Ce travail porte sur l'optimisation de la géométrie de chambre réverbérante en s'inspirant du concept de cavité chaotique. Les chambres réverbérantes (RC) sont de plus en plus utilisées comme moyen de test de compatibilité électromagnétique. Elles sont utilisées au-delà d'une fréquence minimale à parti de laquelle les champs sont, dans le volume central de la cavité, statistiquement homogènes et isotropes ; l'obtention de ces propriétés statistiques nécessite l'utilisation d'un mécanisme de brassage, pouvant être mécanique ou électronique. Or, dans les cavités chaotiques, la plupart des modes sont associés à des champs statistiquement homogènes et isotropes, et ceci sans avoir recours à aucun brassage. C'est pourquoi un rapprochement entre chambres réverbérantes et cavités chaotiques a été fait dans ce travail.En premier lieu, nous nous intéressons à des cavités chaotiques 2D obtenues par des modifications successives d'une cavité rectangulaire. Les mesures effectuées dans ces cavités à l'aide d'une théorie perturbative, validées par des résultats de simulation, montrent qu'un champ électrique homogène est obtenu. Les principes retenus pour modifier la géométrie de la cavité rectangulaire seront repris dans les cavités 3D.Les propriétés de trois cavités 3D obtenues en modifiant une cavité parallélépipédique sont étudiées et comparées à celles d'une chambre réverbérante classique munie d'un brasseur de modes. Les modes propres et fréquences de résonance sont déterminés pour ces quatre cavités à l'aide du logiciel HFSS d'Ansoft, tout d'abord en considérant des cavités de géométrie figée, puis en y incluant un brassage mécanique.L'étude de l'homogénéité et de l'isotropie des modes propres montre clairement que les meilleures performances sont obtenues pour une des cavités chaotiques proposées, et ceci quels que soient les critères utilisés.Par ailleurs, il est montré que, dans la chambre réverbérante classique, un grand nombre de modes présente une forte localisation spatiale de l'énergie électrique, alors que ce phénomène ne se produit pas dans la cavité chaotique retenue. Ce phénomène, non détectable par les mesures classiquement effectuées en chambre réverbérante, est dommageable à l'obtention des propriétés d'homogénéité et d'isotropie requises dans le volume de travail.Enfin, l'étude de la distribution des écarts entre fréquences de résonance montre, comme prédit par la Théorie des Matrices Aléatoire, une concordance entre le suivi de la loi asymptotique prévue dans une cavité chaotique et les propriétés d'homogénéité et d'isotropie des champs. Ceci ouvre la voie vers l'utilisation de critères de caractérisation basés sur les fréquences de résonance et non plus uniquement sur les distributions des champs / This work deals with the optimization of the geometry of a reverberation chamber, drawing inspiration from the concept of chaotic cavity. Reverberation chambers, widely used for electromagnetic compatibility tests, are used above a minimal frequency from which the fields are statistically isotropic and uniform; however to respect these properties, a mode stirring process is necessary, that can be mechanical or electronic. As, in chaotic cavities, most modes are isotropic and uniform without the help of any stirring process, we take advantage of the knowledge gained from the studies of chaotic cavities to optimize reverberation chamber behavior.We firstly consider 2D chaotic cavities obtained by modifying a rectangular cavity. Measurements besed on a perturbative approch, and validated by simulations, show uniformly distributed electric fields. Similar geometrical modifications are then proposed in 3D.Three 3D different geometries of cavities obtained from a 3D rectangular cavity are then studied, and their properties are compared with those of a classical reverberation chamber equipped witdh a mode stirrer. Eigenmodes and resonant frequencies are determined numerically using Ansoft HFSS software, first by considering fixed cavity geometries, then by moving the stirrer.Electric field uniformity and isotropy are studied using several criteria; all of them clearly show that the best performances are attained within one of the proposed chaotic cavities.Moreover, a strong energy localization effect appears for numerous modes in the classical reverberation chamber, whereas it is not observed in the proposed 3D chaotic cavity. This effect, never reported in reverberation chamber studies, affects the field uniformity and isotropy within the working volume.The cavities properties are also compared width respect to their eigenfrequency spacing distributions. As predicted by the Random matrix Theory, the best agrement width the asymptotic law associated to chaotic cavities corresponds to the best field properties in terms of uniformity and isotropy. It leads to the proposal of reverberation chamber characterization criteria based on resonant frequencies instead of field distributions

This thesis deals with the Navier-Stokes equations for real, compressible fluid with first and second viscosity. The method of expansion into a series of eigenmodes of vibration is chosen to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. The general relations of the expansion coefficients and the eigenmode shapes are given for 1D-, 2D- and 3D-flows. The specific formulae of eigenmodes of vibration are determined only for 1D-flow. The final form of the pressure function is analysed using Matlab software.

This thesis exploits so called “Optical Eigenmodes” (OEi) in the focal plane of an optical system. The concept of OEi is introduced and the OEi operator approach is outlined, for which quadratic measures of the light field are expressed as real eigenvalues of an Hermitian operator. As an example, the latter is employed to locally minimise the width of a focal spot. The limitations of implementing these spots with state of the art spatial beam shaping technique are explored and a selected spot with a by 40 % decreased core width is used to confocally scan an in focus pair of holes, delivering a two-point resolution enhanced by a factor of 1.3. As a second application, OEi are utilised for fullfield imaging. Therefore they are projected onto an object and for each mode a complex coupling coefficient describing the light-sample interaction is determined. The superposition of the OEi weighted with these coefficients delivers an image of the object. Compared to a point-by-point scan of the sample with the same number of probes, i.e. scanning points, the OEi image features higher spatial resolution and localisation of object features, rendering OEi imaging a compressive imaging modality. With respect to a raster scan a compression by a factor four is achieved. Compared to ghost imaging as another fullfield imaging method, 2-3 orders of magnitude less probes are required to obtain similar images. The application of OEi for imaging in transmission as well as for fluorescence and (surface enhanced) Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated. Finally, the applicability of the OEi concept for the coherent control of nanostructures is shown. For this, OEi are generated with respect to elements on a nanostructure, such as nanoantennas or nanopads. The OEi can be superimposed in order to generate an illumination of choice, for example to address one or multiple nanoelements with a defined intensity. It is shown that, compared to addressing such elements just with a focussed beam, the OEi concept reduces illumination crosstalk in addressing individual nanoelements by up to 70 %. Furthermore, a fullfield aberration correction is inherent to experimentally determined OEi, hence enabling addressing of nanoelements through turbid media.

The future fusion power plants that are based on magnetic confinement will deal with plasmas that inevitably contain energetic (non-thermal) particles. These particles come, for instance, from fusion reactions or from external heating of the plasma. Ensembles of energetic ions can excite eigenmodes in the Alfvén frequency range to such an extent that the resulting wave fields redistribute the energetic ions, and potentially eject them from the plasma. The redistribution of ions may cause a substantial reduction of heating efficiency. Understanding the dynamics of such instabilities is necessary to optimise the operation of fusion experiments and of future fusion power plants. Two models have been developed to simulate the interaction between energetic ions and Alfvén eigenmodes. One is a bump-on-tail model, of which two versions have been developed: one fully nonlinear and one quasilinear. The quasilinear version has a lower dimensionality of particle phase space than the nonlinear one. Unlike previous similar studies, the bump-on-tail model contains a decorrelation of the wave-particle phase in order to model stochasticity of the system. When the characteristic time scale for macroscopic phase decorrelation is similar to or shorter than the time scale of nonlinear wave-particle dynamics, the nonlinear and the quasilinear descriptions quantitatively agree. A finite phase decorrelation changes the growth rate and the saturation amplitude of the wave mode in systems with an inverted energy distribution around the wave-particle resonance. Analytical expressions for the correction of the growth rate and the saturation amplitude have been derived, which agree well with numerical simulations. A relatively weak phase decorrelation also diminishes frequency chirping events of the eigenmode. The second model is called FOXTAIL, and it has a wider regime of validity than the bump-on-tail model. FOXTAIL is able to simulate systems with multiple eigenmodes, and it includes effects of different individual particle orbits relative to the wave fields. Simulations with FOXTAIL and the nonlinear bump-on-tail model have been compared in order to determine the regimes of validity of the bump-on-tail model quantitatively. Studies of two-mode scenarios confirmed the expected consequences of a fulfillment of the Chirikov criterion for resonance overlap. The influence of ICRH on the eigenmode-energetic ion system has also been studied, showing qualitatively similar effects as seen by the presence of phase decorrelation. Another model, describing the efficiency of fast wave current drive, has been developed in order to study the influence of passive components close to the antenna, in which currents can be induced by the antenna generated wave field. It was found that the directivity of the launched wave, averaged over model parameters, was lowered by the presence of passive components in general, except for low values of the single pass damping of the wave, where the directivity was slightly increased, but reversed in the toroidal direction. / De framtida fusionskraftverken baserade på magnetisk inneslutning kommer att hantera plasmor som oundvikligen innehåller energetiska (icke-termiska) partiklar. Dessa partiklar kommer exempelvis från fusionsreaktioner eller från externa uppvärmningsmekanismer av plasmat. Ensembler av energetiska joner kan excitera egenmoder i Alfvén-frekvensområdet i en sådan utsträckning att de resulterande vågfälten omfördelar de energetiska jonerna i rummet, och potentiellt slungar ut jonerna ur plasmat. Omfördelningen av joner kan orsaka en väsentligen minskad uppvärmningseffekt. Det är nödvändigt att förstå dynamiken hos denna typ av instabilitet för att kunna optimera verkningsgraden hos experiment och hos framtida fusionskraftverk. Två modeller har utvecklats för att simulera interaktionen mellan energetiska joner och Alfvén-egenmoder. Den första är en bump-on-tail-modell, av vilken två versioner har utvecklats: en fullt icke-linjär och en kvasi-linjär. I den kvasi-linjära versionen har partiklarnas fasrum en lägre dimensionalitet än i den icke-linjära versionen. Till skillnad från tidigare liknande studier innehåller denna bump-on-tail-modell en dekorrelation av våg-partikelfasen för att modellera stokasticitet hos systemet. När den karakteristiska tidsskalan för makroskopisk fasdekorrelation är ungefär samma som eller kortare än tidsskalan för icke-linjär våg-partikeldynamik så stämmer den icke-linjära och den kvasi-linjära beskrivningen överens kvantitativt. En ändlig fasdekorrelation förändrar vågmodens tillväxthastighet och satureringsamplitud i system med en inverterad energifördelning omkring våg-partikelresonansen. Analytiska uttryck för korrektionen av tillväxthastigheten och satureringsamplituden har härletts, vilka stämmer väl överens med numeriska simuleringar. En relativt svag fasdekorrelation försvagar även "frequency chirping events" (snabba frekvensskiftningar i korttids-Fourier-transformen av egenmodens amplitudutveckling) hos egenmoden. Den andra modellen, kallad FOXTAIL, har ett mycket bredare giltighetsområde än bump-on-tail-modellen. FOXTAIL kan simulera system med flera egenmoder, och den inkluderar effekter av olika enskilda partikelbanor relativt vågfälten. Simuleringar med FOXTAIL och med bump-on-tail-modellen har jämförts för att kvantitativt bestämma bump-on-tail-modellens giltighetsområde. Studier av scenarier med två egenmoder bekräftar de förväntade effekterna av när Chirikov-kriteriet för resonansöverlapp uppfylls. Även inflytandet av ICRH på dynamiken mellan egenmoder och energetiska joner har studerats, vilket har visat kvalitativt liknande effekter som har observerats i närvaron av fasdekorrelation. En annan modell, vilken beskriver effektiviteten hos "fast wave current drive" (strömdrivning med snabba magnetosoniska vågor), har utvecklats för att studera inflytandet av passiva komponenter nära antennen, i vilka strömmar kan induceras av vågfälten som genereras av antennen. Det visades att den utskickade vågens direktivitet, medelvärdesbildat över modellparametrar, generellt sett minskade vid närvaron av passiva komponenter, förutom vid låg "sinlge pass damping" (dämpning av vågen vid propagering genom hela plasmat), då direktiviteten istället ökade något, men bytte tecken i toroidal riktning. / <p>QC 20160927</p>

This thesis concerns heating and current drive in tokamak plasmas using the fast magnetosonic wave in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies. Fast wave heating is a versatile heating method for thermonuclear fusion plasmas and can provide both ion and electron heating and non-inductive current drive. Predicting and interpreting realistic heating scenarios is however difficult due to the coupled evolution of the cyclotron resonant ion velocity distributions and the wave field. The SELFO code, which solves the coupled wave equation and Fokker-Planck equation for cyclotron resonant ion species in a self-consistent manner, has been upgraded to allow the study of more advanced fast wave heating and current drive scenarios in present day experiments and in preparation for the ITER tokamak. Theoretical and experimental studies related to fast wave heating and current drive with emphasis on fast ion effects are presented. Analysis of minority ion cyclotron current drive in ITER indicates that the use of a hydrogen minority rather than the proposed helium-3 minority results in substantially more efficient current drive. The parasitic losses of power to fusion born alpha particles and beam injected ions are concluded to be acceptably low. Experiments performed at the JET tokamak on polychromatic ion cyclotron resonance heating and on fast wave electron current drive are presented and analysed. Polychromatic heating is demonstrated to increase the bulk plasma ion to electron heating ratio, in line with theoretical expectations, but the fast wave electron current drive is found to be severely degraded by parasitic power losses outside of the plasma. A theoretical analysis of parasitic power losses at radio frequency antennas indicates that the losses can be significantly increased in scenarios with low wave damping and with narrow antenna spectra, such as in electron current drive scenarios. / QC 20100506

Bragg scattering of optical waves in thick gratings at extreme angles, where the scattered wave propagates parallel (extremely asymmetric scattering - EAS) or nearly parallel (grazing angle scattering - GAS) to the grating boundaries, is associated with many unique and practically important resonant phenomena. It has been demonstrated that one of the main physical mechanisms for these resonant phenomena is the diffractional divergence of the scattered wave inside and outside the grating region. This thesis fills the gaps in the theoretical and experimental understanding of Bragg scattering in gratings at extreme angles by investigating EAS and GAS in structures where diffractional divergence of waves is significantly affected by anisotropy and/or non-uniformities of the dielectric permittivity. Unusually high sensitivity of wave scattering in thick periodic gratings to small step-like variations of mean structural parameters at the grating boundaries is predicted and described for the case when the scattered wave (the +1 diffracted order) propagates almost parallel to the front grating boundary (the geometry of GAS). A unusual pattern of strong multiple resonances for bulk electromagnetic waves is predicted and analysed numerically in thick periodic holographic gratings in a guiding slab with mean permittivity that is greater than that of the surrounding media. It is demonstrated that these resonances are related to resonant generation of a new type of eigenmodes in a thick slab with a periodic grating. These eigenmodes are generically related to the grating -- they do exist not if the grating amplitude is zero. A new type of resonant coupling of bulk radiation into the conventional guided modes of a slab with a thick holographic grating is predicted and explained theoretically. It occurs in the presence of strong frequency detunings of the Bragg condition by means of interaction of the strongly non-eigen +1 diffracted order with the slab-grating boundaries. Therefore, it is only in the presence of step-like variations of the mean permittivity at the grating boundaries that this type of resonant coupling can occur. A new method for the analysis of EAS and GAS in anisotropic gratings is developed. This method is based on the consideration of the diffractional divergence of the scattered wave and the two-wave approximation in anisotropic gratings. Special efforts are focused on the analysis of EAS and GAS of extraordinary waves in uniaxial gratings. In particular, it is demonstrated that increasing curvature of the normal surface in the direction of propagation of the scattered wave results in increase of its diffraction divergence and the resonant amplitude. A theoretical model is developed for comparison of the theoretical predictions with data obtained from experimental observations of EAS in a holographic grating written in a photorefractive medium. The developed model is applied for the interpretation of experimental observations of EAS in BaTiO3 photorefractive crystals. Good agreement with the theoretical predictions is demonstrated.

Dans cette thèse, les propriétés d'une nanoparticule unique ont été réglée en modifiant son environnement.Plus spécifiquement, dans la première partie de ce travail, la résonance des plasmons de surface des nanobipyramides d'or individuelles a été étudié expérimentalement dans un milieu sous pression contrôlable et son évolution encadré par modélisations théoriques.Afin d'accéder à l'optique d'une nanoparticule unique tout en générant un environnement sous haute-pression, la combinaison de la spectroscopie par modulation spatial avec la cellule en enclume de diamant a été atteint.Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, les vibrations acoustiques des nanodisques d'or individuels sur a substrat en saphir ont été caractérisé expérimentalement via spectroscopie pump&probe. Une attention particulière a été accordée à leur amortissement en fonction du rapport d'aspect des disques en soulignant la présence des amplifications en factor de qualité.Modélisations numériques ont fourni un aperçu des amplifications observées, montrant que l'hybridations entre modes se produit pour rapport d'aspect spécifiques, potentiellement en atténuant les pertes en énergie acoustique à travers l'interface disque/substrat / In this thesis, the properties of a single nanoparticle have been tuned altering its environment. Specifically, in the first part of this work, the surface plasmon resonance of individual gold nanobipyramids has been experimentally studied under a pressure adjustable surrounding and its evolution physically framed thorough theoretical modeling.In order to access to the single nanoparticle optics while generating a hydrostatic high-pressure environment, a challenging combination of the spatial modulation spectroscopy technique with the diamond anvil cell method has been achieved.In the second part of the thesis, the acoustic vibrations of individual gold nanodisks on sapphire substrate has been experimentally characterized via pump&probe spectroscopy. Particular attention has been paid to their damping as a function of the disks aspect-ratio enlightening the presence of quality-factors enhancements.Numeric modeling has provided a physical insight for the observed amplifications, showing that modes hybridizations occur at specific aspect-ratios, potentially reducing the acoustic energy loss towards the interface disk/substrate

This thesis deals with study of dynamics of the swirling flow. The swirling flow occurs frequently in hydraulic machinery (e.g., vortex rope in draft tube of the hydraulic turbine) and often influences operation of these machines. For this reason, sufficient knowledge regarding this characteristic flow is necessary for subsequent improvement of hydraulic machines. The theoretical part of this thesis contains description of flow instabilities and their manifestations, notably Kármán vortex street and vortex rope. In the next part, two methods are applied to these two transient flows in order to identify their specific dynamic properties. The first method, Fourier transform, enables to find frequencies of transient flow. The second method, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), enables to identify planar or spatial eigenmodes of a specific swirling flow. Proper orthogonal decomposition is used in this thesis to identify planar eigenmodes of Kármán vortex street and spatial eigenmodes of vortex rope.

Experiments for the development of fusion power that are based on magnetic confinement deal with plasmas that inevitably contain energetic (non-thermal) particles. These particles come e.g. from fusion reactions or from external heating of the plasma. Ensembles of energetic ions can excite plasma waves in the Alfvén frequency range to such an extent that the resulting wave fields redistribute the energetic ions, and potentially eject them from the plasma. The redistribution of ions may cause a substantial reduction heating efficiency, and it may damage the inner walls and other components of the vessel. Understanding the dynamics of such instabilities is necessary to optimise the operation of fusion experiments and of future fusion power plants. A Monte Carlo model that describes the nonlinear wave-particle dynamics in a toroidal plasma has been developed to study the excitation of the abovementioned instabilities. A decorrelation of the wave-particle phase is added in order to model stochasticity of the system (e.g. due to collisions between particles). Based on the nonlinear description with added phase decorrelation, a quasilinear version of the model has been developed, where the phase decorrelation has been replaced by a quasilinear diffusion coefficient in particle energy. When the characteristic time scale for macroscopic phase decorrelation becomes similar to or shorter than the time scales of nonlinear wave-particle dynamics, the two descriptions quantitatively agree on a macroscopic level. The quasilinear model is typically less computationally demanding than the nonlinear model, since it has a lower dimensionality of phase space. In the presented studies, several effects on the macroscopic wave-particle dynamics by the presence of phase decorrelation have been theoretically and numerically analysed, e.g. effects on the growth and saturation of the wave amplitude, and on the so called frequency chirping events with associated hole-clump pair formation in particle phase space. Several effects coming from structures of the energy distribution of particles around the wave-particle resonance has also been studied. / <p>QC 20150330</p>

Ce travail de recherche traite du couplage entre un liquide incompressible, irrotationnel et son contenant : une structure élastique. Cette interaction fluide-structure est traitée dans le cadre des petites déformations autour d'un état d'équilibre.Dans un premier temps, on présente une méthode d'introduction des sources dissipatives visqueuses dans le liquide à partir des équations du système couplé conservatif en s'appuyant sur une approche de type fluide potentiel généralement utilisée pour traiter les problèmes de couplage fluide-structure linéarisés non amortis. Un modèle d'amortissement diagonal est alors choisi pour le liquide et les effets dissipatifs de celui-ci sont pris en compte en calculant les coefficients d'amortissement modaux. Seuls les effets dissipatifs liées à la viscosité du liquide sont alors pris en compte. Le système couplé dissipatif obtenu possède une matrice d'amortissement non symétrique. Une résolution de ce système à amortissement non classique est alors présentée et les expressions des réponses fréquentielle et temporelle linéarisées sont données pour différents types d'excitations.Dans un deuxième temps, le liquide est supposé non visqueux et les forces de tension surfacique sont prises en compte. Cette configuration concerne principalement les satellites où le système couplé est en situation de microgravité. Une formulation du problème conservatif permettant de prendre en compte l'incompressibilité du fluide, la condition de continuité à l'interface fluide structure, les effets de capillarité du fluide ainsi que les effets éventuels de précontraintes statiques est alors établie. On se propose pour cela d'utiliser une méthode énergétique via le Principe de Moindre Action. La démarche est alors décomposée en deux étapes : une étude statique afin de déterminer la position de référence, puis une étude dynamique linéarisée autour de cette position d'équilibre. Cette formulation forme notamment une base pour l'introduction des sources dissipatives liées aux effets de capillarité via la méthode précédemment introduite. / This study deals with the coupling between an incompressible, irrotational fluid and an elastic container in the context of small amplitude vibrations.Firstly, we present a method to introduce the viscous dissipative sources in the liquid directly from the equations of the conservative coupled problem using a fluid potential approach generally used to treat linear undamped problems. A diagonal damping model is chosen for the liquid and its dissipative effects are taken into account through modal damping coefficients. Only the viscous effects are considered here. The coupled system obtained has a non symmetric damping matrix. This system with non classical damping is solved and expressions of the frequency and linearized time responses are given for different load examples.Secondly, the liquid is supposed to be inviscid and surface tension forces are considered. This configuration is related to satellite applications where the coupled system is in microgravity conditions. A unified formulation of the conservative problem taking into account the fluid incompressibility, the contact condition at the fluid structure interface, capillarity and prestress effects is given. Thus, we propose to use an energy method via the Least Action Principle. The reasoning is then divided into two parts: a static study to determine the reference state and a linearized dynamic study around this equilibrium state. This formulation is a good framework to introduce the dissipative sources associated with the capillary effects by using the method previously introduced.