Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-25T14:33:45Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T14:34:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T14:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Floresta Atlântica é considerada um hotspot de biodiversidade mundial por apresentar altas taxas de endemismos, grande riqueza e abundância de espécies vegetais, incluindo de briófitas (antóceros, hepáticas, musgos). A Floresta Atlântica apresenta heterogeneidade de paisagens incluindo diferentes fitofisionomias. No Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, a heterogeneidade da Floresta Atlântica se revela em um complexo mosaico de fitofisionomias florestais, arbustivas, campestres e savânicas, que são contínuas umas as outras formando regiões de borda. As bordas podem ser naturais, constituídas pela dinâmica natural de formação do ambiente ou formadas pelo homen que causa impacto ao estabelecer suas atividades. As bordas apresentam modificações na riqueza florística, abundância, densidade e diversidade, processo conhecido como efeito de borda. As hepáticas (Marchantiophyta) são importantes na composição e riqueza da Floresta Atlântica e em estudos sobre a influência da borda por serem organismos bioindicadores. Estudos sobre efeito de borda na composição de especies na Floresta Atlântica Mineira são importantes para a sua conservação. Deste modo, o trabalho foi desenvolvido na área que compreende a Floresta Latifoliada Nebular Perenifólia Tropical Superomontana (Floresta Nebular) do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca (Minas Gerais, Brasil), também conhecida como Mata Grande, com o objetivo de estudar as hepáticas (Marchantiophyta), através de coletas sistemáticas, identificação das espécies e avaliações ecológicas (agrupamento, One-way ANOSIM, riqueza, abundância, freqüência e tolerância à luz). As coletas foram realizadas nos anos de 2013 e 2014, distribuindo-se 20 parcelas de 5x5m2; a partir da borda em direção ao interior da Floresta Nebular. Os resultados indicam abundância de 1220 espécimes e riqueza de 90 espécies, distribuídas em 29 gêneros e nove famílias. Do total de espécies identificadas, nove são endêmicas do Brasil e oito representam novos registros para o estado de Minas Gerais. A família Lejeuneaceae é a mais rica e abundante. A análise de agrupamento mostra a formação de dois grupos distintos (borda e interior florestal) e a análise One-way ANOSIM atesta que tal diferença é significativa. A riqueza da borda foi de 64 espécies (22 exclusivas). Já no interior florestal, a riqueza foi de 68 espécies (26 exclusivas). A distribuição das classes de frequência, na região da borda apresentou predominância de espécies consideradas raras, seguidas das pouco frequentes, assíduas, muito freqüentes e frequentes. Enquanto as parcelas do interior florestal inverteram a classe pouco frequente por assídua. As espécies foram classificadas em especialistas de sol, de sombra e generalistas e quando comparadas, a distribuição do grupo ecológico de tolerância à luz não mostrou diferenças estatísticas significativas entre a borda e o interior florestal. Ressalta-se o tamanho da floresta estudada (64 ha) como importante para a conservação das briófitas, devido à sua elevada riqueza específica associada à ocorrência de táxons endêmicos para o Brasil. / The Atlantic Forest is considered a global biodiversity hotspot by presenting high rates of endemism, great richness and plant abundance, including bryophytes (hornworts, liverworts, mosses). Liverworts are important organisms in the composition and richness of Atlantic Forest and they belong to Marchantiophyta. The Atlantic Forest is composed by heterogeneous landscapes including different phytophysiognomies. In Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca such heterogeneity forms a complex mosaic of forest vegetation types, shrub, countryside and savannas, which are continuous to each other forming regions of edge. The edges can be natural created by the natural dynamics of environmental formation, and caused by mankind in order to establish their activities. The edges support community with different characteristics from continuing communities, showing changes in species richness, abundance, density and diversity, a process known as edge effect. The liverworts are bioindicators organisms and then they are important in studies on edge influence. Studies on edge effect on species composition in Minas Gerais Atlantic Forest are essential for their conservation. Therefore, this study was developed in Broadleaved Cloud Evergreen Upper Highlands Tropical Forest (Broadleaved Forest) from Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca (Minas Gerais, Brazil), also known as “Mata Grande”, and with a goal of studying the liverworts species (Marchantiophyta) through systematic collections, identification of species and ecological assessments (cluster analysis, One-way ANOSIM, richness, abundance, frequency and tolerance to light). Samples were collected in 2013 and 2014 distributing 20 plots of 5x5m2 each from the edge through the interior of Broadleaved Forest. The results indicate abundance 1220 specimens and richness of 90 species distributed in 29 genera and nine families. From the total species identified nine are endemic to Brazil and eight represent new records for Minas Gerais State. The Lejeuneaceae family is the most rich and abundant in the forest studied. The cluster analysis showed the formation of two distinct groups (edge and forest interior), and One-way ANOSIM analysis confirms that this difference is significant. The edge richness was 64 species (22 exclusive) and in the forest interior the richness was 68 species (26 exclusive). The frequency classes distribution in the edge area presented predominance of species considered rare, followed by infrequent, assiduous, very common and common. However, the forest interior plots reversed infrequent class by assiduous. The species were classified as generalist, sun specialist and/or shade specialist and when they were compared the difference were not statistically significative between the edge and forest interior. It is important to highligh this forest for bryophytes conservation because of its size (64 ha) and its high species richness associated with the occurrence of endemic taxa to Brazil.

L’objectif de la thèse était de développer un indicateur mesurant l’accessibilité spatiale des premiers soins (nommé Index of Spatial Accessibility : ISA) pour les femmes enceintes, à partir de sources de données collectant des informations en routine. Ce travail a pour vocation de mettre en évidence les limites des indicateurs existants tout en apportant des améliorations. Une attention particulière a consisté à étudier l’impact de l’effet des contours administratifs (ou effet de bord), la limite pointée dans de nombreuses études portant sur l’accès aux soins. L’indicateur d’accessibilité aux professionnels de santé que nous avons développé a pour objectif de mettre en évidence les disparités spatiales à une échelle géographique fine afin d’identifier les zones géographiques dans lesquelles il faudrait intervenir en priorité. Ce travail s’est concentré tout d’abord sur les professionnels de santé intervenant dans le suivi de la grossesse : médecins généralistes, sages-femmes et gynécologues. Les résultats mettent en évidence qu’en combinant la disponibilité avec la proximité des soins, les besoins en matière de santé et la mobilité, l’ISA permet de fournir une meilleure mesure d’accessibilité. L’ISA a été construit afin de pouvoir interroger l’accès aux soins pour d’autres pathologies ou d’autres populations. L’analyse de l’impact de l’effet de bord met en évidence que : 1) la moyenne et l'écart-type sont légèrement inférieurs avec effet de bord que sans, quel que soit le type des professionnels de santé ; 2) La variation d’ISA est plus marquée pour les sages-femmes et les gynécologues, et pour les zones rurales. Nous avons également menée une étude pilote sur le recours aux soins des femmes enceinte, à partir des données SNIIRAM afin d’étudier la relation entre le recours aux soins et l’indicateur ISA. / This paper developed an improved indicator: the Index of Spatial Accessibility (ISA) to measure geographical healthcare accessibility at the census blocks level, and seeks to assess the effect of edge on the accuracy of defining healthcare provider access by comparing healthcare provider accessibility accounting or not for the edge effect, in a real-world application. The indicator of accessibility to health professionals developed aims to highlight spatial disparities measured at a fine geographical scale and to identify area where actions are needed in priority. This work focused first of all on the health professionals involved in the follow-up of the pregnancy: general practitioners, midwives and gynecologists. The main finding is that by combining availability with proximity to services, health needs and mobility, and by calculating at the smallest feasible geographical scale, ISA provides a better measure of accessibility. ISA was conceived so that we could question the access to care for other pathologies and other populations. When we compare the variation of ISA with and without edge effect, we found that (1) mean and standard deviation are slightly below when offer and demand outside are taken in to account, whichever health professionals considered; 2) the variation of ISA is higher for midwives and gynecologists, and for rural areas. In addition, we also conducted a pilot study on the health use of pregnant women, using SNIIRAM data to examine the relationship between use of care and the ISA indicator.

No description available.

The Cone Calorimeter has been used widely for various purposes as a bench - scale apparatus. Originally the retainer frame (edge frame) was designed to reduce unrepresentative edge burning of specimens. In general, the frame has been used in most Cone tests without enough understanding of its effect. It is very important to have one - dimensional (1D) conditions in order to estimate thermal properties of materials. It has been implicitly assumed that the heat conduction in the Cone Calorimeter is 1D using the current specimen preparation. However, the assumption has not been corroborated explicitly to date. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the heat transfer behavior of a Cone specimen by examining its three - dimensional (3D) heat conduction. It is essential to understand the role of wall lining materials when they are exposed to a fire from an ignition source. Full - scale test methods permit an assessment of the performance of a wall lining material. Fire growth models have been developed due to the costly expense associated with full - scale testing. The models require heat flux maps from the ignition burner flame as input data. Work to date was impeded by a lack of detailed spatial characterization of the heat flux maps due to the use of limited instrumentation. To increase the power of fire modeling, accurate and detailed heat flux maps from the ignition burner are essential. High level spatial resolution for surface temperature can be provided from an infrared camera. The second objective of this study was to develop a heat flux mapping procedure for a room test burner flame to a wall configuration with surface temperature information taken from an infrared camera. A prototype experiment is performed using the ISO 9705 test burner to demonstrate the developed heat flux mapping procedure. The results of the experiment allow the heat flux and spatial resolutions of the method to be determined and compared to the methods currently available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3492.pdf: 2323425 bytes, checksum: c5d62a190e73b4125711e80147b1bbfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-04 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / There is much variation in patterns of edge influence (EI) within a region due to factors such as vegetation structure, adjacent land use, orientation and edge contrast, and assessment of this variation is important for conservational planning. We studied EI on aspects of microclimate and vegetation in seven cerrado fragments in South-Eastern Brazil, sampling both savanna and forest vegetation. We located transects perpendicular to 14 cerrado edges adjacent to pastures, highways, sugarcane, silviculture, urban area, and forest roads. When significant, distance of EI varied from 15 to 80 m for temperature, 2 to 50 m for air moisture, 2 to 20 m for maximum vegetation height, 2 m for wind speed, 0 to 100 m for canopy cover, 0 to 20 m for exotic grass biomass, and 0 to 10 m for native grass biomass. The largest EI was observed in areas adjacent to pastures, but factors such as orientation, vegetations structure and land use were not sufficient to explain the observed variability. For conservation purposes, we recommend that buffers should be created between cerrado and the adjacent land use, especially in fragments adjacent to pastures and higways, in order to reduce EI. / Existe ampla variação nos padrões de influência de borda (IB) dentro de uma região, devido a fatores como estrutura da vegetação, uso da terra adjacente, orientação e contraste da borda. Entender esta variação é importante para o planejamento direcionado à conservação. Nós estudamos IB sobre aspectos de microclima e vegetação em sete fragmentos de cerrado no Sudeste do Brasil, amostrando áreas tanto de savana quanto de floresta. Nós delimitamos transectos perpendiculares a 14 bordas de cerrado adjacentes a pastagens, estradas, cana-de-açucar, silvicultura, área urbana e aceiros. Quando significativa, a distância de influência de borda variou de 15 a 80 m para temperatura, 2 a 50 m para umidade do ar, 2 m para velocidade do vento, 2 a 20 m para altura máxima de vegetação, 0 a 100 m para cobertura de dossel, 0 a 20 m para biomassa de gramíneas exóticas e 0 a 10 m para biomassa de gramíneas nativas. A maior IB foi observada em áreas adjacentes a pastages, mas fatores como orientação, estrutura da vegetação e uso da terra não foram suficientes para explicar a variabilidade observada. Para propósitos de conservação visando reduzir a IB, nós recomendamos a criação de zonas de amortecimento entre o cerrado e áreas adjacentes com outros usos da terra, especialmente em fragmentos adjacentes a pastagens e estradas.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit speziellen Methoden zur näherungsweisen Berechnung der Zahnverformungen sowie -spannungen im Kontext der Zahnkontaktsimulation von Kegelrad- und Hypoidverzahnungen. Die näherungsweise Berechnung ermöglicht kurze Simulationszeiten und ist damit die Voraussetzung für eine effiziente Verzahnungsoptimierung. Die Anwendung neuer Fertigungsverfahren ermöglicht es, dabei geometrische Ausprägungen des Zahnprofils, Zahnfußes und der Flankentopologie zu realisieren, die mit den speziellen Methoden der näherungsweisen Berechnung bisher nicht oder nur unzureichend genau abgebildet werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden deshalb Näherungsmethoden entwickelt, mit denen z.B. auch Zahnprofile mit großer Asymmetrie, elliptischen Zahnfußkurven und logarithmischen Flankentopologiemodifikationen zuverlässig berechnet werden können.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Zahnkontaktsimulation 2.2 Die Verzahnungsgeometrie als Basis der Zahnkontaktsimulation 2.3 Methoden für die Zahnkontaktsimulation 2.3.1 Komplexe Methoden für die Verformungs- und Spannungsberechnung 2.3.2 Näherungsmethoden für die Verformungs- und Spannungsberechnung 2.4 Verzahnungen mit Sondermerkmalen 3 Zahnkontaktsimulation auf Basis der Einflusszahlenmethode 3.1 Herangehensweise bei der Betrachtung 3.2 Zerlegung der Verformungen und Spannungen in lineare und nicht lineare Anteile 3.3 Annahmen für die Formulierung des Zahnkontaktproblems 3.4 Bestimmung der potenziellen Zahnkontakte 3.5 Einflusszahlenmethode 3.6 Lösung des reibungsfreien Zahnkontaktproblems 3.7 Radkörpereinfluss 3.8 Wechselwirkung zwischen den Zähnen 4 Näherungsweise Biegeverformungsberechnung 4.1 Vereinfachung der Verzahnungsgeometrie 4.2 Berechnungsmethode 4.3 Allgemeine Verformungsabklingfunktion 4.3.1 Allgemeine Verformungsabklingfunktion für den unendlich langen Zahn 4.3.2 Allgemeine Abklingfunktion für den endlich langen Zahn 4.3.3 Berechnung der Zahnverformung unter Einzelast mittels FEM 4.3.4 Einfluss der Kraftangriffshöhe und der Profilform 4.3.5 Fehlerverhalten der allgemeinen Verformungsabklingfunktion 4.3.6 Einfluss der veränderlichen Normalschnittgeometrie 4.4 Bezugswert der Biegeverformung 4.4.1 Näherungslösung 4.4.2 Wahl einer Methode zur Verbesserung der Bezugswertberechnung 4.4.3 Auswahl des BEM-Verfahrens 4.4.4 Verfahrensbeschreibung für das BEM-Programm-Modul 4.4.5 Auswertung der BEM-Verformungen an der Stelle einer Streckenlast 4.4.6 Überprüfung des BEM-Programm-Moduls und Genauigkeitsbewertung 4.4.7 Effiziente Berechnung des BEM-Bezugswerts 4.5 Korrekturen für den Ersatzzahn 4.5.1 Stirnseitenunstetigkeit 4.5.2 Krümmungseigenschaften des Zahnes 4.6 Zahnberandungseinfluss 4.7 Berechnung der verbesserten Biegeverformungseinflusszahlen 5 Näherungsweise Berechnung der Kontaktverformung und -spannung 5.1 Vereinfachung der Kontaktgeometrie 5.2 Berechnung der Kontaktverformungseinflusszahl und der Kontaktspannung mit der ZZM 5.3 Komplexe Einflüsse auf die Kontaktverformung und -spannung 5.3.1 Wechselwirkungseinfluss 5.3.2 Zahnberandungseinflüsse 5.4 Erweiterung der ZZM zur Berücksichtigung von Kopfkanten 5.5 Verbesserte Berechnung der Kontaktverformungseinflusszahl und der Pressung 6 Näherungsweise Berechnung der Zahnfußspannung 6.1 Berechnungsmethode 6.2 Allgemeine Spannungsabklingfunktion 6.2.1 Allgemeine Spannungsabklingfunktion für den unendlich und endlich langen Zahn 6.2.2 Einfluss der Kraftangriffshöhe und der Profilform 6.2.3 Fehlerverhalten der allgemeinen Spannungsabklingfunktion 6.3 Bezugswert der Zahnfußspannung 6.4 Korrektur für den Ersatzzahn 6.4.1 Einfluss des Schrägungswinkels auf die Zahnbreitenlage des Zahnfußspannungsmaximums 6.4.2 Stirnseitenunstetigkeit 6.4.3 Einfluss der Zahnwindung auf die Zahnfußspannung 6.4.4 Einfluss der Flankenlinienkrümmung auf die Zahnfußspannung 6.5 Berechnung der Zahnfußspannung nach der verbesserten Methode 7 Verifikation und Validierung der verbesserten Berechnungsmethoden 7.1 Herangehensweise bei der Verifikation und Validierung 7.2 Verifikation 7.2.1 Allgemeine Vorbetrachtungen zur Genauigkeit 7.2.2 Sensibilitätsstudie 7.3 Validierung 7.3.1 Vorgehensweise bei der Validierung 7.3.2 Ausgewählte Messungen von Paul 7.3.3 Tragbildvergleich an Praxisverzahnungen 7.4 Konvergenzverhalten bei der Zahnkontaktsimulation mit BECAL-BEM 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

No description available.

L’occupation du sol en zone forestière de Yangambi dans la Cuvette centrale congolaise (RDC) change rapidement et la fragmentation forestière liée à l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis est devenue l’un des processus dominant la dynamique paysagère. La présente étude s’est fixée comme objectif de suivre une approche microclimatique en transects pour déterminer la zone de lisière entre les jachères herbeuses et les forêts denses, et ce, afin de mieux comprendre les réponses des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol aux changements d’occupation du sol et à la fragmentation forestière. Deux zones les plus appréciées par les paysans pour leurs exploitations agricoles ont été choisies en fonction des unités pédologiques existantes :la série Yangambi et la série Yakonde. Des échantillons non perturbés du sol de 0-10, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm et perturbés de 0-20 cm ont été prélevés dans les différentes occupations de sols après la détermination de la zone de lisière. Notre démarche a consisté à comparer les propriétés de sols identiques au plan de leur pédogenèse, sous jachère herbeuse, sous lisière et sous couvert forestier, de façon à quantifier l’effet de lisière sur les propriétés des sols, pour mieux connaître les conséquences édaphiques de la fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis. <p>Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la zone de lisière entre les jachères et les forêts denses a une largeur de 70 m pour la série Yangambi et 68 m pour la série Yakonde. Les variations microclimatiques de la lisière en terme de température de l’air, sont intermédiaires (moyenne, minima et maxima) entre celles des jachères herbeuses et des forêts denses. La fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis modifie profondément les propriétés physico-chimiques de sols dans les couches superficielles. Un des effets de changements d’occupation du sol et de la fragmentation est la présence d’horizons superficiels à texture sableuse au niveau des jachères herbeuses et des lisières forestières. La densité apparente et la conductivité hydraulique ont subit une importante dégradation sous les jachères herbeuses. A l’inverse, la lisière forestière assure une bonne structure conservatrice du sol (faible densité apparente et bonne conductivité hydraulique). Le sol des forêts denses présente des bonnes propriétés physiques et de ce fait, est pris comme référence à partir duquel les effets de dégradation physique du sol peuvent être appréciés. <p>Le potentiel chimique du sol (pH, phosphore assimilable, le taux de saturation en bases et la CECE) est meilleur au niveau des jachères herbeuses et des lisières forestières par rapport aux forêts denses suite à la pratique du brûlis qui permet de restituer au sol une fraction de la minéralomasse forestière par les cendres. Les teneurs en carbone et azote totaux du sol ont été significativement plus élevées sous les lisières forestières que sous les jachères herbeuses et les forêts denses. Les résultats de l’indice de Kamprath ont montré que, les lisières, en plus de contribuer à l’accroissement de carbone organique du sol, tendent à diminuer la toxicité aluminique de sols étudiés. A l’inverse, l’étude a mis en évidence une toxicité aluminique plus élevée sous la jachère herbeuse de la série Yangambi que sous la lisière. En parallèle, nous avons observé une baisse des teneurs en fer sous toutes les jachères et les lisières forestières. <p>Les pratiques de jachères cultivées et d’agroforesterie s’avèrent incontournables pour enrichir ces sols en matière organique, limiter l’érosion liée au brûlis afin de freiner le lessivage des nutriments, éviter le compactage du sol et assurer le maintien à long terme d’une bonne structure conservatrice du sol.<p><p>In the forest zone of Yangambi, located in the Central Congo Basin (DRC), land use is changing rapidly and forest fragmentation due to slash and burn agriculture has become one of the dominant processes of landscape dynamics. This study's main goal is to apply a microclimatic approach in transects to determine the edge area between the fallow grasslands and dense forests, and, in order to better understand the responses of the soil physico-chemical properties to changes in land use and forest fragmentation. Two most popular areas used by farmers have been selected on the basis of the existing soil units: the Yangambi and Yakonde series. Undisturbed soil samples at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and the disturbed at 0-20 cm were collected from different the land use types after detecting the edge area. Our approach was to compare the properties of identical soils based on their genesis, under grass fallow, edge and forest cover, so as to quantify the effect of edge on the soil properties, to better understand the edaphic consequences of the forest fragmentation by slash and burn shifting cultivation. <p>The results showed that the edge area between fallow and dense forests has a width of 70 m for the Yangambi series and 68 m for the Yakonde series. Microclimatic variations of the edge in terms of air temperature are intermediate (average, minimum and maximum) between grass fallows and dense forests. The fragmentation of forests by slash and burn shifting cultivation profoundly modifies the physico-chemical properties of soils in the surface layers. One of the effects of changes in land use and fragmentation was the presence of surface layers with more sandy texture in the fallow grassland and forest edges. Bulk density and hydraulic conductivity undergo an important degradation under grass fallows. In contrast, the forest edge ensures a maintenance of the soil structure (low bulk density and good hydraulic conductivity). Dense forest soil has thus good physical properties and therefore is taken as the reference from which the effects of soil physical degradation can be appreciated. <p>The chemical potential of the soil (based on pH, available phosphorus, base saturation and CECE) is better in the grass fallows and forest edges compared to dense forests due to the practice of slash and burn which allows restoration by adding nutrients to the soil through the ashes. The carbon and total nitrogen in the soil were significantly higher under forest edges than in fallow grasslands and dense forests. The results of the-Kamprath index shows the edges, in addition to contributing to an increase in soil organic carbon, tend to decrease the aluminium toxicity of studied soils. By contrast, the study revealed a higher aluminium toxicity under fallow grassland on the Yangambi series that under the edge and the forest. In parallel, we observed a decrease in iron contents in all fallow lands and forest edges. <p>The practices of cultivated fallows and agroforestry are proving unavoidable for enriching these soils in organic material, to reduce erosion related to slash and burn in order to curb the leaching of nutrients, to avoid soil compaction and to maintain a long-term well developed soil structure.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished