A partir da utilização alegórica do conto A roupa nova do imperador, construímos analogias relacionadas à sustentação: da onipotência do bebê imperativo; das ilusões criadoras e das fantasias; e dos revestimentos fantasiosos sobre uma nudez psíquica constitutiva. Nas sobreposições fantasiosas, do bebê e da parentalidade, a interação foi considerada um encontro que abre espaço para a criatividade e o ineditismo da experiência. Logo, o cuidado, sustentado pela intersubjetividade e pela intercorporalidade, atestou o potencial transformador da interação e a importância das práticas parentais realizadas cotidianamente junto ao bebê. Isto posto, tivemos como objetivos investigar: o processo de constituição das interações diádicas e triádicas entre pai, mãe e bebê; as articulações entre o material de pesquisa e os referenciais familiares contemporâneos em torno da parentalidade, com ênfase na família constituída pelo casal heterossexual; a construção de um modelo de interação triádica; e as contribuições da metodologia utilizada. Sob a fundamentação teórica da Psicanálise, com destaque para a teoria winnicottiana, e dos Estudos Psicossociais, a pesquisa foi conduzida por uma adaptação do Método Bick de Observação Infantil, no qual duas tríades (pai-mãe-bebê), provenientes da cidade de Maceió/Brasil, foram observadas por três meses (6º ao 9º mês de idade dos bebês). Foram realizadas duas entrevistas semiestruturadas com cada casal. A análise conduziu uma discussão a respeito das categorias: processos interativos e práticas de cuidado; construção narrativa de setting; e, modelos de interação diádica e triádica. Os resultados apontam: a construção de práticas de cuidado e revestimentos parentais atualizados pelo encontro com o bebê, num processo de sustentação das interações diádicas e triádicas; e interações e revestimentos parentais que exerceram um caráter de sobreposição, com predominância de processos interativos diádicos em que pai e/ou bebê ocuparam posições de terceiros separadores e/ou excluídos. Concluímos que a possibilidade de um cuidado parental igualitário sustentou a existência de um modelo de interação triádica, enquanto o cuidado exercido a partir de um referencial parental hierárquico foi associado a um modelo de interação diádica / Considering the allegorical use of the tale The Emperors New Clothes, we have made some analogies to support: the omnipotence of an imperative baby; the importance of creative illusions and fantasies; and the coating process that creates fantasy on a constitutive psychic nudity. In the overlapping fantasies of the baby and the parent couple, interaction was considered to be an encounter in which space for creativity and novelty of experience is produced. Therefore, while care is supported by intersubjectivity and intercorporeality, it attests the transformative potential of interaction and the importance of the parental practices performed daily with the baby. Based on these remarks, this study aimed at investigating: the process in which dyadic and triadic interactions between father, mother and baby are produced; the relation between research material and references concerning parenting on contemporary family, with emphasis on families with heterosexual couples; the construction of a triadic interaction model and; the contributions of the methodology used. This study was based on Psychoanalysis, with emphasis on Winnicottian theory and Psychosocial Studies. Research was conducted using an adaptation of the Bick Method of Infant Observation, in which two triads (father-mother-baby) from the city of Maceió/Brazil were observed for three months (6th to 9th month of age of the babies). Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with each couple. Analysis was conducted through the following categories: interactive processes and care practices; narrative construction of settings; and, dyadic and triadic interaction models. Results show: the construction of care practices and parental coatings updated by the encounter with the baby, in a process that supports the dyadic and triadic interactions; and parental interactions and coatings that performed an overlapping aspect, with predominance of dyadic interactive processes in which father and / or baby occupied third-party positions and/or were excluded. We conclude that the possibility of an egalitarian parental care supported the existence of a triadic interaction model, while the care achieved by an hierarchical parenting reference was related to a dyadic interaction model

Um dos principais problemas apresentados pela concepção tradicional de democracia, caracterizada pela mera competição política entre interesses ou preferências, é sua insuficiência na avaliação dos resultados políticos. Em contraposição, a idéia de uma democracia deliberativa pretende, dentre outros objetivos, fornecer uma reflexão epistêmica, na medida em que se propõe a ir além do mérito dos procedimentos democráticos, com vistas a apresentar boas razões para as escolhas públicas. Ela requer uma justificação pública que se faça por meio da argumentação pública de todos os concernidos. Essa abordagem, contudo, é comprometida por falhas relacionadas a sua postura excessivamente idealista caso entendamos os procedimentos deliberativos como discussões políticas efetivas voltadas para o consenso ou à eventual vagueza de seus parâmetros epistêmicos. Procuro defender, em sentido contrário, que critérios adequados à justificação pública podem ser encontrados na concepção política de justiça presente no liberalismo político de John Rawls. Sua proposta deve ser interpretada, em discordância com críticas correntes, como defensora da democracia e plenamente compatível com a deliberação democrática. / One of the major problems that beset the traditional conception of democracy, marked by a mere political contention of interests or preferences, is the absence of a due appraisal of political outcomes. Contrarily, the idea of deliberative democracy intends inter alia to provide an epistemic account so far as it goes beyond procedural values in order to find good reasons for a public choice. It claims a public justification by way of a public reasoning among all those concerned. This account reveals, however, shortcomings for being either too idealist if its deliberative procedures mean a public discussion whose aim is consensus or too vague whether one considers those procedures as epistemic standards. I sustain otherwise that appropriate criteria for public justification can be found in a political conception of justice supported by John Rawls political liberalism. This account is to be shown in opposition to common objections - as encouraging democracy and not inimical to democratic deliberation.

A partir da utilização alegórica do conto A roupa nova do imperador, construímos analogias relacionadas à sustentação: da onipotência do bebê imperativo; das ilusões criadoras e das fantasias; e dos revestimentos fantasiosos sobre uma nudez psíquica constitutiva. Nas sobreposições fantasiosas, do bebê e da parentalidade, a interação foi considerada um encontro que abre espaço para a criatividade e o ineditismo da experiência. Logo, o cuidado, sustentado pela intersubjetividade e pela intercorporalidade, atestou o potencial transformador da interação e a importância das práticas parentais realizadas cotidianamente junto ao bebê. Isto posto, tivemos como objetivos investigar: o processo de constituição das interações diádicas e triádicas entre pai, mãe e bebê; as articulações entre o material de pesquisa e os referenciais familiares contemporâneos em torno da parentalidade, com ênfase na família constituída pelo casal heterossexual; a construção de um modelo de interação triádica; e as contribuições da metodologia utilizada. Sob a fundamentação teórica da Psicanálise, com destaque para a teoria winnicottiana, e dos Estudos Psicossociais, a pesquisa foi conduzida por uma adaptação do Método Bick de Observação Infantil, no qual duas tríades (pai-mãe-bebê), provenientes da cidade de Maceió/Brasil, foram observadas por três meses (6º ao 9º mês de idade dos bebês). Foram realizadas duas entrevistas semiestruturadas com cada casal. A análise conduziu uma discussão a respeito das categorias: processos interativos e práticas de cuidado; construção narrativa de setting; e, modelos de interação diádica e triádica. Os resultados apontam: a construção de práticas de cuidado e revestimentos parentais atualizados pelo encontro com o bebê, num processo de sustentação das interações diádicas e triádicas; e interações e revestimentos parentais que exerceram um caráter de sobreposição, com predominância de processos interativos diádicos em que pai e/ou bebê ocuparam posições de terceiros separadores e/ou excluídos. Concluímos que a possibilidade de um cuidado parental igualitário sustentou a existência de um modelo de interação triádica, enquanto o cuidado exercido a partir de um referencial parental hierárquico foi associado a um modelo de interação diádica / Considering the allegorical use of the tale The Emperors New Clothes, we have made some analogies to support: the omnipotence of an imperative baby; the importance of creative illusions and fantasies; and the coating process that creates fantasy on a constitutive psychic nudity. In the overlapping fantasies of the baby and the parent couple, interaction was considered to be an encounter in which space for creativity and novelty of experience is produced. Therefore, while care is supported by intersubjectivity and intercorporeality, it attests the transformative potential of interaction and the importance of the parental practices performed daily with the baby. Based on these remarks, this study aimed at investigating: the process in which dyadic and triadic interactions between father, mother and baby are produced; the relation between research material and references concerning parenting on contemporary family, with emphasis on families with heterosexual couples; the construction of a triadic interaction model and; the contributions of the methodology used. This study was based on Psychoanalysis, with emphasis on Winnicottian theory and Psychosocial Studies. Research was conducted using an adaptation of the Bick Method of Infant Observation, in which two triads (father-mother-baby) from the city of Maceió/Brazil were observed for three months (6th to 9th month of age of the babies). Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with each couple. Analysis was conducted through the following categories: interactive processes and care practices; narrative construction of settings; and, dyadic and triadic interaction models. Results show: the construction of care practices and parental coatings updated by the encounter with the baby, in a process that supports the dyadic and triadic interactions; and parental interactions and coatings that performed an overlapping aspect, with predominance of dyadic interactive processes in which father and / or baby occupied third-party positions and/or were excluded. We conclude that the possibility of an egalitarian parental care supported the existence of a triadic interaction model, while the care achieved by an hierarchical parenting reference was related to a dyadic interaction model

<p>The paper explores theoretical shortcomings in the egalitarian theory by John Rawls and provides a complementary view on the problem of morally arbitrary contingencies. The conception of natural lottery, which Rawls presents to signify the starting range of morally arbitrary inequalities, falls short in philosophical grounding. According to critics, the notion of natural lottery appeals to the philosophical conception of moral luck which undermines ascription of moral responsibility. Since moral responsibility is a basic prerequisite for egalitarian justice, the appeal to morally arbitrary contingencies of the natural lottery may be self-defeating for the theory.</p><p>Criticizing Rawls’s approach to morally arbitrary contingencies Susan Hurley investigates philosophical groundings for judgment of moral responsibility. Philosophical inquiries into moral luck differentiate four categories of luck and expose the difficulties of ascription of moral responsibility for it. The conception of moral luck implies epistemological shortcomings in the rational judgment of moral responsibility. Hurley claims that ascription of moral responsibility requires another logical strategy.</p><p>The critical discussion by Norman Daniels refers to another egalitarian theory by Ronald Dworkin which suggests ascription of moral responsibility on a gradual scale. The theory divides the naturally contingent recourses into categories of brute luck and option luck. This strategy stratifies normative standards of responsibility by the criteria of individual choice and circumstances.</p><p>Considering the strategy of gradual ascription of responsibility, I suggest to apply a moral developmental perspective as an additional outlook on the moral responsibility in egalitarian theory. The theory of moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg provides an explanation of a gradual development of moral responsibility through a natural order of developmental stages. It stratifies the moral responsibility into a hierarchical model of measurement and systematizes the order of normative standards.</p>

The paper explores theoretical shortcomings in the egalitarian theory by John Rawls and provides a complementary view on the problem of morally arbitrary contingencies. The conception of natural lottery, which Rawls presents to signify the starting range of morally arbitrary inequalities, falls short in philosophical grounding. According to critics, the notion of natural lottery appeals to the philosophical conception of moral luck which undermines ascription of moral responsibility. Since moral responsibility is a basic prerequisite for egalitarian justice, the appeal to morally arbitrary contingencies of the natural lottery may be self-defeating for the theory. Criticizing Rawls’s approach to morally arbitrary contingencies Susan Hurley investigates philosophical groundings for judgment of moral responsibility. Philosophical inquiries into moral luck differentiate four categories of luck and expose the difficulties of ascription of moral responsibility for it. The conception of moral luck implies epistemological shortcomings in the rational judgment of moral responsibility. Hurley claims that ascription of moral responsibility requires another logical strategy. The critical discussion by Norman Daniels refers to another egalitarian theory by Ronald Dworkin which suggests ascription of moral responsibility on a gradual scale. The theory divides the naturally contingent recourses into categories of brute luck and option luck. This strategy stratifies normative standards of responsibility by the criteria of individual choice and circumstances. Considering the strategy of gradual ascription of responsibility, I suggest to apply a moral developmental perspective as an additional outlook on the moral responsibility in egalitarian theory. The theory of moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg provides an explanation of a gradual development of moral responsibility through a natural order of developmental stages. It stratifies the moral responsibility into a hierarchical model of measurement and systematizes the order of normative standards.

Um dos principais problemas apresentados pela concepção tradicional de democracia, caracterizada pela mera competição política entre interesses ou preferências, é sua insuficiência na avaliação dos resultados políticos. Em contraposição, a idéia de uma democracia deliberativa pretende, dentre outros objetivos, fornecer uma reflexão epistêmica, na medida em que se propõe a ir além do mérito dos procedimentos democráticos, com vistas a apresentar boas razões para as escolhas públicas. Ela requer uma justificação pública que se faça por meio da argumentação pública de todos os concernidos. Essa abordagem, contudo, é comprometida por falhas relacionadas a sua postura excessivamente idealista caso entendamos os procedimentos deliberativos como discussões políticas efetivas voltadas para o consenso ou à eventual vagueza de seus parâmetros epistêmicos. Procuro defender, em sentido contrário, que critérios adequados à justificação pública podem ser encontrados na concepção política de justiça presente no liberalismo político de John Rawls. Sua proposta deve ser interpretada, em discordância com críticas correntes, como defensora da democracia e plenamente compatível com a deliberação democrática. / One of the major problems that beset the traditional conception of democracy, marked by a mere political contention of interests or preferences, is the absence of a due appraisal of political outcomes. Contrarily, the idea of deliberative democracy intends inter alia to provide an epistemic account so far as it goes beyond procedural values in order to find good reasons for a public choice. It claims a public justification by way of a public reasoning among all those concerned. This account reveals, however, shortcomings for being either too idealist if its deliberative procedures mean a public discussion whose aim is consensus or too vague whether one considers those procedures as epistemic standards. I sustain otherwise that appropriate criteria for public justification can be found in a political conception of justice supported by John Rawls political liberalism. This account is to be shown in opposition to common objections - as encouraging democracy and not inimical to democratic deliberation.

The nature of Matthew’s community has been investigated by a number of scholars in the past and present. Currently, the debate centers on whether the Matthean community was a society with egalitarian structure consisting of equals. This study has also focused on the social structure of the Matthean community. The basic question is whether (or not) the Matthean community was an egalitarian group in an ancient advanced agrarian society in the first century Mediterranean world. If so (or if not so) does the Matthean community lack a hierarchical structure? This study suggests that the Matthean community was not an egalitarian structured society. The term “egalitarian” would not be applicable to the Matthean community, because the term “egalitarian” is a modern Western political and philosophical concept, which has its origin in the French revolutionary movement. The Matthean community was rather a socially stratified group in an ancient advanced agrarian society in the first century in the Mediterranean world. Consequently, the Matthean community was not a society with an egalitarian structure; rather, it was an inclusively structured society. This study has utilized two methodologies. Firstly, the investigation uses narrative criticism to analyse Matthew’s intention of his inclusive structured community depicted through Jesus’ inclusive ministry. This methodology considers the narrator’s point of view concerning Jesus’ ministry as he journeyed from Galilee to Jerusalem. Secondly, this research uses social scientific criticism to explore the Matthean text in order to consider Jesus’ ministry. This approach on Jesus ministry was reflected in the context of Matthew’s inclusive structure community. The Matthean community was socially mixed, consisting of Israelites and Gentiles. It was written in the years between 80 to 90 CE. The city of Antioch was the most likely setting for Matthew’s inclusive community, however hierarchically structured. A narrative point of view reading of Matthew’s story shows that Jesus was the protagonist involved in an inclusive ministry in accordance to God’s plan for the salvation of all people. The Israelite leaders are antagonistic to Jesus’ ministry, and they exclude social and religious outcasts. The disciples of Jesus help Jesus with his inclusive ministry, while the crowds help the Israelite leaders. However, there are times when the disciples do not understand Jesus’ inclusive ministry. The audience of Jesus’ inclusive ministry was the crowd. This inclusive ministry shifts from Galilee to Jerusalem and his ministry comes into conflict with the ideology of the Israelite leaders. Jesus’ focus was inclusive but the Israelite leaders were exclusive. Matthew’s depiction of Jesus’ inclusive mission completed with his death on the cross. A social scientific approach reveals that Matthew’s interpretation of Jesus’ inclusive ministry is directed to social and religious outcasts. His ministry includes sick people, sinners and tax collectors who are from the lower classes within a hierarchically structured society. Jesus’ ministry was reflected in the context of Matthew’s inclusive community. This study shows that the Matthean community was not a society with an egalitarian structure; rather, it was an inclusively structured society within a hierarchical context. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

The maleness of Christ: revelational or cultural? is a biblical-theological investigation of the significance of Christ's maleness. This thesis attempts to answer questions as to the significance and meaning ofJesus' maleness. Is the maleness of Christ revelational of God's being and character; is it foundational for the gospel; is it reflective of an ongoing created order? Is revelation and salvation impossible apart from a male redeemer? Or could Christ have been born a woman in a different time and culture? Chapter one describes the various positions and arguments: complementarian, biblical egalitarian, Christian feminist, and post-Christian feminist. Chapter two examines two related topics to the problem, namely slavery and the Sabbath. This section investigates how the church has decided, regarding other issues, what is revelational or cultural. We consider the various implications that the slavery and Sabbath debates have on our topic. Our subject relating to the significance of Christ's maleness has many interrelated concerns. In answering the questions regarding Jesus' maleness, chapter three organises much of the material under the motif of the sonship of Christ. This structure allows us to remain focused as well as interact with the differing topics affecting our concern, such as innertrinitarian relationships, the relationship between revelation and culture, the so-called subordination of the Son, the truth and status of analogy, inclusive language, and the implications of Christ as the image of God. Also included this chapter is a discussion on the relationship between Jesus and Wisdom and whether we can refer to Christ as "Daughter." The chapter concludes with a section on whether Christ's maleness either relates to an ongoing created order of male headship or allows for the transformation of patriarchy. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Systematic Theology)

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-09T13:30:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Carlos Pacheco Padilha.pdf: 953897 bytes, checksum: 8c95f65be6078f71fbf5ca2d8a3f2a45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T13:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Carlos Pacheco Padilha.pdf: 953897 bytes, checksum: 8c95f65be6078f71fbf5ca2d8a3f2a45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-22 / Nenhuma / A presente dissertação, desenvolvida no âmbito da Linha de Pesquisa Hermenêutica, Constituição e Concretização de Direitos (Linha 1), apresentada como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Mestre, pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Direito da Unidade Acadêmica de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, objetiva, com suporte na Hermenêutica, buscar alternativas para o alcance de uma política criminal igualitária, em especial diante do eterno conflito entre a eficiência e o sistema de direitos e garantias na persecução penal dos delitos econômicos. No primeiro capítulo da pesquisa foram abordados, criticamente, os argumentos utilizados para a renovada legitimação da prisão e a consequente explosão da população carcerária, a partir da seletividade da persecução penal, da formação do perfil quali(quanti)tativo da população carcerária brasileira e do abandono do ideal ressocializador. A análise de questões sociológicas e fenomenológicas relativas ao populismo punitivo - perpassando pela abordagem da sociedade de risco, do papel dos meios de comunicação e da proteção dos bens jurídicos - foram os temas analisados no segundo capítulo. No terceiro capítulo da pesquisa, foi desenvolvida uma reflexão crítica do Direito Penal Econômico, como subproduto do fenômeno da globalização, apresentando-se caminhos para a intervenção penal no enfrentamento da criminalidade econômica, em busca de uma política criminal igualitária. / This dissertation was developed within the framework of the line of research Hermeneutics, Constitution and Implementation of Rights (line 1) and presented as a requirement for obtaining the master’s degree of the Post-graduate Program in Law of the Academic Unit for Research and Graduate Studies at the University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS. With the support of Hermeneutics, it sought alternatives to reach an egalitarian criminal policy, in particular, on the eternal conflict between efficiency and the system of rights and guarantees in criminal prosecution of economic crimes. In the first chapter of this research the arguments used for the legitimation of imprisonment and the consequent increase of the prison population were critically discussed from the selectivity of criminal prosecution, formation of the quali(quanti)tative profile of the Brazilian prison population and the abandonment of the ideal resocialization agent. Sociological and phenomenological issues related to punitive populism – bypassing the approach of risk society, the role of the media and the protection of legal goods – were the topics analyzed in the second chapter. In the third chapter of the research, a critical reflection of Economic Criminal Law, as a sub-product of the globalization phenomenon presenting paths for criminal intervention in the fight against economic crime and in the search of an equalitarian criminal policy, was developed.

Leadership in an egalitarian society is a contradiction in terms. Still, a collective has to be vocal in order to gain a bargaining position, and to have its identity reflected and accepted. This is not the least true for a marginalised society like När socken, on the Swedish island of Gotland. In this farming community of some 550 inhabitants - as on Gotland in general - there are, in the conventional sense of the word, no leaders to perform this presentation. However, the concept of spokesperson is well established. They are locally defined by the use of labels, which in turn are based on descriptions or adjectives like "firebrand", "nay-sayer", "good", "balanced" etc. I propose that this way of defining spokespersons is founded on a strong egalitarian notion and is best described as a semantic field, rather than in hierarchical terms. Throughout the centuries the geographical and social base for the individual spokesperson has been the farm or ensamgård, i.e. a group of economically, jurally, ritually, as well as spatially linked homesteads. Thus, the socken of När may be described as an example of a house-based society. Successively these ensamgård have given place to more individual farms and these in turn have become linked directly with the socken as such. Presently the socken itself has ceased to exist, at least as a formal unit within the administrative set-up of Sweden. Nevertheless, locally När socken continues to act as the prime key organising symbol. As such, När socken forms the prime focus for the processes of identity formation and the most important forum for passing information, decision-making and implementation. On the one hand, the individual farms, with links of kinship, neighbourhood, co-operation, and co-ownership, constitute the basis for the formation of social ties within the socken. On the other, such ties are also established by popular participation in an astounding amount of voluntary associations as well as quite a few projects benefiting the community as a whole. These are undertakings that mobilise the absolute majority of the population. These processes have here been summarised as När’s socken-democracy. To the outsider the projects are the most obvious result of localised popular participation. From a local point of view these projects are, apart from being socially and economically significant, primarily regarded as sources of enjoyment - the satisfaction of which is considered in itself the single most important reason to participate in any collective social action. När socken is successfully represented as a thoroughly dynamic "modern" industrious and thriving community. At the same time it is regionally regarded as one of the most traditional Gotlandic farming socken with all the connotations of a warm-embracing but also somewhat backward, marginalised community. These rather contradictory rhetoric tools are successfully employed by the spokespersons as they, in unison, represent the community. However, the spokespersons of När socken are not a homogenous group with a single goal. Local solidarity obscures the fact that the presentation is based on a complex process. One can find strong urges among farmers/farms not only to be good enough (duga) but to excel at the cost of one’s neighbours, there is also a continuos competition to define what is to be the dominant local paradigm. This way of consciously devising rhetorics and keep a firm line between the community and the outside may be interpreted as a result of an expressed need to come to terms with political and economic, as well as moral marginalisation of the individual and community. Still, these rhetorics do not directly determine the ways in which the community members interact on När or vice versa. Everyday practices, be they socialising or engaging in a project, answer to a felt need to smoothen out everyday community life. The duality of a symbolically constructed rhetoric identity and local practice may be regarded as complementary ways to construct a viable collective identity in an increasingly individualised and globalised world. The combination of rhetoric and practice can be seen as answers to the expressed local concern as how to make life in the margin a feasible proposition.