it is the major source of electricity. The country is rich in natural resources, including water to produce energy, however, electricity supply is still uncertain. The data shows that the country has the potential to produce 50,000 MW energy from water resources. Yet, it exploited 3,822 MW in 2018, approximately 7.6 % of its potential. Moreover, the country faces issues with energy security. Additionally, water and food supply also face an uncertain future. In this case, the country has planned the growth and transformation plan I and II for 2015 and 2020 to increase the energy production to 10,000 MW and 17,000 MW energy respectively. Consequently, the government launched different multipurpose hydropower plant projects. This project focuses on the multipurpose use of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, particularly for the sustainable energy-water-food-ecosystem service nexus at the national level. I applied the combination of methods such as the energy-water-food-ecosystem nexus, the SWOT analysis and the sustainability assessment as they are suitable for the complexity of such a project. Indeed, the GERD has benefits for the country in producing renewable and clean energy, generating income and increasing the water storage capacity at the national level. However, the project neglected the values of ecosystem services integration with the dam and its sectors. As a result, the dam affected the existed terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem. Therefore, the GERD had not been the well-prepared plan that considers institutional cooperation and sectoral integration to use for multipurpose function and its sustainability. In these regards, unless the dam to take proper management of the project and natural resources, the hydropower plant would not have been generating sustainable energy production. / <p>The paper shows that how to use the reservoir hydropower plant for multipurpose, such as for energy, water, food, ecosystem services integration at local level</p>

Les rapports entre sociétés et rivières sont marqués par des bouleversements environnementaux qui interrogent les modalités, plus ou moins institutionnalisées et systématisées, de la production de connaissances et de la définition de pratiques légitimes. Récemment, ces interpellations se sont affirmées et cristallisées autour de l’approche et des concepts portés par l’hydromorphologie. La plus grande considération de ce cadrage théorique au sein de modes de penser et d’agir engendre de nombreux remaniements. En découle notamment, la remise en question d’une gestion des cours d’eau basée sur leur maîtrise et leur stabilisation, au profit d’une approche privilégiant l’expression de la dynamique fluviale. Cette thèse propose un examen de la dynamique qui a permis d’ériger l’hydromorphologie en une préoccupation formalisée et prépondérante. Puis, elle s’attache à montrer, comment l’hydromorphologie traduit les évolutions des rapports entre sociétés et rivières au travers de trajectoires conjointes marquées par des pratiques, des matérialités et des adaptations réciproques. Elle entend également mettre en avant comment cette nouvelle configuration théorique et pratique perturbe, tout au moins à l’heure actuelle, ce qui paraissait légitime et rationnel, et nécessite une recomposition des valeurs et des intentionnalités que les communautés riveraines manifestent à l’égard des cours d’eau. Cette thèse rend finalement compte de la manière dont l’action publique et ses instruments s’adaptent et s’inventent au regard d’une plus grande prise en compte de l’hydromorphologie afin de tendre vers ce à quoi celle-ci invite : redéfinir les modalités d’une existence conjointe entre rivières et sociétés riveraines. / The relationship between societies and rivers is marked by environmental changes that question the modalities, more or less institutionalized and systematized over time, used to generate knowledge and to define legitimate practices. Recently, these questions have emerged and crystallized around the approach and concepts supported by hydromorphology. The greater consideration of this theoretical framework within ways of thinking and acting leads to many changes. In particular it follows that river management based on the control and stabilization of rivers is challenged in favour of an approach based on the expression of the river dynamics. This thesis proposes, first, a review of the processes which helped made it into a formal and decisive issue. Then the thesis aims to show through how hydromorphology represents and reflects the changes in the relationship between people and rivers through joint trajectories marked by practices, materiality and reciprocal adaptation throughout unique timescales and spatiality. It also intends to highlight, through an analysis of the representations of hydromorphological functioning of the river, how this new theoretical and practical configuration disturbs, at least currently, what seemed legitimate and rational until this day, and requires a restructuring of values and intentionality that riparian communities display in respect of watercourses. Finally, this thesis accounts for how public policy and its instruments are faced with new expectations, both cognitively and operationally, how they adapt and reinvent themselves in the light of a greater consideration of hydromorphology towards what it calls for: redefining the terms of a joint existence between the rivers and riparian societies.

Habitués à considérer que la science est dépourvue d’émotions et à opposer l’émotion à la raison, les scientifiques n'ont pu reconnaitre la place centrale qu'occupent les affects dans leurs pratiques de recherche. Cette thèse se propose d'appréhender le rôle joué par de multiples affects et émotions dans la diffusion de la notion scientifique de Services Écosystémiques (SE) à partir d’une étude multi-sites informée par des entretiens avec des scientifiques et des praticiens de la conservation de la nature ainsi que par des observations participantes de leur travail et de leurs interactions. Émergeant du contexte apocalyptique d'anxiété suscité par la dégradation de l'environnement, la notion de SE offre un espoir aux protecteurs de la nature par le fait qu'elle combine l'écologie et l'économie et souligne la dépendance des sociétés humaines au fonctionnement des écosystèmes. La thèse montre comment la notion a attiré et même séduit un nombre croissant de scientifiques. Ceux-ci ont élaboré des jeux participatifs, des scénarios et des cartes pour communiquer avec des gestionnaires des espaces naturels et des décideurs politiques en créant des atmosphères émotionnelles spécifiques. Dans le domaine de la protection de la nature, la notion a touché de nouveaux publics, motivés non seulement par un amour de la nature ou par un sens de la responsabilité, mais aussi par de l'espoir et un sens de l’opportunité. Documenter comment la vie affective des SE s'est formée dans les rencontres entre les scientifiques et les praticiens, comment elle a été ciblée par de multiples formes de pouvoir, et comment elle a interagi avec des conditions affectives collectives, met en évidence l’importance méthodologique des affects et des émotions et leurs aptitudes à médier et organiser la vie sociale, y compris dans la science. / The tendency to view science as void of emotions and to oppose emotion and reason has prevented acknowledging the central place of affects in research practices. Drawing on a multi-site study informed by interviews with scientists and conservation practitioners, and participatory observation of their work and interaction, this thesis attends to the role played by multiple affects and emotions in the diffusion of the scientific notion of Ecosystem Services (ES). Emerging from the apocalyptic context of and anxiety over environmental degradation, ES offers hope for conservationists by combining ecology and economics, and by illuminating the dependence of human societies on the functioning of ecosystems. The thesis shows how the notion has attracted and even seduced ES scientists. ES scientists, then, designed participatory games, scenarios and maps to interact with nature managers and decision-makers through specific emotional atmospheres. In nature conservation, the notion reached new kinds of affective publics not only motivated by a love of nature or a sense of responsibility, but also by hopefulness and a sense of opportunity. Documenting how the affective life of ES has formed in encounters between scientists and practitioners, how it has been targeted by multiple forms of power, and how it has interacted with collective affective conditions, the thesis emphasises the methodological significance of affects and emotions and the varied ways in which they mediate and organise social life, including science.

La gestion actuelle des eaux usées industrielles présente des problématiques diverses, malgré les précautions prises par l’Europe à travers de nombreux textes règlementaires. L’atteinte des objectifs de qualité des masses d’eau fixés à l’horizon 2015 devra passer par une réelle appropriation des enjeux par l’ensemble des acteurs afin de mettre en place des filières de traitement adaptées à chaque cas. Dans le cadre conceptuel actuel d’écologie industrielle où les déchets deviennent produits, nous nous sommes donc penchés sur les possibilités d’utilisation des principes de gestion de la qualité prescrits par l’ISO 9000 à la gestion des effluents industriels, avec comme clients potentiels des industries (réutilisation), des stations d’épurations communales, mais également les écosystèmes récepteurs. La prise en compte d’écosystèmes comme clients pose néanmoins des questions délicates telles que l’évaluation de leurs besoins. La complexité de cette évaluation nous a poussé à considérer le territoire du point de vue des services écosystémiques (c’est-à-dire les services rendus par les écosystèmes qui contribuent au bien être de l’Homme) afin d’identifier des cibles humaines aptes à exprimer leurs besoins afin d’en tirer des exigences vis-à-vis du milieu. Ces exigences sont ensuite converties, en fonction de données locales et règlementaires, en exigences qualitatives vis-à-vis des rejets. Cette démarche a été matérialisée sous la forme d’un outil destiné aux industriels ou tout autre acteur sans compétence particulière dans le domaine de l’eau. L’apport de ce travail de thèse est donc l’analyse des enjeux environnementaux locaux pour contribuer au cahier des charges des filières de traitement d’effluents aqueux industriels par l’élaboration de seuils de rejet. / Despite the precautions taken by Europe through numerous regulatory texts, the current management of industrial wastewater shows various problems. The achievement of water bodies quality targets set for 2015 will go through a real ownership of the issues by every actor in order to implement customized treatment processes. In the current framework of industrial ecology, waste becomes product; we therefore explored the possibilities of using quality management principles prescribed by the ISO 9000 for industrial wastewater management, with potential customers such as industries (reuse), communal wastewater treatment plants, but also ecosystem receptors. The consideration of ecosystems as customers nevertheless raises sensitive issues such as the assessment of their needs. The complexity of this evaluation led us to consider the territory in terms of ecosystem services (that is to say, services provided ecosystems that contribute to human well-being) to identify human targets able to express their needs concerning their environment. These needs are then converted, according to local and regulatory data, in qualitative requirements for liquid emissions. This approach was materialized as a tool for industrials or other actors with no particular competence in the field of water management. The contribution of this thesis is the analysis of local environmental issues to contribute to the specification of the treatment processes of industrial aqueous effluents by setting release thresholds.

L'objectif de cet article est d'introduire la prise en compte des Services Écosystémiques (SE), c'est-à-dire les bénéfices que la société retire du fonctionnement des écosystèmes, dans le cadre des procédures d'évaluation des projets d'infrastructures de transport terrestres. La prise en compte des SE dans les outils d'évaluation de projet, l'étude d'impact environnemental et le bilan socio-économique, peut sensiblement améliorer les décisions publiques. Pour montrer cela, nous commençons par mettre en lumière les différents défis associés à l'intégration des SE dans les décisions en matière d'implantation d'infrastructures de transport. L'intégration ne peut être faite que si l'estimation des SE, en termes de changements d'offre, de demande et de valeurs associées à ces changements, est faite de manière spatialement explicite. Nous illustrons ce point, dans un premier temps, à travers l'étude de la perte d'un service : la régulation du climat global engendrée par la construction d'une ligne grande vitesse dans l'ouest de la France. Puis, nous approfondissons la question de la combinaison de la perte directe et de la perte indirecte de services due aux impacts de l'infrastructure sur la connectivité des entités spatiales. Pour les deux types d'impacts nous intégrons des seuils potentiels sur la fourniture de services en proposant une méthode de prise en compte des effets sur des écosystèmes particulièrement sensibles.Nous appliquons cette méthode au même cas de projet d'infrastructure et comparons différentes options de tracé afin de donner un exemple de la manière dont les choix pourraient être améliorées en cartographiant les pertes directe et indirecte de SE. Enfin, nous tentons de montrer l'intérêt de la prise en compte des SE dans l'étude d'impact et le bilan socio-économique de manière à mesurer l'information supplémentaire donnée par une telle intégration. Une attention particulière est portée au caractère applicable de l'analyse aux cadres réglementaires actuels entourant ces deux outils. Nous montrons que ce type d'analyse peut éclairer et orienter différentes étapes d'un projet d'infrastructure: des études préliminaires, à l'étude du tracé final. Dans le cas des études d'impact, l'intégration de ces considérations peut permettre de mesurer la perte de services engendrée par chaque tracé d'infrastructure et d'intégrer ces pertes en tant que nouveau critère de choix de tracé. Concernant le bilan socio-économique, la perte de services exprimée en termes monétaires peut permettre de donner une indication quant à la perte sociale engendrée par le tracé final en matière de capital naturel. Plus spécifiquement ce type d'étude peut permettre une meilleure identification des mesures d'insertions les plus appropriées, en élargissant le types d'impacts pris en compte et en donnant des indications quantitatives des coûts engendrées par les différentes options d'implémentation. Ceci peut permettre aux parties prenantes du projet de mieux appréhender les différents effets engendrés par le projet, à une plus grande échelle, leur permettant de sortir des strictes frontières du projet et des contrôles règlementaires. / The purpose of this thesis is to broaden the assessment process of terrestrial transport infrastructure into the field of Ecosystem Services (ES), i.e., the benefits people derive from ecosystems. Taking into account ES in an ex-ante assessment of public infrastructure projects can be of critical importance for the improvement of transportation decision-making tools, such as environmental impact assessment and cost-benefit analysis. To achieve this, we first review the major challenges to integrate the ES approach into transport infrastructure decisions. This inclusion is only possible if changes in ES, involved by the project, are explained in a spatially explicit way. We illustrate this point, in a first step, by assessing the loss of a global climate regulation service due to the soil sealing caused by a infrastructure construction, using the example of a high-speed rail in Western France.We further deepen the issue of combining direct loss of ES with indirect loss due to impacts of the infrastructure on landscape connectivity. For both direct and indirect effects we also integrate potential threshold effects on ES loss. We compare implementation options, for the same case of infrastructure project, to provide an example of how choices can be improved by mapping ES loss associated with a combination of direct and indirect impacts. Finally, we provide a test of the usefulness of the ES consideration into environmental impact assessment and cost benefit analysis in order to assess the additional information it may bring. Attention is paid to the applicable character of methods to the real legal framework within which they must be conduced. We show that this type of analysis can enlighten and provide guidance at different stages of transport project: from preliminary studies to the study of the final implementation option. For environmental impact assessment, the integration of an ES based approach opens the possibility of measuring a loss in ES supply (and its economic value) providing a means of selecting among different route option for the infrastructure. For cost-benefit analysis, since the ES loss induced by the selected route option is expressed in monetary terms, it can be integrated as a standard social cost in the analysis, permitting a more efficient control of natural capital loss. More specifically, this type of analysis can help designing appropriate environmental measures by expanding the types of impacts assessed, and provide a quantitative assessment of the cost related to the final chosen option. Then, it may help project stakeholders to apprehend the effects on a broader (ecosystem) scale instead of staying confined into project boundaries and regulatory check-lists.

Le développement d’une agriculture moins dépendante des pesticides repose en partie sur la maximisation des services écosystémiques. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de quantifier le service de régulation des insectes ravageurs par leurs ennemis naturels, en conditions expérimentales et en situation de production. Le travail a porté sur les brassicacées légumières soumises aux attaques de ravageurs aériens et souterrains (pucerons et mouche du chou). Nous avons évalué leur nuisibilité pour quantifier les dégâts et dommages qu’ils peuvent générer. Nos résultats confirment la moindre nuisibilité des pucerons par rapport à celle de la mouche du chou. Pour celle-ci, la nuisibilité sur légume-fleur s’exprime non seulement par la mortalité des plants mais aussi par un effet sur leur développement.Nous avons également montré que les prédateurs épigés réduisaient significativement les populations des deux ravageurs, ce qui, pour la mouche du chou, conduit à une baisse conséquente de la mortalité des plants. Enfin, simplifier le travail du sol au printemps n’a pas permis de favoriser les prédateurs hivernant dans la parcelle, ni d’augmenter le service de régulation à court terme. Cependant les prédateurs précoces sont déterminants et doivent être favorisés par des pratiques intra- et péri-parcellaires ciblées. Les connaissances acquises dans ce travail démontrent le potentiel de la lutte biologique par conservation pour une gestion agro-écologique efficace des insectes ravageurs. / Developping farming systems that use less pesticides is partly based on the intensification of ecosystem services. The main aim of this thesis was to quantify the insect pest regulation service provided by their natural enemies, both in experimental plots and in farmers fields. We worked on brassicaceous vegetables that are confronted to pest attacks on above- and belowground organs (aphids and the cabbage root fly). We assessed their harmfulness, in order to quantify the injuries and damage these pests can inflict to plants. Our results confirm that aphids are less harmful than the cabbage root fly. On flower vegetables, the latter not only leads to plant mortality but can also slow plant development.We also showed that ground dwelling predators significantly reduce the populations of both pests, leading, for the cabbage root fly, to a strong decrease in plant mortality rate. Finally, simplifying soil tillage in the spring did not favor ground dwelling predators overwintering inside the field and neither did it increase natural regulation service in the short term. However, early ground dwelling predators are fundamental and must be favored by tailored practices both inside and around the fields. The knowledge gained in the present thesis show the potential of conservation biological control for the agroecological management of insect pest populations.

Nas florestas sazonalmente inundadas de terras baixas da Amazônia, os peixes frugívoros desempenham diferentes serviços ecossistêmicos: possuem um papel importante na dispersão de sementes (regulação), além de serem um recurso (provisão) para pescadores artesanais. O uso extensivo de recursos limitados pode gerar conflitos de interesse entre os objetivos conservacionistas e as necessidades dos habitantes locais. O co-manejo tenta integrar a segurança alimentar e a conservação dos ecossistemas na forma de reservas extrativistas (RESEX), onde os habitantes locais podem retirar recursos florestais seguindo regras de manejo. Neste trabalho testamos a influência do co-manejo sobre os peixes frugívoros do rio Tapajós (águas claras) e Negro (águas pretas) na Amazônia brasileira. Foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: 1)Peixes frugívoros são importantes para os pescadores e são seletivamente escolhidos pela pesca; 2) A abundância, tamanho e a produtividade pesqueira dos peixes frugívoros são maior dentro da RESEX. Durante quatro meses, pescadores locais registraram 1.457 desembarques pesqueiros em oito comunidades em cada rio. Além disso, foram amostrados 12.730 peixes em 208 pontos de malhadeira em 32 sitios em lagos e no canal do rio nas comunidades estudadas. Peixes frugívoros estão entre as dez espécies mais pescadas nos dois rios, indicando a sua importância para as comunidades locais. Nos dois rios a porcentagem de peixes frugívoros era maior no registro dos desembarques pesqueiros (22% de 7.342 kg no rio Tapajós e 14% of 4.609 kg no rio Negro) que vii nas amostragens científicas (5,9% de 349,2 kg no rio Tapajós e 6% of 458,3 kg no rio Negro), indicando uma seletividade dos pescadores para os frugívoros. / In seasonally flooded forests of lowland Amazonia, frugivorous fish provide different ecosystem services (ESS): They play an important role in seed dispersal (regulating ESS), but they are also an essential resource for artisanal fisheries (provisioning ESS). Extensive use of limited resources can generate conflicts of interest between conservation goals and the needs of local livelihoods. Co-management schemes try to integrate local food security and ecosystem conservation in the form of extractive reserves (RESEX), where inhabitants are exclusively allowed to extract forest resources while following management rules. Here, we assess the influence of co-management on frugivorous fish and local fisheries of Tapajos (clear water) and Negro (black water) River in the Brazilian Amazon. To this end, we test the following hypotheses: 1) Frugivorous fish are important for fisheries and selectively extracted; 2) Frugivorous fish abundance, size and fisheries productivity is higher inside the RESEX than outside. Fish landings from 1457 fishing trips were registered over four months by local fishermen in eight fishing communities of each river. Further, 12,730 fish were sampled through 208 gillnet placements, in 32 sites in the floodplain lakes and river channels of the communities. Frugivorous fish are among the ten most fished species in both rivers, reflecting their importance for local communities. In both rivers, landing records show a higher percentage of frugivorous fish biomass (22% of 7,342 kg in Tapajós and 14% of 4,609 kg in Negro River) than samplings (5.9% of 349.2 kg in Tapajós and 6% of 458.3 kg in Negro River), indicating a selectivity of fisheries towards frugivores. A pressão pesqueira (medida como demanda por pescado) nos frugívoros se mostrou mais elevada fora de cada RESEX (8 ± 5,4 kg no Rio Tapajós e 5,6 ± 3,1 kg no Rio Negro) que dentro (0,7 ± 0,3 kg no Rio Tapajós e 0,8 ± 0,1 kg no rio Negro). A produtividade da pesca, medida em Captura por Unidade de Esforço (CPUE), e a proporção de peixes frugívoros na captura total foram maiores fora da RESEX no rio Tapajós (CPUE: t=-3,7; dF = 4,2; p = 0,02; proporçao: t = -6,7; dF = 5; p = 0,001) e não variaram no rio Negro (CPUE: t = -1,9; dF = 5,6; p = 0,1; proporçao: t = -0,9; dF = 4,6; p = 0,4). No geral, o tamanho dos peixes frugívoros foi maior dentro da RESEX no rio Negro, mas não no rio Tapajós. Os pescadores capturaram pacus de maior tamanho (Myleus spp., Mylossoma spp., Myloplus spp., Metynnis spp.) dentro da RESEX no rio Negro (D=0,42; p<0,001). No rio Tapajós não foi possível detectar efeitos da RESEX nos parâmetros medidos para os peixes frugívoros. A reserva do rio Negro parece favorecer o tamanho e a disponibilidade de peixes frugívoros, apesar de eles serem selecionados pela pesca local. Apesar de uma pressão pesqueira possivelmente elevada, peixes frugívoros foram abundantes dentro e fora da RESEX em ambos os rios, possivelmente devido a demandas do mercado, efeitos de spillover ou baixa conformidade às regras de de manejo dentro da RESEX. Contudo, os frugívoros parecem estar cumprindo seu papel de recurso alimentar e de dispersores de sementes. Nosso estudo evidencia que o monitoramento participativo baseado na comunidade é uma ferramenta economicamente eficiente para a caracterização da pesca local. No entanto, para se atingir os objetivos de conservação e assegurar o recurso alimentar, é necessário que haja um controle do acesso de pessoas de fora das áreas de conservação e um reforço do cumprimento das regras de manejo. Portanto, continua sendo possível manter os dois serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos por esses peixes nos rios de águas claras e negras estudadas na Amazônia brasileira.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Simone Rodrigues de Freitas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2015. / Mudanças nos processos de ocupação e uso das terras insustentáveis, políticas de desenvolvimento inadequadas e crescimento urbano, têm gerado níveis altos de degradação e aumento da pressão sobre os ecossistemas que ameaçam a resiliência do sistema natural. Na atualidade a compreensão dos parques urbanos como elementos importantes para a qualidade ambiental e o convívio social em grandes cidades é relevante, pelo fato dos diferentes serviços que eles fornecem para a sociedade tais como: conforto térmico, absorção de dióxido de carbono, controle da poluição sonora e do ar, proteção dos recursos hídricos e bem estar da população. Dessa forma, é importante identificar e avaliar os serviços ecossistêmicos prestados pelas áreas urbanas, especialmente nas unidades de conservação urbanas, a fim de gerar estratégias de gestão e apropriação da comunidade na conservação e manutenção ambiental; neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar potenciais serviços ecossistêmicos prestados pela cobertura florestal no Parque Guaraciaba, em Santo André (SP), orientando a tomada de decisões na conservação e restauração dos fragmentos florestais, direcionando o território a cenários de sustentabilidade urbana. Por conseguinte, foi feito o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra em dois períodos (1990 e 2012) para quantificar mudanças nas coberturas vegetais na área do entorno do parque (1km),na área do parque, na APP do entorno do parque e na APP do parque; Esta análise evidenciou mudanças positivas e negativas nas coberturas nos 12 anos estudados, produto dos diferentes processos de urbanização e ocupação do solo; além disso, verificou-se alguns remanescentes florestais conservados em diferentes estádios sucessionais produto dos processos de reflorestamento na área que permitem a manutenção de serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela cobertura florestal. No entanto, é necessário investir mais esforços e estratégias de gestão ambiental para otimizar a conservação da área do parque Guaraciaba para a manutenção das APP e o bem-estar da população. / Changes in occupation processes and unsustainable use of land, inappropriate development policies and urban growth have generated high levels of degradation and increased pressure on ecosystems that threaten the resilience of the natural system. Today the understanding of urban parks as important elements for environmental quality and social life in big cities is relevant, because of the different services they provide to society such as thermal comfort, carbon dioxide absorption, pollution control noise and air pollution, protection of water resources and welfare of the population. Thus, it is important to identify and evaluate the ecosystem services provided by urban areas, especially in urban conservation areas in order to generate community management and ownership strategies in environmental conservation and maintenance; in this sense, this study aimed to evaluate potential ecosystem services provided by forest cover in Guaraciaba Park in Santo André (SP), guiding the decision-making in conservation and restoration of forest fragments, directing the territory urban sustainability scenarios. It was therefore made use mapping and land cover in two periods (1990 and 2012) to quantify changes in vegetation cover in the surrounding area of the park (1km), in the park area in APP surrounding the park and APP park; This analysis showed positive and negative changes in coverage in the 12 years studied, a product of the different processes of urbanization and land use; Moreover, there was some forest remnants preserved in different successional product of reforestation processes stadiums in the area that allow the maintenance of ecosystem services provided by forest cover. However, it is necessary to invest more efforts and environmental management strategies to optimize the conservation of the Guaraciaba park area for the maintenance of APP and the population's well-being.