Most research on low-income, racial minority students' access to higher education has been conducted in urban communities. Little research explores these students' experiences within rural settings. Using Ríos-Aguilar, Kiyama, Gravitt and Moll's framework (2011) that bridges Yosso's (2005) "community cultural wealth" with alternative forms of capital, this case study investigated how three alumni students from a low-income, rural, border community accessed information and resources for college within their school, homes and community. Narratives, one-on-one interviews, and a survey questionnaire helped determine multiple forms of capital participants leveraged towards higher education. Participants' college pursuits and choices were influenced by information from family members, teachers and guidance counselors, community scholarships, and emotional support of family, friends, and community members. Research must continue to follow the experiences of rural, low-income, minority students access to higher education and create better opportunities and connections for them to attend college.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is inserted in the Education, Knowledge and Professional Development research area in the Post-Graduation Program Masters in Education from the Federal University of Santa Maria. Based on the theoretical branches which involve studies such as Vigotsky (2003, 2005), Leontiev (1988, 1989, 1984), Pereira (2000), Bolzan (2001, 2002a), Isaia (2003a, 2005), Bolzan & Isaia (2004, 2005, 2006), Tardif (2002) among others, we aimed to understand the processes engendered in the constitution of literacy teaching practice. Therefore, we opted to work with the socio-cultural qualitative research approach (Vygotsky:1994, Baktin:1992, Freitas:2002, Bolzan:2002,2006), based on the analysis of the narratives of four literacy teachers from Santa Maria Public System of Municipal Education. Towards this, the reflection about the educational trajectory of those teachers allows us to affirm that the process of literacy teaching constitution is seen as a movement originated from the activity of producing oneself as a teacher, that is, it is resulted from the organization and reorganization of actions and operations in the teaching exercise, which characterizes as a transforming action of the teaching activity in an activity which is oriented to literacy teaching practice. In such transformation process we identified the configuration of three movements: initially, a backwardness movement perpassed by resistance actions and insecurities generated by the consciousness of the lack of competence to accomplish what is presented as necessary, as well as the predominance of the reproductive dimension in the literacy teaching activity that is characterized by the repetition of something which already exists because of the lack of elements/ experiences which could enable them to face the demands that are constituted beyond the non-critical reproduction of socially instituted models of literacy teaching; a second movement named reorganization movement, which is characterized by the a manifestation of a more self-reliant posture of the teachers, in which we notice the configuration of actions and operations directed to the production of a difference, based on the emergency of the creative dimension of the activity of produce oneself as a teacher, allowing us to characterize the configuration of an activity directed to the literacy teaching practice reaching the third, which was named as the production of a difference, characterized by the transformations in the teachers literacy teaching action. The manifestation of such movements came to be in different intensities for each of the teachers that were participants of this study, which allowed us to indicate that the development process of the literacy teaching is linked to the rebuilding process of the experiences lived by the teachers on their educational trajectory, assuming a preponderant role to the mobilization of the subject towards the amplification of his experiential field based on the exchange of ideas, knowledge and literacy teaching deed, making possible the emergency of the creative dimension of the activity of producing oneself as a literacy teacher and, thus, the development of an activity oriented to the literacy teaching practice. / Este estudo insere-se na linha de pesquisa Formação, Saberes e Desenvolvimento Profissional do Programa de Pós-graduação, Mestrado em Educação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A partir de fios teóricos que contemplam estudos de Vygotski (2003, 2005), Leontiev (1988, 1989, 1984), Pereira (2000); Bolzan (2001, 2002a) Isaia (2003a, 2005) Bolzan & Isaia (2004, 2005, 2006), Tardif (2002) entre outros, buscamos compreender os processos engendrados na constituição da professoralidade alfabetizadora. Para tanto, optamos por trabalhar com a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa de cunho sociocultural Vygotski (1994); Bakthin (1992); Freitas (2002); Bolzan (2002, 2006) a partir da análise das narrativas de quatro professoras alfabetizadoras do Sistema Público Municipal de Educação de Santa Maria. Na análise dos percursos formativos das professoras identificamos processos que foram compreendidos como orientadores da atividade de produzir-se professor e processos de produção, propriamente ditos, da professoralidade alfabetizadora. Os processos de orientação emergiram dos percursos iniciais e das experiências prévias a docência alfabetizadora, possibilitando-nos destacar as experiências de socialização e escolarização iniciais como elementos mobilizadores ao desenvolvimento da atividade de produzir-se professor. Com relação ao ingresso na docência alfabetizadora evidenciamos a preponderância das exigências institucionais no direcionamento para tal oficio, possibilitando-nos afirmar que o processo de constituição da docência alfabetizadora configura-se como um movimento originado da atividade de produzir-se professor, ou seja, resultante da organização e reorganização das ações e operações que se fazem necessárias à assunção do ofício docente. Caracterizando-se como uma ação transformadora da atividade docente numa atividade orientada a professoralidade alfabetizadora. Neste processo de transformação identificamos a configuração de movimentos de produção: inicialmente por um movimento de recuo permeado por ações de resistência e de insegurança geradas pela consciência do despreparo para dar conta do que se apresenta como necessário, assim como, a predominância da dimensão reprodutora na atividade docente alfabetizadora, caracterizada pela repetição de algo já existente, decorrente da ausência de elementos experiências que lhes possibilitasse o enfrentamento das demandas constituídas para além da reprodução acrítica de modelos instituídos socialmente de alfabetização; um segundo movimento denominado de reorganização, caracterizado pela manifestação de uma postura mais arrojada das professoras, na qual se evidenciou a configuração de ações e operações direcionadas a produção de uma diferença, a partir da emergência da dimensão criadora da atividade de produzir-se professor, possibilitando-nos caracterizar a configuração de uma atividade direcionada a professoralidade alfabetizadora, culminando no terceiro que foi denominado como a produção de uma diferença, caracterizado pelas transformações na ação alfabetizadora das professoras. As manifestações destes movimentos se deram com diferentes intensidades para cada uma das professoras participantes deste estudo, possibilitando-nos indicar que o processo de desenvolvimento da docência alfabetizadora está relacionado ao processo de reelaboração das experiências vivenciadas pelas professoras em seus percursos formativos, assumindo um papel preponderante a mobilização do sujeito, na direção de ampliar seu campo experiencial a partir do compartilhamento de idéias, saberes e fazeres da ação alfabetizadora, viabilizando a emergência da dimensão criadora da atividade de produzir-se professor alfabetizador e, portanto, o desenvolvimento de uma atividade orientada para a professoralidade alfabetizadora.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:34:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monica Raimunda de Jesus.pdf: 507492 bytes, checksum: 9c150c9a752f39cd1e6b938cae5936aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to examine the relationship between proficiency in English and previous school experiences, as well as personal characteristics, family ambience and social experiences in English Language, of students who attended the last year of High School in 2008. The research was conducted in two public schools of the state of São Paulo. As basic procedure for data collection, questionnaires and a test of proficiency in English language were applied to High School students of the schools surveyed. Data analysis was based on the theories of Bourdieu (1971, 1982, 1989, 1998, 2007) about cultural and social capital, as we propose to understand the practices in English in the social educational experience of research participants, which has determined or not a satisfactory or unsatisfactory assimilation of the English Language. Besides, we analyse the activities involving the English language based on the contributions of the same author on the social construction of taste. We have found, using data collected, that some social and educational practices of last year High School students of the same social class are determinants for some of these students who obtain better performance in English than the majority of students. In the test of English proficiency, from the 99 surveyed students, 6 had a better result than average, 16 obtained an average performance and 77 underperformed. These data show that although the students attended at least seven years of English classes, the skill level of the majority is very low, which, on one side, reinforces the poor quality of Brazilian schools in general, and it indicates that Foreign Language education is also a factor in this lack of quality: so much so that, when comparing the results of students from two schools and their rates of assessment (SARESP) that differ from each other, the levels of proficiency in English were similar, which made us leave the initial goal of mutual comparison between the results of students in each school. As regards the relationship between family ambience, educational and social experiences and levels of proficiency, we found the following results: the existence of a family member who knows English seems to be insignificant in increasing proficiency; social experiences (use of the internet, habits of reading in English and watching dubbed movies) show that even if one does not know whether the habit leads to the best proficiency or the best proficiency leads to the habits, the fact is that students who had higher proficiency in English read and watched more subtitled films, which seems to reinforce the view that education does nothing more than reinforce the culture obtained outside school. With regard to school experience, the most significant finding concerns the high number of students with low proficiency and that were failed in High School, which seems to confirm that this group of students is destined to failure in all activities and school subjects / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre proficiência em Língua Inglesa e as experiências escolares pregressas, características pessoais e ambiência familiar e as experiências sociais envolvendo o uso dessa língua , de alunos que cursaram o último ano do Ensino Médio em 2008. Para esta investigação, foram selecionadas duas escolas públicas da rede estadual de São Paulo e foi adotado, como procedimento básico, a coleta de dados a partir de questionários e de um teste de proficiência em Língua Inglesa, aplicados aos alunos. A análise dos dados apóia-se nos conceitos de Bourdieu (1971, 1982, 1989, 1998, 2007), fundamentalmente os de capital cultural e social, na medida em que propomos identificar as práticas relativas ao uso do inglês nas experiências sócio-educacionais dos participantes da pesquisa, que foram determinantes ou não para uma satisfatória/insatisfatória assimilação da Língua Inglesa. Acessoriamente, procuramos analisar as atividades que envolviam a Língua Inglesa com base nas contribuições desse mesmo autor sobre a construção social do gosto. Constatamos, por meio dos dados coletados, que algumas práticas sócio-educacionais de alunos do último ano do Ensino Médio, de uma mesma classe social, são determinantes para que alguns desses educandos obtenham um desempenho melhor em inglês que o da grande maioria dos estudantes. No teste de proficiência em inglês, dos 99 alunos pesquisados, 6 tiveram um resultado acima da média, 16 obtiveram um desempenho mediano e 77 um baixo desempenho. Esses dados mostram que, apesar de cursarem, pelo menos, sete anos de aulas de inglês, o nível de proficiência da maioria é baixíssimo o que, se de um lado, reforça a falta de qualidade da escola brasileira no geral, indica que o ensino de Língua Estrangeira também é fator para essa falta de qualidade: tanto é assim que, quando comparados os resultados dos alunos das duas escolas cujos índices de avaliação (SARESP) se distinguem, os níveis de proficiência em inglês encontrados foram semelhantes, o que nos fez abandonar o objetivo inicial de cotejamento entre os resultados dos alunos de cada uma das escolas. No que se refere à relação entre ambiência familiar, experiências escolares e sociais e os níveis de proficiência, foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: a existência de familiar que sabe inglês parece ser pouco significativa para o aumento da proficiência; as experiências sociais (uso de internet, hábitos de leitura em inglês e de assistir filmes dublados) mostram que, independentemente de sabermos se o hábito leva à proficiência ou esta a uma maior ocorrência dos primeiros, o fato é que os alunos que apresentaram maior proficiência liam mais em inglês e assistiam mais a filmes legendados, o que parece reforçar a tese de que a educação escolar nada mais faz do que reforçar o capital cultural obtido fora dela. Com relação às experiências escolares, o achado mais significativo diz respeito ao número elevado de alunos com baixa proficiência e que foi reprovado no Ensino Médio, o que parece confirmar que esse grupo de aluno está fadado ao insucesso em todas as atividades e disciplinas escolares

The aim of this dissertation is to study exchange students’ movement and exchange studies as a trajectory in time and space. The dissertation is based on interviews with fourteen Korean exchange students at Swedish universities. The theoretical framework is based on Actor–Network Theory (ANT). ANT argues that everything that does something is an actor (human and non-human) and that an actor cannot be separated from a network that acts through the actor. ANT also argues that one’s location is not explained only in terms of Euclidean space and time but also in terms of spatiality and temporality, which are a network’s production. The dissertation shows that the students were enrolled and mobilized in the exchange programs by heterogeneous actors and that there were specific network spaces that produced exchange students at the home universities. The exchange students were excluded at the Swedish host universities by being formally included without direction. At the host universities, they went off course from their educational trajectories because the curriculum disappeared during their exchange studies. The dissertation also shows that the exchange students were enrolled and mobilized in the networks of “international students” at the host universities. Theses exchange students instead moved in the same way as the other exchange students, which stabilized the networks of “international students” at the host universities. It describes how the exchange students acted at a distance as actor of networks in Korea. When they returned, many of them had to prolong their educational period. This was a result of the translation of exchange studies at the home universities. In this dissertation, it shows that the exchange program was performed not only by individual exchange students; rather, it was performed in the associations of heterogeneous actors. / Syftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka utbytesstudenters rörelser och utbytesstudier som banor i tid och rum. Avhandlingen baseras på intervjuer med fjorton koreanska utbytesstudenter som vistats på olika svenska värduniversitet. Den teoretiska referensramen grundar sig i Actor-Network Theory (ANT). ANT argumenterar för att allt som gör något är en aktör, oavsett om den är mänsklig eller icke-mänsklig. En aktör kan inte urskiljas från nätverket vilken agerar genom aktören. Aktörens lokalisering kan inte enbart förklaras i termer av det euklidiska rummet och tiden, utan också i termer av rumslighet och tolkningar av tidsförloppen vilka är nätverksprodukter. Avhandlingen visar att studenterna enrollerades och mobiliserades till utbytesprogrammen av heterogena aktörer och att det fanns specifika rum där utbytesstudenterna skapades. På värduniversiteten exkluderades de genom att formellt inkluderas i olika kurser utan att dessa ofta hade någon riktning i deras studier. Utbytesstudenternas studier kom ur kurs jämfört med deras ordinarie utbildningar eftersom en läroplan saknades på värduniversiteten. Avhandlingen visar att utbytesstudenterna enrollerades och mobiliserades in i nätverk av de internationella studenterna på värduniversiteten. Utbytesstudenterna rörde sig på samma sätt som andra utbytesstudenter, vilket stabiliserade nätverken av ”internationella studenter” på värduniversiteten. I avhandlingen beskrivs även utbytesstudenternas fortsatta agerande som aktörer i nätverken i Korea. När de återvänt till Korea behövde de flesta förlänga sin utbildningstid och detta var ett resultat av hur utbytesperioden tillgodoräknades på hemuniversiteten. Det var ett resultat av översättningen i utbytesprogrammen på hemuniversiteten. Avhandlingen visar att utbytesprogrammen inte enbart genomfördes av de individuella utbytesstudenterna; snarare genomfördes de i förbindelser med heterogena (mänskliga och icke-mänskliga) aktörer.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-05-24T14:48:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1308133 bytes, checksum: 5e8edd9d6322bffba07fbf25b81ad6ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T14:48:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1308133 bytes, checksum: 5e8edd9d6322bffba07fbf25b81ad6ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / In spite of significant advances and increasing possibilities of social participation experienced by both women and persons with disabilities, the naturalization of their bodies remains as the main factor related to the permanence of practices of silencing and discrimination. In this doctoral research, the starting point is the observation that feminist movements, as well as the vast literature on gender issues, are fragile when it comes to the intersection with disability; in turn, most studies on disability neglect the female condition. Considering that gender and disability intersect as factors of oppression and discrimination that heighten female vulnerability and inequalities, the argument presented in this dissertation is that, in the case of women with disabilities, the process of precariousness of life occurs through the intersection of ableist and sexist structures. By establishing strong barriers to access to school, higher education, and to the full exercise of their sexuality, such structures place them in unequal positions in relation to men with disabilities and women without disabilities. Therefore, the purpose of this research, located in the area of Cultural Studies of Education, was to analyze the effects of ableist and sexist structures in the experience of inequality and multiple vulnerabilities of women with disabilities. Based on literature review and an empirical approach to the trajectories of women with disabilities, it discusses the precariousness of the life they experience from the perspective of ableism and gender inequalities. It uses the notion of trajectory proposed by Pierre Bourdieu, which emphasizes the individual action of certain subjects (habitus), in close relation with wider social contexts (fields). The narratives of the educational trajectories of Maria Aparecida Ramos de Menezes, Joana Belarmino de Souza, and Nayara de Almeida Adriano, professors with disabilities at Federal University of Paraíba, collected through interviews conducted in the first semester of 2016, seek to answer the research question: "How ableist and sexist inequalities appear in the educational trajectories of women with disabilities within family, school, and higher education?" Based on their narratives, which evoke my own trajectory as a woman with a visual disability, the analysis points at the common experiences of inequality lived by women with disabilities, which exclude them from participation in the public sphere and deny their right to autonomous choice and decision-making, within a sexist and ableist culture. However, the trajectories of these three women reveal that education makes it possible to breakdown such barriers and contribute to the educational and social development of other women with disabilities. By presenting the relevant contributions of feminist perspectives regarding a new understanding of disability, this dissertation aims at strengthening the debate about the transformation of able-normative mentalities, a still incipient debate in both movements of women and people with disabilities, in order to open new possibilities of empowerment and social participation. / Apesar dos significativos avanços e das crescentes possibilidades de participação social vivenciadas por mulheres e pessoas com deficiência, observa-se que a naturalização de seus corpos é fator principal da manutenção de práticas de silenciamento e discriminação. Nesta pesquisa doutoral, constata-se inicialmente que os movimentos feministas, assim como a vasta literatura em torno de questões de gênero, são frágeis quando se trata da intersecção com a deficiência; por sua vez, a maioria dos estudos sobre deficiência negligencia a condição feminina. Ao considerar que gênero e deficiência se entrecortam como fatores de opressão e discriminação que potencializam a vulnerabilidade e a desigualdade feminina, o argumento desta tese é que, no caso da mulher com deficiência, o processo de precariedade da vida se dá pela intersecção de estruturas capacitistas e sexistas. Estas estruturas, ao estabelecerem sólidas barreiras ao acesso à escola, à universidade e ao pleno exercício de sua sexualidade, as colocam em posições desiguais em relação aos homens com deficiência e às mulheres sem deficiência. Assim, o objetivo geral da investigação, situada na área dos Estudos Culturais da Educação, foi analisar os efeitos das estruturas capacitistas e de gênero na experiência de desigualdade e múltiplas vulnerabilidades de mulheres com deficiência. Com base em revisão de literatura e abordagem empírica de trajetórias de mulheres com deficiência, discute-se a precariedade da vida dessas mulheres, sob as perspectivas do capacitismo e das desigualdades de gênero. Utiliza-se a noção de trajetória proposta por Pierre Bourdieu, a qual destaca a ação individual de determinados sujeitos (habitus), em estreita relação com contextos sociais mais amplos (campos). Os relatos das trajetórias educacionais de Maria Aparecida Ramos de Menezes, Joana Belarmino de Souza e Nayara de Almeida Adriano, professoras com deficiência em atuação na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, colhidos através de entrevistas realizadas no primeiro semestre de 2016, buscam responder à pergunta de pesquisa: De que forma as desigualdades capacitistas e de gênero se evidenciam nas trajetórias familiares, escolares e acadêmicas de mulheres com deficiência? Com base em suas narrativas, que evocam a minha própria trajetória como mulher com deficiência visual, a análise aponta experiências de desigualdade vivenciadas pelo coletivo de mulheres com deficiência que, resultantes de uma cultura sexista e capacitista, as excluem da participação na esfera pública e lhes negam o direito de realizar escolhas e tomar decisões por conta própria. Todavia, as trajetórias dessas três mulheres revelam que, através da educação, é possível romper com as barreiras supracitadas e contribuir para o desenvolvimento educacional e social de outras mulheres com deficiência. Ao apresentar as relevantes contribuições das perspectivas feministas no tocante a uma nova compreensão acerca da deficiência, espero fortalecer o debate, ainda incipiente em ambos os movimentos, de mulheres e pessoas com deficiência, acerca da ruptura de mentalidades corpo-normativas, para suscitar novas possibilidades de empoderamento e participação social.

The International Baccalaureate (IB), a private curriculum associated largely with exclusive education for transnationally mobile upper classes, has recently began to quietly enter public, national education systems, offering its alternative, elite schooling in tuition-free state institutions. This paper explores the nuanced case of Poland, where IB diploma program is offered as one of the tracks within state schools, existing side-by-side and competing with the national curriculum. Poland, with its particular post-soviet socio-political conditions, where public schooling continuously enjoys an elite status over the failed project of private education, presents an interesting case in regards to the phenomenon. This study employs Pierre Bourdieou’s theories of capital, dispositions and social field to examine the makeup of IB classrooms in public schools in Poland, and answer how the curriculum is experienced and made sense of by the graduates. Qualitative interviews with 17 graduates present an insight into the experience of IB in 6 state schools. The study has found that IB diploma program is primarily employed in well-established, elite institutions, which follow a meritocratic logic of technical selection of only the most talented candidates. IB becomes the academic elite club within an elite club, therefore access to it is limited twofold. Accounts across the case study schools showed that IB students are characterized by access to higher volumes of different resources, allowing them to get admitted, survive the academic rigor, and continue their education abroad. Graduates from all types and locations of IB schools follow, almost exclusively, the same three trajectories according to which an IB student considers either a) going abroad to the United Kingdom, b) going abroad to the Netherlands, or c) studying medicine in Poland at the Warsaw Medical University (WUM). Finally, the study has found that students use IB strategically, to access prestigious national or international higher education. However, the conversion of the assets gained through the diploma into advantage in higher education is interrupted by the pedagogical disparity with the ‘mindless memorizing’ at national universities, as well as with the automatic downward social mobility when becoming an immigrant. The findings contribute to the debate over the democratization of international education, its accessibility and the strategic use of it on a national versus international arena.

Un nombre croissant d’adolescents issus de l’immigration fréquentent les écoles secondaires du Québec. Malgré les défis que ces élèves peuvent rencontrer sur le plan économique, plusieurs poursuivent aux études secondaires et postsecondaires au début de l’âge adulte. À partir d’un échantillon de 384 jeunes fréquentant 12 écoles de milieu défavorisé au Québec, cette étude vise à cibler certains facteurs individuels, familiaux et communautaires à l’adolescence susceptibles de prédire la poursuite dans les trajectoires éducatives (études secondaires ou postsecondaires) comparativement aux trajectoires hors de l’éducation au début de l’âge adulte. Également, elle vérifie si ces facteurs sont différents de ceux des jeunes non issus de l’immigration. Ces facteurs ont été recueillis par le biais de questionnaires sociodémographiques et sur l’indice de prédiction du décrochage scolaire. Les trajectoires éducatives et hors de l’éducation ont été récoltées par la méthode du calendrier ciblant les dates de début et de fin de chaque occupation. Des analyses de régressions logistiques multinomiales suggèrent des liens directs entre différents facteurs individuels, familiaux ainsi que communautaires et la poursuite dans les trajectoires éducatives. Des analyses de modération ont révélé l’effet plus marqué des facteurs communautaires tels que la participation aux activités parascolaires et dans la communauté chez les jeunes issus de l’immigration. Les résultats de cette étude peuvent guider les praticiens à choisir les meilleures cibles d’intervention susceptibles de promouvoir la résilience scolaire des jeunes issus de l’immigration et non issus de l’immigration résidant en milieu défavorisé. / A growing number of adolescents from immigrant backgrounds have been attending high schools in Quebec. Despite economic challenges faced by some of these students, many of them continue to secondary and post-secondary studies in early adulthood. Based on a sample of 384 youths attending twelve economically disadvantaged schools in Quebec, this study aims to find specific certain individual, family, and community factors during adolescence that can predict educational trajectories (secondary or post-secondary studies) compared to trajectories outside of education in early adulthood. It also examines whether these factors differ from those from non-immigrant background. These factors were collected through sociodemographic questionnaires and the School Dropout Prediction Index. Educational and non-educational trajectories were collected using a calendar method targeting the start and end dates of each occupation. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed and suggest direct links between different individual, family, and community factors and the pursuit of educational trajectories. Moderation analyses was also carried out and the results revealed a stronger effect of community factors such as participation in extracurricular activities among immigrant youth. This study can guide practitioners in selecting the best intervention targets to promote the academic resilience of immigrant and non-immigrant youth residing in economically disadvantaged areas.

Cette recherche analyse la dimension sociale de la mobilité pour études des Maliens en France et au Maroc. Face à un système d'enseignement supérieur à l'offre pédagogique et aux capacités d'accueil limitées, nombre d'étudiants maliens voient en la mobilité une échappatoire. En outre, ceux qui partent perpétuent une pratique de formation à l'étranger consubstantielle à la formation des élites maliennes au XXe siècle. Des acteurs institutionnels facilitent la mobilité étudiante. L'État, d'une part, à travers les bourses de mérite qu'il met en place, et par les nouveaux établissements privés, au Maroc notamment, qui adaptent leur offre de formation à la demande provenant des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Nous questionnons la manière dont la mobilité géographique participe d'une stratégie de mobilité sociale, puis démontrons comment les inégalités du champ scolaire malien, fondées sur les disparités de capitaux économique, culturel et social, façonnent les inégalités d'accès à la mobilité. Toutefois, ces dernières sont contournées par la mobilisation des « liens faibles », dont la parenté élargie, par les étudiants socialement défavorisés. Le rôle de ces réseaux apparaît crucial dans la mobilité pour études, comme l'attestent les parcours des étudiants défavorisés dont la réussite professionnelle et sociale est souvent comparable à celle des étudiants issus des élites politiques, économiques et religieuses. Les trajectoires d'insertion professionnelle des diplômés maliens de France et du Maroc mettent enfin en évidence le rôle clé de la mobilité internationale pour études supérieures, en complément de la scolarité au Mali : gage d'un accès au statut d'élite, au Mali, pour le plus grand nombre, une telle mobilité internationale apparaît comme un facteur de transformation des hiérarchies sociales. / This PhD research analyzes the social dimension of Malian students' mobility in French and Moroccan higher education. Confronted with a higher education system with limited capacity, many Malian students perceive mobility as a loophole. These students going abroad perpetuate a tradition of mobility consubstantial with the training of Malian elites in the twentieth century. This mobility is encouraged by the state through cooperation exchanges, as well as private educational institutions particularly in Morocco, that adapt their educational options and services to the demands of sub-Saharan countries. We interrogate how geographical mobility is part of a social mobility strategy and then demonstrate how inequalities in the Malian school system, based on disparities in economic, cultural and social capital, shape inequalities in access to mobility. However, these inequalities are overcome by the mobilization of "weak ties", including extended kinship, by socially disadvantaged students. Social capital plays a crucial role in achieving success through mobility, where students from disadvantaged families succeed as much as those from elite families with politico-economic and religious clout. The career paths of Malian graduates from France and Morocco finally highlight the key role of international mobility for higher education, in addition to schooling in Mali: a guarantee of access to elite status in Mali, for the greater number. Consequently, international mobility appears as a factor in the transformation of social hierarchies.

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Les graphiques ont été réalisés avec le logiciel Alceste. / La scolarisation, l’éducation et la formation sont à la fois une nécessité et une contrainte pour l’évolution des pays en développement, car le développement durable exige l’accès au savoir et à la culture moderne et technologique. Le propos de notre recherche est de comprendre le vécu de la scolarisation des filles en Afrique subsaharienne à travers l'analyse de leurs récits biographiques. Cette recherche porte sur trois questions à propos des filles dans l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique subsaharienne: (1) Quelles trajectoires suivent les filles en Afrique subsaharienne pour devenir des étudiantes universitaires? (2) Quel rôle jouent les représentations sociales et la résilience dans le vécu des filles pour atteindre le niveau universitaire? (3) En se fondant sur des récits biographiques fournis par des étudiantes universitaires subsahariennes, quels facteurs, de risque ou de protection, semblent déterminants pour réussir à atteindre le niveau universitaire? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons constitué un corpus de 23 récits biographiques. L'analyse du contenu de ces récits a été effectuée à l'aide d'Alceste, un logiciel d'analyse de données textuelles. Alceste a traité chaque mot dans les 23 récits, puis a exécuté une analyse factorielle de ces mots. L'avantage de cette méthode d’analyse est de permettre au chercheur de découvrir des dimensions cachées au sein de la masse de données analysées. Trois classes de mots ont émergé de cette analyse factorielle. Les trois classes ont été croisées avec les 23 répondantes. L'analyse des tableaux croisés a révélé trois types d'étudiantes universitaires résilientes, selon leur trajectoire scolaire: la battante, l'assistée et l'héritière. En nous fondant sur: (a) les récits des étudiantes, (b) les trois classes produites par le logiciel Alceste, et (c) les tableaux croisés, nous avons tracé trois portraits-types d’étudiante. La trajectoire de chaque type d'étudiante met en présence et en interaction diverses variables sociologiques et individuelles: milieu socio-économique, milieu familial, contexte rural-urbain, âge, obstacles, échecs, redoublements, succès. La scolarisation des filles augmente plus rapidement en milieu urbain qu'en milieu rural. Chez les battantes, la scolarisation est vécue dans le sacrifice, la souffrance et l'impuissance. Chez les assistées, elle avance grâce à des contacts et un réseau d’opportunités. Chez les héritières, elle débute dans la tendre enfance et progresse rapidement. Dans leurs récits, les informatrices emploient des mots qui traduisent les disparités, les variations, les dynamiques et les détours dans leurs trajectoires scolaires. Les contextes, les lieux, les événements, l’âge et la fratrie affectent les trajectoires de différentes manières. Néanmoins, toutes les filles sont motivées à atteindre l’enseignement supérieur. L'entrée précoce à l'école, que l'on retrouve à la ville plutôt qu'à la campagne, est au nombre des facteurs de protection qui contribuent le plus à la scolarisation des filles au niveau universitaire. Un autre facteur de première importance est la scolarité des parents: les parents instruits ont de meilleures chances de voir leurs filles, des héritières, persévérer dans leurs études. Chez les battantes et les assistées, les facteurs de protection individuels sont décisifs: avec relativement peu de moyens financiers et d'appui familial, ces filles doivent se débrouiller et concevoir des solutions inédites afin de triompher de l'adversité. On note, en particulier, le courage et l'esprit combatif des battantes, de même que l'aide et le soutien d'un réseau procuré aux assistées. Cependant, l'effet de tous ces facteurs n'est pas le même dans les divers contextes familiaux, sociaux et institutionnels. Au delà de ce que nous avons mis en lumière au sujet des battantes, des assistées et des héritières, il reste encore beaucoup à découvrir au sujet de la fréquentation et de la persévérance scolaires des filles en Afrique subsaharienne. Depuis la Conférence de Jomtien en 1990, diverses mobilisations ont porté fruit et facilité l'accès des filles à l'école. Notre recherche auprès d'étudiantes universitaires en Afrique Subsaharienne montre que toutes ces filles font preuve de résilience, et que les moyens et solutions pour atteindre l'enseignement supérieur sont spécifiques à chaque fille. / Schooling, education and training are a necessity as well as a constraint for the evolution of developing countries, because sustainable development requires access to modern and technological knowledge and culture. The aim of our research is to discover the factual experience of the schooling of girls in Sub-Saharan Africa, through an analysis of their biographical narratives. This doctoral dissertation addresses three questions concerning the higher education of girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: (1) What trajectories do Sub-Saharan girls follow to become university students? (2) What role do Sub-Saharan girls' social representations and resilience play in attaining higher education? (3) On the basis of biographical narratives provided by Sub-Saharan girl university students, what factors, risk or protective, seem determinant to succeed in reaching higher education? To answer these questions, we gathered a corpus of 23 biographical narratives. The content analysis of these narratives was carried out with the aid of Alceste, a software program for the analysis of textual data. Alceste processed each word in the 23 narratives, and then executed a factor analysis of these words. The advantage of this method is to allow the researcher to uncover hidden dimensions within the mass of data analyzed. Three classes of words emerged from this factor analysis. The three classes were cross-tabulated with the 23 respondents. The result of the cross-tabulation revealed three types of resilient girl university students, according to their schooling trajectory: the fighter, the assisted and the heiress. On the basis of: (a) the girl students' narratives, (b) the three classes produced by software program Alceste, and (c) the cross-tabulations, we draw three typical portraits of the girl students. The trajectory of each type of student involves an interaction of various sociological and individual variables: socio-economic background, family environment, rural-urban context, age, obstacles, failures, grade repeatings, success. The schooling of girls increases more rapidly in urban areas than in rural areas. For the fighters, schooling is experienced through sacrifice, suffering and helplessness. For the assisted, it moves forward thanks to contacts and timely networking. For the heiresses, it starts in early childhood and progresses rapidly. In their narratives, the informants use words that express disparities, variations, dynamics and detours in their schooling trajectories. Contexts, locations, events, age and family affect the trajectories in various ways. Common to all girls, though, is the motivation to attain higher education. Early access to schooling, which is found in the cities rather than in rural areas, is among the protective factors that contribute most to the schooling of girls at the university level. Another factor of utmost importance is parents’ schooling: highly educated parents have better chances to see their daughters, heiresses, persevere in their studies. Among fighters and assisted, individual protective factors are decisive: with little or no financial means or familial support, these girls need to manage on their own and conceive novel solutions in order to overcome adversity. We note, in particular, the courage and battling spirit of the fighters, and the help and support provided by a network to the assisted. However, the effect of all these factors is not the same in the various familial, social and institutional contexts. Beyond what we have shed light on concerning the fighters, the assisted and the heiresses, much remains to be discovered concerning the schooling and educational perseverance of girls in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since the Jomtien Conference in 1990, various mobilizations have borne fruit, as they facilitated girls’ access to school. Our research on girl university students in Sub-Saharan Africa shows that all of these girls display resilience and that the means and solutions to attain higher education are specific to each girl.