Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

A obesidade surge como um distúrbio neuroendócrino, com atuação de fatores de risco ambientais e genéticos, e recentemente centenas de genes tem sido associados ao controle do peso corporal e metabolismo energético. Frente à alta incidência e prevalência de obesidade na população, empregam-se estratégias com a finalidade de elevar a eficácia de perda de peso, como por exemplo, o uso de compostos bioativos presentes nos alimentos, com destaque para 3-galato de epigalocatequina (GEGC) presente no chá verde. As dietas ricas em polifenóis apresentam efeitos antiobesogênicos, possivelmente por sua interação direta ou indireta com o tecido adiposo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a expressão de UCPs, PLIN1, PPARG2 e ADRB3 em tecido adiposo subcutâneo abdominal de mulheres com obesidade grau III antes e após oito semanas de suplementação com extrato de chá verde descafeinado e associar com variáveis antropométricas, taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR), oxidação de substratos e consumo alimentar. A amostra foi composta por 11 mulheres com obesidade grau III submetidas à suplementação de 450 mg de chá verde por oito semanas (grupo intervenção) e 10 mulheres eutróficas (grupo controle). Tratou-se de um estudo longitudinal e foram coletadas medidas antropométricas de peso e estatura para cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC); circunferência abdominal (CA); composição corporal (massa livre de gordura e massa gorda) por bioimpedância elétrica; ingestão alimentar por recordatórios de 24h, TMR por calorimetria indireta e análise de expressão gênica por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-qPCR). Após oito semanas de suplementação, o grupo intervenção não apresentou alterações nas variáveis antropométricas, de composição corporal, TMR e oxidação de substratos. Ao comparar o grupo controle e intervenção, observou-se no primeiro valores menores de IMC, CA, massa livre de gordura, massa gorda, TMR e oxidação de lipídios. Dos genes analisados, houve aumento da expressão de UCP3 após o período de suplementação (p=0,026). As análises de correlação e regressão linear mostraram que as mulheres com obesidade grau III antes da suplementação de chá verde que expressavam mais UCP2 possuíam menor peso (p=0,043) e massa gorda (p=0,045). Ainda, às que ingeriam mais calorias por dia, exibiram maior expressão de UCP2 (p=0,045). Conclui-se que a suplementação de extrato de chá verde descafeinado, por 8 semanas, em mulheres com obesidade grau III, não altera a expressão de UCP1, UCP2, PLIN1, PPARG2 e ADRB3, o que poderia explicar a manutenção das variáveis antropométricas, composição corporal, taxa metabólica de repouso e oxidação de substratos. Por outro lado, há o aumento da expressão de UCP3 após a intervenção, sugerindo um possível mecanismo de adaptação desse gene atuando na manutenção do peso. / Obesity emerges as neuroendocrine disorder, with action of environmental and genetic risk factors, and recently hundreds of genes have been associated with management of body weight and energy metabolism. As obesity rates continue to climb in population, an increased number of strategies are employed in order to improve effectiveness of weight loss, such as use of bioactive compounds in foods, especially Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) present in green tea. Polyphenol-rich foods have anti-obesogenic effects, possibly by its direct or indirect interaction with adipose tissue. This study aimed to verify expression of UCPs, PLIN1, PPARG2 and ADRB3 in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of women with obesity grade III before and after eight weeks of supplementation with decaffeinated green tea extract and associate with anthropometric, metabolic rate (RMR), substrate oxidation and energy intake. The sample consisted of 11 women with obesity grade III submitted to supplementation of 450 mg of green tea for eight weeks (intervention group) and 10 women eutrophic (control group). This was a longitudinal study and were collected anthropometric measurements of weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI); abdominal circumference (AC); body composition (fat-free mass and fat mass) by bioelectrical impedance analysis; energy intake by 24-hour dietary recalls; TMR by indirect calorimetry and gene expression analysis by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). After eight weeks of supplementation, the intervention group showed no changes in anthropometric variables, body composition, TMR and substrate oxidation. When comparing control group and intervention, is noted that first had lower values of BMI, WC, fat-free mass, fat mass, RMR and oxidation of lipids. Genetic analysis show an increased expression of UCP3 gene after the supplementation period (p = 0.026). The correlation and linear regression analysis revealed that women with obesity grade III before green tea supplementation that expressed more UCP2 had lower weight (p = 0.043) and fat mass (p = 0.045). Still, those that had higher energy intake, exhibited increased expression of UCP2 (p = 0.045). We conclude that the decaffeinated green tea extract supplementation for 8 weeks in women with obesity grade III, does not alter the expression of UCP1, UCP2, PLIN1, PPARG2 and ADRB3, which could explain maintenance of anthropometric variables, composition body, resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation. Moreover, there is increased UCP3 expression after supplementation, suggesting a possible adjustment mechanism of this gene acting in weight management.

Flavonoids are a long and well known class of natural products. Their potential health benefits can be attributed to their antioxidant activity, and modulation of cell signaling pathways. Green tea one of the most widely consumed beverages, consist of flavonoids such as catechins and tannins. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) the major catechin of green tea exhibits multiple health benefits due to its antioxidant nature. The radical scavenging activity of EGCG is attributed to its structure. Therefore, a study on molecular features of EGCG would provide valuable information on structural modifications, which may change the physiochemical properties such as bioavailability and solubility. Although flavonoids are abundant and commercially available they are difficult to purify and crystallize. In this respect, crystallizing EGCG was challenging. By exploring different techniques EGCG was crystallized. Here in this study one new form of EGCG and two solvates, acetonitrile and nitrobenzene, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The crystal structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and a detailed description of synthesis and about the supramolecular synthons that exist in these crystal forms are given.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a migratory group of bone-marrow-derived leukocytes specialized for uptake, transport, processing and presentation of antigens to T cells. Exposure of DCs to bacterial pathogens can induce DC maturation characterized by cytokine production, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules and an increased ability to activate T cells. DCs have the ability to restrict growth of L. pneumophila (Lp), an intracellular Gram-negative bacillus that causes a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease, in murine ER-derived organelles (121) but replicate in human DCs (145). Even in human cells, however, lysis of the DCs does not occur for at least 24 hours which may allow DCs time to participate in the transition from innate to adaptive immunity (145). The primary polyphenol in green tea extract is the catechin (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which accounts for most of the numerous reported biological effects of green tea catechins, including anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and neuroprotective effects. Primary murine bone marrow derived DCs from BALB/c mice were treated in vitro with Lp, or stimulated for comparison with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CD11c, considered an important marker of mouse DCs, and surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86, as well as class I/ II MHC molecules was determined by flow cytometry. Treatment of the cells with EGCG inhibited the microbial antigen induced up-regulation of CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC I/ II molecules. EGCG also inhibited, in a dose dependent manner, induced production of the Th1 helper cell activating cytokine, IL-12, and the chemokines RANTES, MIP1a, and MCP-1. However, EGCG upregulated TNFa production. In addition, EGCG inhibited both Lp and LPS induced expression of both TLR2 and TLR4 as well as LPS-induced NF-kB activation; all of which are important mediators of DC maturation. The modulation of phenotype and function of DCs by EGCG has implications for host interaction with microbial pathogens like Lp, which involve TLR interaction.

No description available.

One of the largest obstacles in drug development is to overcome solubility and bioavailability problems. Preformulation strategies such as nanoparticle formation are often employed but sometimes create new issues and are limited in their effectiveness and applications. Since the majority of drugs are marketed and sold as solid forms, drug delivery systems are not always desirable. This is where solid-state chemistry becomes important. Traditional solid-state chemistry approaches are often successful but are sometimes too restrictive and cannot be applied to certain compounds. Cocrystals have emerged as an alternative solid-state technique that can be applied to a broad range of compounds. However, the technology is still very new and its effectiveness in certain conditions had previously not been evaluated. The studies detailed herein investigated the ability of two different technology platforms for overcoming drug design challenges for two promising bioflavonoids: EGCg and quercetin. Studies have shown that EGCg might be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Quercetin is being investigated for numerous bioactivities and is currently being marketed as an energy dietary supplement. Both of these bioflavonoids exhibit poor bioavailability and water solubilities that are at opposite ends of the spectrum. In the chapters to follow, nanoparticle technology was applied to EGCg and evaluated in cell models of AΒ production, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Bioavailability improvements were also evaluated in rats. Additionally, new forms of both flavonoids were created using cocrystallization. These new cocrystals were characterized using powder and single crystal x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Solubility and bioavailability changes were also evaluated. These data have strong implications in drug development since they elucidated the strengths and weaknesses of two major technologies in compounds with different design challenges.

Endothelial inflammation is a pivotal early event in the development of atherosclerosis. Long term exposure to cardiovascular risk factors will ultimately exhaust those protective anti-inflammatory factors such as the heme oxygenase (HO) system. The HO system plays a critical role in cellular and tissue self-defense against oxidative stress and inflammation. Caveolae are membrane domains and are particularly abundant in endothelial cells, where they are believed to play a major role in the regulation of endothelial vesicular trafficking as well as the uptake of lipids and related lipophilic compounds, possibly including bioactive food components such as flavonoids. Research in this dissertation addresses the role of HO-1 and caveolae on dietary flavonoid epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) mediated protection against pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and linoleic acid-induced activation of endothelial cells. The data support the hypothesis that EGCG protects against TNF-α-induced monocyte recruitment and adhesion partially through the induction of HO-1 and bilirubin. The observed anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG are mimicked by the HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) and abolished by HO-1 gene silencing. Nrf2 is the major transcription factor of phase II antioxidant enzymes including HO-1. Results clearly show that EGCG-induced HO-1 expression and subsequent bilirubin productions are dependent on functional Nrf2. EGCG also can down-regulate the base-line level of caveolin-1. Furthermore, silencing of the caveolin-1 gene can markedly down-regulate linoleic acid-induced COX-2 and MCP-1, indicating that caveolae may be a critical platform regulating inflammatory signaling pathways. Similar to EGCG treatment, silencing of caveolin-1 can also result in the activation of Nrf2, up-regulation of HO-1 and bilirubin. This may be one of the mechanisms to explain the protection effect of caveolin-1 gene silencing against endothelial inflammation. Moreover, EGCG rapidly accumulates in caveolae, which is associated with caveolin-1 displacement from the plasma membrane towards the cytosol. Caveolin-1 gene silencing can significantly reduce the uptake of EGCG in endothelial cells within 30 min. These data suggest that caveolae may play a role in the uptake and transport of EGCG in endothelial cells. These studies provide a novel target through which EGCG functions to protect against inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.

L'hépatite C est un problème majeur de santé publique qui touche environ 160 millions de personnes dans le monde. L'agent étiologique responsable de cette maladie, le virus de l'hépatite C (HCV), est un petit virus enveloppé dont le génome est codé par un acide ribonucléique (ARN) simple brin de polarité positive. Actuellement, il n'existe aucun vaccin contre ce pathogène et les traitements utilisés sont insatisfaisants du fait de leur spécificité d'action limitée. Ainsi, afin d'établir une thérapie antivirale efficace évitant l'apparition et la sélection de mutants de résistance aux antiviraux, l'utilisation de plusieurs agents antiviraux ciblant directement la particule virale (direct acting antiviral agents ou DAAs) en combinaison est préconisée. C'est pourquoi la découverte de nouveaux DAAs à large spectre d'action ciblant diverses étapes du cycle viral infectieux est indispensable.Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons identifié un nouvel inhibiteur de l'entrée du HCV : l'épigallocatéchine-3-gallate (EGCG). Cette molécule, extraite du thé vert, inhibe l'infection des cellules par le HCV. Plus précisément, en utilisant des particules rétrovirales pseudotypées avec les glycoprotéines d'enveloppe E1 et E2 du HCV, nous avons démontré que cette catéchine naturelle, agit à une étape très précoce de l'entrée virale, indépendamment du génotype. De même, en nous servant du virus produit en culture cellulaire, nous avons montré que cette molécule agit directement sur la particule virale. Puis, par RT-PCR quantitative (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), nous avons confirmé l'inhibition de la liaison du virus à la surface cellulaire, en présence d'EGCG. Par conséquent, nos travaux suggèrent que l'EGCG interagit avec la particule virale, probablement en se liant aux glycoprotéines d'enveloppe virales, bloquant ainsi une étape initiale d'attachement entre le virus et les facteurs cellulaires présents à la surface de l'hépatocyte. Puis, en inhibant la transmission libre du virus, à l'aide, soit d'agarose, soit d'anticorps neutralisants, nous avons démontré que l'EGCG inhibe la transmission du virus de cellule à cellule. Enfin, nous avons montré que l'EGCG élimine le virus présent dans le surnageant de culture cellulaire après quatre passages successifs sur des cellules naïves.La concentration d'EGCG nécessaire pour inhiber la moitié de l'infection virale (IC50) en culture cellulaire est 11 µM. Ainsi, afin d'identifier de nouvelles molécules présentant un mode d'action similaire à celui de l'EGCG et possédant une meilleure activité antivirale, nous avons sélectionnés différentes molécules naturelles et les avons testés pour leur potentiel effet anti-HCV. C'est ainsi que le chlorure de delphinidine, une anthocyanidine, a également été identifié en tant que nouvelle molécule inhibitrice de l'entrée du HCV. De même que l'EGCG, le chlorure de delphinidine cible directement la particule virale à une étape précoce de l'entrée, indépendamment du génotype, probablement en inhibant l'attachement du virus à la surface cellulaire et sans affecter ni l'étape de réplication, ni l'étape d'assemblage/maturation. De plus, le chlorure de delphinidine présente une activité anti-HCV améliorée avec une IC50 de 3 µM.Finalement, au cours de cette thèse, nous avons identifié deux nouvelles molécules naturelles inhibant l'étape d'entrée virale du HCV. Ces molécules pourraient être utilisées comme nouveau traitement en combinaison avec d'autres DAAs et pourraient également servir d'outil afin d'étudier les mécanismes d'entrée du HCV dans l'hépatocyte.

A obesidade surge como um distúrbio neuroendócrino, com atuação de fatores de risco ambientais e genéticos, e recentemente centenas de genes tem sido associados ao controle do peso corporal e metabolismo energético. Frente à alta incidência e prevalência de obesidade na população, empregam-se estratégias com a finalidade de elevar a eficácia de perda de peso, como por exemplo, o uso de compostos bioativos presentes nos alimentos, com destaque para 3-galato de epigalocatequina (GEGC) presente no chá verde. As dietas ricas em polifenóis apresentam efeitos antiobesogênicos, possivelmente por sua interação direta ou indireta com o tecido adiposo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a expressão de UCPs, PLIN1, PPARG2 e ADRB3 em tecido adiposo subcutâneo abdominal de mulheres com obesidade grau III antes e após oito semanas de suplementação com extrato de chá verde descafeinado e associar com variáveis antropométricas, taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR), oxidação de substratos e consumo alimentar. A amostra foi composta por 11 mulheres com obesidade grau III submetidas à suplementação de 450 mg de chá verde por oito semanas (grupo intervenção) e 10 mulheres eutróficas (grupo controle). Tratou-se de um estudo longitudinal e foram coletadas medidas antropométricas de peso e estatura para cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC); circunferência abdominal (CA); composição corporal (massa livre de gordura e massa gorda) por bioimpedância elétrica; ingestão alimentar por recordatórios de 24h, TMR por calorimetria indireta e análise de expressão gênica por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-qPCR). Após oito semanas de suplementação, o grupo intervenção não apresentou alterações nas variáveis antropométricas, de composição corporal, TMR e oxidação de substratos. Ao comparar o grupo controle e intervenção, observou-se no primeiro valores menores de IMC, CA, massa livre de gordura, massa gorda, TMR e oxidação de lipídios. Dos genes analisados, houve aumento da expressão de UCP3 após o período de suplementação (p=0,026). As análises de correlação e regressão linear mostraram que as mulheres com obesidade grau III antes da suplementação de chá verde que expressavam mais UCP2 possuíam menor peso (p=0,043) e massa gorda (p=0,045). Ainda, às que ingeriam mais calorias por dia, exibiram maior expressão de UCP2 (p=0,045). Conclui-se que a suplementação de extrato de chá verde descafeinado, por 8 semanas, em mulheres com obesidade grau III, não altera a expressão de UCP1, UCP2, PLIN1, PPARG2 e ADRB3, o que poderia explicar a manutenção das variáveis antropométricas, composição corporal, taxa metabólica de repouso e oxidação de substratos. Por outro lado, há o aumento da expressão de UCP3 após a intervenção, sugerindo um possível mecanismo de adaptação desse gene atuando na manutenção do peso. / Obesity emerges as neuroendocrine disorder, with action of environmental and genetic risk factors, and recently hundreds of genes have been associated with management of body weight and energy metabolism. As obesity rates continue to climb in population, an increased number of strategies are employed in order to improve effectiveness of weight loss, such as use of bioactive compounds in foods, especially Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) present in green tea. Polyphenol-rich foods have anti-obesogenic effects, possibly by its direct or indirect interaction with adipose tissue. This study aimed to verify expression of UCPs, PLIN1, PPARG2 and ADRB3 in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of women with obesity grade III before and after eight weeks of supplementation with decaffeinated green tea extract and associate with anthropometric, metabolic rate (RMR), substrate oxidation and energy intake. The sample consisted of 11 women with obesity grade III submitted to supplementation of 450 mg of green tea for eight weeks (intervention group) and 10 women eutrophic (control group). This was a longitudinal study and were collected anthropometric measurements of weight and height to calculate body mass index (BMI); abdominal circumference (AC); body composition (fat-free mass and fat mass) by bioelectrical impedance analysis; energy intake by 24-hour dietary recalls; TMR by indirect calorimetry and gene expression analysis by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). After eight weeks of supplementation, the intervention group showed no changes in anthropometric variables, body composition, TMR and substrate oxidation. When comparing control group and intervention, is noted that first had lower values of BMI, WC, fat-free mass, fat mass, RMR and oxidation of lipids. Genetic analysis show an increased expression of UCP3 gene after the supplementation period (p = 0.026). The correlation and linear regression analysis revealed that women with obesity grade III before green tea supplementation that expressed more UCP2 had lower weight (p = 0.043) and fat mass (p = 0.045). Still, those that had higher energy intake, exhibited increased expression of UCP2 (p = 0.045). We conclude that the decaffeinated green tea extract supplementation for 8 weeks in women with obesity grade III, does not alter the expression of UCP1, UCP2, PLIN1, PPARG2 and ADRB3, which could explain maintenance of anthropometric variables, composition body, resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation. Moreover, there is increased UCP3 expression after supplementation, suggesting a possible adjustment mechanism of this gene acting in weight management.

In der Kinderherzchirurgie ist die Operation am kardiopulmonalen Bypass unter kardioplegen Herzstillstand ein Standardverfahren zur Korrektur angeborener Herzfehler. Dabei sorgt die Herz-Lungenmaschine (HLM) für die maschinelle Aufrechterhaltung von Blutfluss und Gasaustausch während des operativen Eingriffes. Dank stetiger Verbesserung von Technologie, Materialien sowie Anästhesieführung hat sich dieses Verfahren seit seiner ersten erfolgreichen Erprobung vor etwa 70 Jahren von einem hochriskanten Eingriff zu einem Standardverfahren in der Herzchirurgie mit jährlich sinkenden Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsraten entwickelt. Dennoch bleibt der Eingriff ein Risikofaktor. Durch den veränderten Blutfluss an der HLM kann es zur Minderperfusion des Organismus mit hypoxisch-ischämischen und inflammatorischen Zellschäden kommen. Das Herz erfährt aufgrund der Kardioplegie eine zusätzliche Beeinträchtigung in seiner Funktion. Klinisch können sich die zellulären Schäden je nach Schweregrad in Form von Arrhythmien, kardialen Dysfunktionen bis hin zum Herzstillstand äußern. In dieser experimentellen Studie im Ferkelmodell wurden zwei potenziell kardioprotektive Strategien untersucht, durch die jene Schäden möglicherweise verringert werden könnten. Dabei handelt es sich zum einen um eine pulsatile Flussmodulation an der Herz-Lungenmaschine statt des herkömmlichen laminaren Flusses, wodurch eine bessere Oxygenierung der Organe erreicht werden könnte. Weiterhin soll eine pharmakologisch-therapeutische Möglichkeit zur Verringerung der oxidativen Zellschäden untersucht werden. Hierfür wurde Epigallocatechingallat gewählt. Dieses Polyphenol ist im grünen Tee enthalten und gilt als effektiver Radikalfänger sowie antiapoptotischer Wirkstoff. Ziel ist es festzustellen, in welchem Maße hypoxisch-ischämische und apoptotische Zellschäden nach Anwendung der HLM auftreten und inwiefern diese durch pulsatile Perfusion oder EGCG-Gabe beeinflussbar sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurden 5 Versuchsgruppen mit jeweils 6- 9 Ferkeln der Rasse Angler-Sattelschwein im Alter von ca. 4 Wochen und einem Gewicht zwischen 8-15 kg gebildet: „Kontrollgruppe“, „Kontrollgruppe + EGCG“, Versuchsgruppe „HLM laminar', Versuchsgruppe „HLM laminar + EGCG“ und Versuchsgruppe „HLM pulsatil“. Der operative Versuchsteil wurde nach einem einheitlichen OP-Protokoll unter moderater Hypothermie (28°C) mit 90-minütigem kardiopulmonalem Bypass, 30 min Reperfusionszeit und 90-minütiger Rekonvaleszenzzeit durchgeführt. Es kam die HLM vom Typ Stöckert SIII zum Einsatz, die sowohl pulsatilen als auch laminaren Blutfluss generieren kann. Den EGCG-Gruppen wurde zu zwei Zeitpunkten 10 mg/kg EGCG i.v. verabreicht. Die postoperativen Untersuchungen bestanden aus immunhistochemischen Färbungen des Herzgewebes auf hypoxisch-ischämische und apoptotische Marker (HIF-1α, AIF, Nitrotyrosin, cleaved Caspase 3, PAR, TNFα). Weiterhin wurde mittels Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) der Gehalt an energiereichen Phosphaten und deren Abbauprodukten (ATP, AMP, ADP) gemessen. Das intraoperative Kreislaufmonitoring wurde dokumentiert. Zur Verlaufsbestimmung von Parametern des Blutbildes und der klinischen Blutchemie wurde zu drei Zeitpunkten während der Operation Blut entnommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass alle immunhistochemischen Marker in der Gruppe „HLM laminar“ am höchsten waren und belegen das Vorkommen hypoxischer, inflammatorischer und apoptotischer Stoffwechselprozesse unter Nutzung der laminaren HLM. Bei pulsatiler Perfusion wurde signifikant weniger TNFα, Caspase 3, PAR sowie Nitrotyrosin nachgewiesen und die zellulären Energiereserven (ATP/ ADP + AMP) im Myokard waren höher. Vermutlich wurde durch das veränderte Flussmuster eine bessere Gewebsoxygenierung gewährleistet. Unter EGCG-Gabe war die Expression von HIF-1α, AIF, Nitrotyrosin, TNFα und PAR signifikant vermindert. Somit ist anzunehmen, dass EGCG toxische Metabolite (ROS/ RNS) neutralisierte und gleichzeitig apoptotische Zellschäden verringerte. Beide untersuchten Strategien zeigten kardioprotektive Wirkung, da sie in die pathophysiologischen Stoffwechselwege von Ischämie/Reperfusion und Apoptose eingriffen und in der Lage waren, zelluläre Schäden zu vermindern. Die Ergebnisse sind für die Kardioprotektion in der Kinderkardiologie von Bedeutung, da sie effektive therapeutische Möglichkeiten darstellen könnten, die ischämischen Zellschäden zu verringern und somit die klinischen Folgen für das Herz zu reduzieren.:Inhaltsverzeichnis ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 2.1 ANWENDUNG DER HERZ-LUNGENMASCHINE 2.1.1 Entwicklung der Herz-Lungenmaschine- ein historischer Überblick 2.1.2 Aufbau der Herz-Lungenmaschine und Indikation für deren Einsatz 2.1.3 Besonderheiten der pädiatrischen Kardiochirurgie 2.1.4 Bedeutung der Herz-Lungenmaschine in der Veterinärmedizin 2.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGIE DER HERZ-LUNGENMASCHINE 2.2.1 Häufige postoperative Komplikationen 2.2.2 Entzündungsreaktion 2.2.2.1 SIRS 2.2.2.2 Körpereigene Abwehrmechanismen 2.2.2.3 Störung der Hämostase 2.2.3 Ischämie-Reperfusionsschaden 2.2.4 Zelltod 2.3 KARDIOPROTEKTIVE STRATEGIEN 2.3.1 Perioperative Maßnahmen 2.3.2 Pulsatile Perfusion 2.3.3 Pharmakologische Kardioprotektion mit Epigallogatechingallat (EGCG) 2.4 HYPOXIE-, ENTZÜNDUNGS- UND APOPTOSEMARKER ZUR ANALYSE 2.4.1 Entzündungsmarker 2.4.2 Marker für Hypoxie und oxidativen Stress 2.4.3 Apoptosemarker 2.5 FRAGESTELLUNG 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODEN 3.1 VERSUCHSDURCHFÜHRUNG 3.1.1 Versuchstiere und Versuchsgruppen 3.1.2 Anästhesie und OP-Durchführung 3.1.2.1 Prämedikation und Narkoseeinleitung 3.1.2.2 Narkose 3.1.2.3 Monitoring 3.1.2.4 Versuchsablauf 3.1.3 Extrakorporale Zirkulation und Kardioplegie 3.1.3.1 Aufbau der HLM 3.1.3.2 Operativer Zugang und Kanülierung des Herzens 3.1.3.3 Vorbereitung der HLM 3.1.3.4 Herbeiführung der Kardioplegie 3.1.3.5 Durchführung der extrakorporalen Zirkulation 3.2 POSTOPERATIVE UNTERSUCHUNGEN 3.2.1 Probenentnahme und –aufbereitung 3.2.2 Histologische Färbung 3.2.3 Immunhistochemische Färbungen 3.2.3.1 Entparaffinierung und Rehydrierung 3.2.3.2 Permeabilisierung 3.2.3.3 Blocken der endogenen Bindungsstellen 3.2.3.4 Antikörper- Inkubation 3.2.3.5 Kernfärbung 3.2.3.6 Negativkontrollen 3.2.4 Mikroskopie 3.2.5 Auswertung 3.2.6 Blutwerte 3.2.7 RP-HPLC 3.3 STATISTISCHE AUSWERTUNG 4 ERGEBNISSE 4.1 ERGEBNISSE DER BLUTPROBEN UND NARKOSE- ÜBERWACHUNG 4.2 ERGEBNISSE DER IMMUNHISTOCHEMIE 4.2.1 HIF-1α-Färbung 4.2.2 AIF-Färbung 4.2.3 Nitrotyrosin-Färbung 4.2.4 TNFα-Färbung 4.2.5 PAR-Färbung 4.2.6 cC3-Färbung 4.3 ERGEBNISSE DER RP-HPLC 5 DISKUSSION 5.1 MODELLBETRACHTUNG 5.2 EINFLUSS DER HLM AUF DAS HERZGEWEBE 5.3 LAMINARE VS. PULSATILE PERFUSION DER HLM 5.4 EINFLUSS VON EGCG 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 7 SUMMARY 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 9 ANHANG 9.1 ANGABEN ZU MEDIKAMENTEN UND OP-MATERIAL 9.2 GERÄTE UND ZUBEHÖR FÜR DIE POSTOPERATIVEN UNTERSUCHUNGEN 9.3 HERSTELLUNGSPROTOKOLLE UND ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER LÖSUNGEN FÜR DIE HISTOLOGIE UND IMMUNHISTOCHEMIE 9.3.1 Formalinfixierung nach LILLIE 9.3.2 Vollautomatische Paraffineinbettung 9.4 ZUBEHÖR FÜR DIE RP-HPLC 9.5 HPLC- PROTOKOLL FÜR DIE VORBEREITUNG DER HPLC-QUANTIFIZIERUNG METABOLISCHER KOMPONENTEN IM HERZGEWEBE 9.6 AUSWERTUNG 9.7 ANTIKÖRPER UND FÄRBEPROTOKOLLE DER IMMUNHISTOCHEMIE 9.7.1 Färbeprotokoll HIF-1α 9.7.2 Färbeprotokoll AIF 9.7.3 Färbeprotokoll Nitrotyrosin 9.7.4 Färbeprotokoll TNFα 9.7.5 Färbeprotokoll PAR 9.7.6 Färbeprotokoll cC3 9.7.7 Färbeprotokoll HE 9.8 TABELLEN UND ABBILDUNGEN 10 DANKSAGUNG