Nearly 80 years earlier, Henry Ford advised during the 1930 depression that: "A man who stops advertising to save money is like a man who stops a clock to save time". The purposes of this case study was to determine whether legal firms have taken cognisance of these wise words and have refrained from cutting back on expenses, and more particularly its promotional budget expenses during a down turning economy. It was discovered that, like nearly 80 years ago, costs today is still an important issue when considering and exploreing promotional opportunities. Small legal organisations have in general indicated that cost effectiveness is an important factor to take into consideration when deciding which type of promotion to explore. A further prerequisite was that the promotion should be target market orientated and effective. Interestingly enough, more than 60% of the sample organisations have failed to analyse their target market before commencing with any type of promotion. This immediately raised the question whether costs have not been wasted on wrong promotional efforts, rather than costs being an issue when considering promotion? It was concluded that small legal organisations have failed to properly analyse their target market and hence was unaware of their client?s needs. Various types of promotion were undertaken by the organisation, but in many instances were ineffective and costly. Should organisations have properly analysed their target markets they would have been in a better position to select an effective and less costly type of promotion. Limited recommendations were made in an attempt to assist small legal organisations to firstly analyse their target market which will result in more cost effective marketing and will enable them to address the needs of their target market directly. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Nearly 80 years earlier, Henry Ford advised during the 1930 depression that: "A man who stops advertising to save money is like a man who stops a clock to save time". The purposes of this case study was to determine whether legal firms have taken cognisance of these wise words and have refrained from cutting back on expenses, and more particularly its promotional budget expenses during a down turning economy. It was discovered that, like nearly 80 years ago, costs today is still an important issue when considering and exploreing promotional opportunities. Small legal organisations have in general indicated that cost effectiveness is an important factor to take into consideration when deciding which type of promotion to explore. A further prerequisite was that the promotion should be target market orientated and effective. Interestingly enough, more than 60% of the sample organisations have failed to analyse their target market before commencing with any type of promotion. This immediately raised the question whether costs have not been wasted on wrong promotional efforts, rather than costs being an issue when considering promotion? It was concluded that small legal organisations have failed to properly analyse their target market and hence was unaware of their client?s needs. Various types of promotion were undertaken by the organisation, but in many instances were ineffective and costly. Should organisations have properly analysed their target markets they would have been in a better position to select an effective and less costly type of promotion. Limited recommendations were made in an attempt to assist small legal organisations to firstly analyse their target market which will result in more cost effective marketing and will enable them to address the needs of their target market directly. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

本研究在考慮交易成本的情況下，利用羅吉斯模型、類神經模型以及其兩者的混合模型建立一分類器，用以識別台灣選擇權與期貨市場中違反買權賣權平價等式的套利訊號。由逐筆成交資料的實證結果顯示，無論在金融海嘯（2007）、景氣復甦（2008）或是平穩時期（2012~2014）時，就識別率來說三種模型相差不大，但就獲利性而言混合模型有略優於其他兩者的表現。 / Considering the transaction cost, we establish a binary classifier system by logistic regression, artificial neural networks and hybird model with aboves. The system is used for distinguishing valid arbitrage opportunities which violated put call parity in Taiwan option and future market. By tickdata, we find that, although three models has same accuracy on classification almostly, hybird model is grater then the others in profitability no matter in depression(2007), boom(2008) or business steady state(2012~2014).

Le futur d'une entreprise est garanti par sa capacité à créer de nouvelles relations commerciales. Le développement de son patrimoine de clients lui assure autonomie, pérennité et visibilité. Cette action de conquête est souvent confiée à la force de vente. Le vendeur semble le levier le plus efficace pour accroître la valeur et le nombre des nouveaux clients. Notre recherche a pour objet de définir et de comprendre le processus de la première relation commerciale entre un client et un vendeur. Ce mécanisme de la vente initiale est éclairé par la formalisation d'un modèle et la formulation d'hypothèses qui sont testées quantitativement sur un échantillon de 81 acheteurs professionnels et de 323 commerciaux. Une vente initiale performante satisfait des motivations économiques et sociales pour le client et pour le vendeur. Elle assure le transfert d'un bien mais aussi la réalisation d'un lien social. L'efficacité d'une première relation commerciale s'illustre par la combinaison de dimensions transactionnelles et relationnelles. Notre travail porte sur l'influence positive d'antécédents transactionnels et de préalables relationnels sur la performance d'une vente initiale pour la dyade client-vendeur. La confiance, la qualité de la relation et l'humour médiatisent les liens entre ces antécédents et la performance de la vente initiale. Ce processus est dynamique car marqué par l'influence positive des étapes de la vente initiale. Nos contributions enrichissent le corps théorique de la vente et la démarche méthodologique de recherche en vente. Pour le manager, notre recherche offre de multiples applications permettant d'accroître l'efficacité de la prospection commerciale des forces de vente. / The future of a company is guaranteed by its ability to create new business relationships. The development of a repeating customer base assures autonomy, sustainability and visibility. This action of conquest often relies on the sales force. The salesman appears to be the key element to increase the value and number of new customers. Our research aims at defining and understanding the process of the first commercial relationship between a customer and a salesman. The mechanism of the initial sale is illustrated by the formalization of a model and assumptions are tested quantitatively on a sample of 81 buyers and 323 salesmen. A successful initial sale meets the economic and social expectations of the customer and the salesman. It ensures the transfer of property but also the creation of a social bond. The success of an initial business relationship is illustrated by the combination of transactional and relational dimensions. Our research focuses on the positive effects of transactional and relationship factors for both customers and salesmen on the rate of success of an initial sale. The trust, the quality of the relationship, humor, enhance the relationship between these antecedents and the success rate of the initial sale. This is a dynamic process influenced by each positive step of the initial sale. Our contributions give value to the theoretical structure of the sale and methodological approach to research sales. For the manager, our work offers multiple solutions to increase the efficiency of business development sales force.

Big Data analytics är en fascinerande process som lyfter fram möjligheten att utvinna djupgående insikter och dra slutsatser från omfattande datamängder, och dess tillämpningsområden sträcker sig över flera branscher och områden inklusive köksbranschen och marknadsföring som denna studie fokuserar på. Utmaningen att dra nytta av Big Data analytics för att förstå konsumentbeteenden och preferenser kan dock vara betydande, men när företag tillhandahåller de rätta resurserna, kan de på ett effektivt sätt optimera sina marknadsföringsstrategier. Denna studie syftade till att utforska vilka specifika kompetenser och förmågor företag behöver för att framgångsrikt hantera stora datamängder, samt hur Big Data analytics kan bidra till en effektivare marknadsföring inom köksbranschen. Genom att använda en induktiv forskningsansats och genomföra semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra företag inom den svenska köksbranschen, kopplades svaren till ett teoretiskt ramverk för att analysera datan och identifiera kompetenser, förmågor och effekter inom Big Data analytics. Resultaten visade på vikten av olika kompetenser såsom teknisk kunskap, datavisualisering, machine learning, marknadsföringskunskaper, kreativt tänkande, ledarskap och kommunikation för att uppnå framgång inom Big Data analytics. Studien betonade också den avgörande betydelsen av att samla in högkvalitativ data, integrera verktyg och använda insikterna för att optimera marknadsföringsstrategier inom köksbranschen. Som förslag till framtida forskning framhåller denna studie behovet av att undersöka organisatoriska och kulturella faktorer som påverkar potentialen inom Big Data analytics. Det föreslås även att framtida forskning bör utforska andra branscher och deras specifika behov när det gäller Big Data analytics, vilket kan bredda förståelsen inom detta område. Nyckelord: Big Data analytics, effektivare marknadsföring, kompetenser, Big Data analytics förmågor, dynamiska förmågor, marknadsrelaterade förmågor, materiella resurser, immateriella resurser, mänskliga förmågor / Summary Big Data analytics is a fascinating process that highlights the ability to extract profound insights and draw conclusions from large amounts of data. Its applications span across various industries and domains, including the kitchen industry and marketing, which this study focuses on. However, harnessing the power of Big Data analytics to understand consumer behavior and preferences can be challenging. Nevertheless, when companies provide the right resources, they can effectively optimize their marketing strategies. This study aimed to explore the specific competencies and skills that companies need to successfully handle large volumes of data, as well as how Big Data analytics can contribute to more efficient marketing in the kitchen industry. Employing an inductive research approach and conducting semi-structured interviews with four companies in the Swedish kitchen industry, the findings were linked to a theoretical framework to analyze the data and identify competencies, skills, and effects within Big Data analytics. The results underscored the importance of various competencies such as technical knowledge, data visualization, machine learning, marketing expertise, creative thinking, leadership, and communication in achieving success in Big Data analytics. The study also emphasized the crucial significance of collecting high-quality data, integrating tools, and utilizing insights to optimize marketing strategies within the kitchen industry. As a suggestion for future research, this study highlights the need to examine organizational and cultural factors that impact the potential of Big Data analytics. Additionally, it is proposed that future research should explore other industries and their specific requirements regarding Big Data analytics, thereby broadening the understanding in this field.