Esta tese apresenta um algoritmo capaz de detectar eventos que afetam a qualidade de energia e quantificar níveis de distorção harmônica utilizando poucos recursos de processamento. A carga de processamento reduzida é compatível com os processadores utilizados em medidores de faturamento monofásicos de baixo custo. Outros métodos de detecção, que exigem maior capacidade de processamento, podem comprometer o funcionamento destes medidores. O algoritmo proposto utiliza o sinal monofásico amostrado e gera sinais equivalentes a um sistema polifásico virtual capaz de detectar variações de tensão de curta duração e transitórios oscilatórios de baixa frequência. Distorções harmônicas presentes no sinal amostrado podem ser quantificadas em grupos, como múltiplos do número de fases virtuais criadas. São apresentados os algoritmos utilizados e os resultados obtidos com simulações para conversões A/D de 10 e 12 bits. O algoritmo foi testado com um processador de baixo custo com conversor A/D de 10 bits e seus resultados são comparados com as simulações. / This thesis presents an algorithm able to detect events that affect power quality and quantify levels of harmonic distortion using few memory and low processing resources. The reduced processing load is compatible with processors used in low-cost single-phase billing meters. Other detection methods, which require greater processing power, may compromise those meters operations. The proposed algorithm uses the phase sampled signal and generates a virtual equivalent polyphase system, capable of detecting voltage sags, swell and low frequency oscillatory transient signals. The harmonic distortion present in the sampled signal can be quantified in groups, related with the number of virtual phases created. The algorithms were simulated with 10 and 12 bits A/D and the results obtained are shown. A test meter, based on a low-cost processor with a 10 bits A/D converter, was programmed with this algorithm and its results are compared with simulations.

Orientador: José Antonio Siqueira Dias / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T18:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BiazonFilho_AlcinoJose_D.pdf: 3212736 bytes, checksum: 5eb7bde925a233493806c588f3c39cfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Sensores de fibra óptica são imunes à interferência eletromagnética (EMI), e são uma excelente escolha para ser usado em ambientes eletricamente ruidosos aplicações em sensoriamento remoto, incluindo aeroespacial, ferroviário equipamentos de segurança militar e em linhas de alta tensão. Outras vantagens incluem o fato de que eles são compactos, leves e os sinais de medição podem ser transmitidos a distâncias muito grandes (da ordem de km). Os interrogadores convencionais para redes de Bragg (FBG) do sensor são equipamentos de custo elevado e não pode ser utilizado em aplicações de baixo custo. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma nova técnica de interrogação robusta e de baixo custo que apresenta uma boa precisão. A técnica, que utiliza um circuito de retroalimentação eletrônico para estabilizar o ponto de operação DC das grades de Bragg, permite a medição simultânea de ambos sinais AC e DC. Um protótipo do interrogador proposto foi projetado e implementado. A técnica exige apenas três componentes ópticos: um laser distribuído, um acoplador óptico e um fotodiodo. O interrogador foi testado com sucesso em uma aplicação de DC (medição de temperatura) e uma aplicação AC (medição de corrente elétrica). Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o controle eletrônico em malha fechada pode controlar o ponto de operação da FBG com uma precisão de ± 2 ppm / Abstract: Fiber optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI), and are an excellent choice for being used in electrically noisy environments sensing applications, including aerospace, rail, military security equipment and in high voltage power lines. Other advantages include the fact that they are compact, lightweight and the measured signals can be transmitted at very large distances (of the order of kilometers). The conventional interrogators for Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) sensor are high cost equipment and cannot be used in low cost applications. In this work it is presented a novel robust and low cost interrogation technique that presents good accuracy. The technique, which uses an electronic feedback loop to stabilize the DC operating point of the Bragg gratings, allows the simultaneous measurement of both AC and DC signals. A prototype of the proposed interrogator was designed and implemented. The technique requires only three optical components: a Distributed Feedback Laser, an optical coupler and one photodiode. The interrogator has been successfully tested in a DC application (temperature measurement) and an AC application (electrical current measurement). Experimental results showed that the electronic feedback loop can control the operation point of the FBG with a precision of ±2 ppm / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Le besoin croissant d'intégration de nouvelles fonctions dans les futures générations de dispositifs portables contribue au surpeuplement des circuits imprimés. Dans ce contexte, la miniaturisation des composants discrets est impérative pour compenser l'augmentation de leur nombre et pour garder la taille des cartes de circuit imprimé gérable. L'un des composants les plus courants de ce type est le condensateur, qui peut être utilisé pour découpler une partie d'un réseau électrique d'un autre. Cependant, la miniaturisation des condensateurs nécessite une augmentation de leur densité de capacité, impliquant l'intégration de condensateurs haute densité. Le succès d'une telle intégration repose sur l'utilisation à la fois de matériaux à haute constante diélectrique et d'une architecture d'empilement. Dans ce contexte, les couches de titanate-zirconate de plomb (PZT) combinées aux piles multi-MIM sont de bons candidats pour la nouvelle génération de condensateurs. La technologie multi-MIM consiste à empiler deux ou plusieurs structures MIM en parallèle afin d'augmenter la densité de la capacité sans modification effective de la surface. Avec la géométrie multi-MIM, la performance de l'appareil est fortement affectée par la qualité de l'interface Métal/PZT, il est donc important d'élaborer une chimie d'interface qui ne dégrade pas les performances des multi-MIM.Cette thèse soutenue par le projet français «Programme de l'économie numérique des investissements d'Avenir » vise deux axes de développement pour l’améliorer de la qualité des interfaces Pt/Ru/PZT: la première concerne l'optimisation du contenu de Pb en excès dans la couche de PZT, tandis que le second étudie les effets du recuit de post métallisation (PMA).La première partie de la thèse est dédiée aux analyses de densité de capacité réalisées sur les condensateurs Pt/Ru/PZT/Pt en fonction de l'excès de précurseur du Pb dans les couches de PZT déposées par voie sol-gel (10, 15, 20 et 30% de Pb respectivement pour PZT10, PZT15, PZT20 et PZT30).Nous montrons qu'une augmentation de l'excès de Pb de 10 à 20% entraîne une augmentation de la constante diélectrique maximale (environ 8,8%), ainsi qu'une diminution de la tangente de perte (de 4,36 à 3,08%) et du champ de claquage (de 1,68 à 1,26MV/cm). La PMA favorise l'augmentation du maximum de constant diélectrique (jusqu'à 7,5%) et le champ de claquage augmente de 0.5 MV/cm.Ensuite, l'influence de la chimie de surface des PZT est étudiée en fonction de l'excès de précurseur de Pb. Cet excès de Pb permet de compenser l'évaporation du plomb pendant le traitement thermique successif. En utilisant la spectroscopie de photoélectrons par rayons X (XPS), nous montrons la présence d'une phase de surface ZrOx. Les faibles niveaux d'excès de Pb conduisent à la formation de nanostructures ZrOx à la surface de la couche de PZT. Un taux plus élevé en Pb favorise la disparition totale nanostructures ZrOx en surface.Enfin, nous avons sondé l'interface Pt/Ru/PZT en fonction de l'excès de Pb et de la PMA. La microscopie électronique en transmission (TEM) montre que les nanostructures de ZrOx sont présentes à l'interface du Ru/PZT10. Les nanostructures cristallines ZrOx pourraient former une couche non ferroélectrique et ainsi affecter la densité de capacité. L'analyse en mode operando (sous polarisation in situ) par XPS haute-énergie montre une réponse électronique dépendant de la polarisation appliquée, probablement grâce à l’écrantage imparfait du champ dépolarisant à l'interface Pt/Ru/PZT10. En outre, une nouvelle phase (PbOx) est observée au niveau Pt/Ru/PZT30, probablement liée à la quantité de Pb en excès dans le PZT30. Cette phase semble induire la diminution du champ de claquage et la densité de capacité observée au niveau du Pt/Ru/PZT30/Pt. Enfin, PMA sur le Pt/Ru/PZT10 montre la création d'alliage à base de ZrRuOx et PbRuOx qui pourrait être à l'origine de l'amélioration des réponses électriques des condensateurs PZT après PMA. / The growing need for the integration of an increasing number of functions into the new generation of portable devices contributes to overcrowding of printed circuit boards. In this context, the miniaturization of discrete components is imperative to maintain a manageable size of the printed circuit boards. Decoupling capacitors are one of the most important such discrete components. Miniaturization requires an increase of capacitance density, involving the integration of high-density capacitors. The success of such integration relies on the use of both high dielectric permittivity materials and a suitable stacking architecture. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) in decoupling multiple metal-insulator-metal (multi-MIM) stacks is a good candidate for the new generation of integrated capacitors. The multi-MIM technology consists in stacking two or more PZT film-based MIM structures connected in parallel in order to increase the density of the capacitance without any effective surface area change. Device performance is heavily affected by the quality of the interface with the electrodes, so it is important to engineer interface chemistry which does not degrade the multi-MIM performance.This thesis, supported by the French “Programme de l’économie numérique des investissements d’Avenir” addresses two aspects of development aiming to improve the quality of the Pt/Ru/PZT interfaces: the first one concerns the optimization of Pb excess content in the PZT film, while the second one investigates the Post Metallization Annealing (PMA) done after deposition of electrode/PZT multilayer.The first part of the thesis presents the capacitance density analysis performed on Pt/Ru/PZT/Pt capacitors as a function of Pb excess in the sol-gel precursor solution (10, 15, 20 and 30% of excess Pb for PZT10, PZT15, PZT20 and PZT30, respectively). Pb excess compensates the lead evaporation during calcination.An increase of Pb excess from 10 to 20% leads to an increase of the maximum dielectric constant of 8.8%, a decrease of the loss tangent from 4.36 to 3.08% and breakdown field from 1.68 to 1.26MV/cm. PMA favors the enhancement of the maximum of dielectric constant by 7.5%, and the breakdown field increases to 0.5 MV/cm.The influence of the surface chemistry is studied as a function of Pb precursor excess. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrates that low level of Pb excess leads to the presence of a ZrOx surface phase in the form of nanostructures. Higher Pb precursor content allows the PZT synthesis to proceed to its end-point, fully consuming the ZrO2 precursor and eliminating the low dielectric constant ZrOx surface phase.We have then studied the Pt/Ru/PZT interface as a function of Pb excess and PMA. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) cross-sectional analysis shows that the crystalline ZrOx nanostructures are still present at the electrode interface, constituting a dielectric layer which contributes to defining capacitor performance. Operando (under bias in situ) hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) analysis using synchrotron radiation highlights an electronic response dependent on the applied polarization, most probably due to imperfect screening of the depolarizing field at the Pt/Ru/PZT10 interface. Furthermore, a new phase (PbOx) is observed at the Pt/Ru/PZT30 due to the high Pb excess. This new phase seems to induce a reduction in breakdown field and capacitance density. Finally, PMA on the Pt/Ru/PZT10 suggests the creation of interface ZrRuOx and PbRuOx which could be at the origin of the improvement of electrical responses of PZT capacitors after PMA.In conclusion, this thesis has provided valuable information and methodology on the correlation between surface and interface physical chemistry of PZT and Pt/Ru/PZT and electric characteristics of PZT based MIM capacitors.

Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, οι διεργασίες πλάσματος με τάση διέγερσης ραδιοσυχνότητας χρησιμοποιούνται ολοένα και περισσότερο και απαντώνται σε διάφορες εφαρμογές όπως στην εναπόθεση υλικών, στην επεξεργασία επιφανειών κα. Αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα οι εκκενώσεις αίγλης ραδιοσυχνότητας να προσελκύσουν έντονο επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον. Μπορεί τα τελευταία χρόνια να έχει σημειωθεί σημαντική πρόοδος στον τομέα αυτό ωστόσο υπάρχει ακόμα και σήμερα ενδιαφέρον που αφορά το σχεδιασμό των συστημάτων αυτών καθώς και την ανάπτυξη μεθόδων που αφορούν την επαναληψιμότητα των διεργασιών καθώς και τον έλεγχο των ιδιοτήτων του πλάσματος. Ένας από αυτούς τους τομείς είναι ο ηλεκτρικός χαρακτηρισμός ηλεκτροδίων ραδιοσυχνότητας πηγών πλάσματος και η εύρεση της κατανεμημένης εμπέδησής τους και ακολούθως ο υπολογισμός της καταναλισκόμενης ισχύος σε εκκενώσεις αίγλης. Αυτές οι τεχνικές μπορούν να μας προσφέρουν σημαντικές πληροφορίες για τους μηχανισμούς και τα φαινόμενα που λαμβάνουν χώρα σε εκκενώσεις ραδιοσυχνότητας, οι οποίες αν στη συνεχεία αξιοποιηθούν να μας οδηγήσουν στον ακριβή προσδιορισμό και έλεγχο των συνθηκών. Στην εργασία αυτή αναλύονται μέθοδοι από τις οποίες προκύπτουν αποτελέσματα που αφορούν παραμέτρους του πλάσματος μέσω μετρήσεων τάσης, ρεύματος και διαφοράς φάσης σε κάποιο σημείο εξωτερικά του αντιδραστήρα. Παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα ηλεκτρικών μετρήσεων σε εκκενώσεις αργού που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε μια χωρητικά συζευγμένη πηγή πλάσματος. Αρχικά παρουσιάζεται ο ηλεκτρικός χαρακτηρισμός της πηγής και αναλύονται τρεις μέθοδοι για τη μέτρηση και τον υπολογισμό της καταναλισκόμενης ισχύος της εκκένωσης. Στην πρώτη μέθοδο οι ηλεκτρικές μετρήσεις χρησιμοποιούνται για το προσδιορισμό ενός ισοδύναμου ηλεκτρικού κυκλώματος με κατανεμημένα στοιχεία (πυκνωτές, πηνία αντιστάσεις) το οποίο μπορεί να περιγράψει την εμπέδηση ανάμεσα στο σημείο μέτρησης εξωτερικά του αντιδραστήρα και την επιφάνεια του ηλεκτροδίου ραδιοσυχνότητας. Το ισοδύναμο αυτό κύκλωμα επιλύεται με βάση τους κανόνες του Kirchhoff και προκύπτουν οι τιμές της μιγαδικής τάσης και ρεύματος της εκκένωσης. Στη δεύτερη μέθοδο, η τάση καθώς και το ρεύμα της εκκένωσης υπολογίζονται μέσω ενός πίνακα ABCD, τα στοιχεία του οποίου έχουν υπολογιστεί από μετρήσεις σε ανοικτό και βραχυκυκλωμένο κύκλωμα. Η τρίτη μέθοδος, μοιάζει αρκετά με τη δεύτερη μόνο που έχει το πλεονέκτημα να είναι πιο απλή λόγω του ότι δεν απαιτεί τη μέτρηση της φάσης της εμπέδησης (της φάσης της τάσης σε σχέση με την τάση του ρεύματος). / Over the last decades, plasma processing has been widely used in various applications such as the deposition of thin films, surface modification, dry etching etc. As a result, radio-frequency discharges have attracted particular scientific interest. Despite the steps forward, there are still open issues especially concerning the design of plasma systems and the effective control of plasma parameters. A part of these issues is related to the electrical characterization of the stray impedance of the plasma electrode and the subsequent measurement and calculation of the real power consumption during the process. These techniques can lead to better understanding of the plasma processes and can also lead to more stable, reliable and almost ideal performing plasma systems. The aim of this study is to point out externally measured non-intrusive plasma parameters that could ease design, control and transferability of plasma conditions. In this work we demonstrate results of electrical characteristics of argon discharges carried out in a high vacuum capacitively coupled parallel plate reactor. Initially, the electrical characterization of the plasma reactor is presented and three methods for measuring and calculating the real power consumed in the discharge are analyzed.. At the first method, the electrical measurements are used to determine a simple equivalent circuit that can describe the parasitic impedances that interfere between the point of measurement and the RF electrode’s surface. The equivalent circuit model is then solved through Kirchhoff’s laws and values of the complex electrode’s voltage and current are obtained from the measured voltage and current at some point located outside the reactor. At the second method, the reactor is treated as a two-port network. The electrode’s voltage and current are calculated through the ABCD matrix of the reactor whose values a, b, c, d are extracted from open and short circuit measurements. The third method is a simplification of the second method as it does not require the phase of the impedance (the phase of the voltage relative to the current) for the calculations.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ea_dr_bauru.pdf: 5038032 bytes, checksum: 096e39873786dd29f13d8faedd460bb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Les cellules solaires polymériques attirent un grand intérêt dans ce domaine de recherche, en raison du faible coût, du procédé de fabrication de grandes surfaces, des matériaux de manutention légers et de la possibilité de leur fabrication par diverses techniques. Pour une bonne efficacité des dispositifs photovoltaïques, la couche active doit contenir une bonne absorption de la lumière du soleil. En termes de bandgap,cela signifie que plus le bandgap est petit, plus le flux de photons absorbés est grand. Une manière d'accomplir ceci avec les matériaux polymères est la synthèse d'un copolymère alterné dans lequel le bandgap optique est diminué, ce que l'on appelle des polymères low-bandgap. L'organisation structurelle de la couche active joue un rôle important dans la performance des dispositifs, y compris les dispositifs photovoltaïques, et la technique Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) permet de fabriquer des films nanostructurés avec contrôle de l'épaisseur, qui peuvent servir de base pour construire de meilleurs dispositifs. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail était de synthétiser des polymères low-bandgap et ensuite de fabriquer et caractériser des films LS de ces polymères et leurs mélanges avec un dérivé de fullerène, le PCBM, pour leur application en tant que couche active de cellules solaires. Les films LS des polymères et leurs mélanges avec PCBM ont été fabriqués et des mesures de caractérisation ont été effectuées. Ces films ont été caractérisés par des mesures électriques (courant vs tension, spectroscopie d'impédance et voltampérométrie cyclique), morphologiques (microscopie à force atomique) et optiques (UV-visible, diffusion Raman et transmission infrarouge). Par les films de Langmuir et les mesures morphologiques, il a été possible d'observer les caractéristiques spécifiques concernant la conformation de chaque polymère sous forme de film. Des mesures optiques confirment l'absorption aux longueurs d'onde élevées attendues pour ces polymères. Dans les mesures électriques, les résultats ont montré des conductivités différentes pour les mêmes matériaux lorsque les types d'électrodes ont été changés. Les dispositifs photovoltaïques des films LS fabriqués n'ont pas atteint de bonnes valeurs d'efficicacité. Les films spincoating de ces polymères testés en tant que couche active des dispositifs, sous atmosphère contrôlée, ont montré un’efficacité allant jusqu'à 0,6%. / Células solares poliméricas atraem grande interesse nessa área de pesquisa, devido ao baixo custo, processo de fabricação de grandes áreas, materiais de manuseio leves e a possibilidade de sua fabricação por diversas técnicas. Para uma boa eficiência dos dispositivos fotovoltaicos, a camada ativa deve conter uma boa absorção da luz solar. Em termos de bandgap, isto quer dizer que quanto menor o bandgap maior o fluxo de fótons absorvidos. Uma maneira de realizar isto com os materiais poliméricos é a síntese de um polímero no qual o bandgap óptico tem a capacidade de aumentar a captura da luz solar, os chamados polímeros low-bandgap. A organização estrutural da camada ativa possui um papel importante na performance de dispositivos, inclusive dos fotovoltaicos, e a técnica Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) proporciona a capacidade de fabricar filmes nanoestruturados e com controle de espessura, podendo servir de base para construção de melhores dispositivos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar polímeros low-bandgap e, posteriormente fabricar e caracterizar filmes LS destes polímeros e de suas blendas com um derivado de fulereno, o PCBM, para a aplicação dos mesmos como camada ativa de células solares. Foram fabricados filmes LS dos polímeros e de suas misturas com PCBM e realizadas medidas de caracterização. Estes filmes foram caracterizados por meio de medidas elétricas (corrente vs. Tensão, espectroscopia de impedância e voltametria cíclica), morfológica (microscopia de força atômica) e óptica (Ultravioleta-Visível, Espalhamento Raman e transmissão no infravermelho). Com os filmes de Langmuir e as medidas morfológicas foi possível observar as características específicas de como é a conformação de cada polímero na forma de filme. As medidas ópticas confirmam a absorção em altos comprimentos de onda esperados para estes polímeros. Nas medidas elétricas os resultados mostraram diferentes condutividades para os mesmos materiais quando mudado os tipos de eletrodos. Os dispositivos fotovoltaicos dos filmes LS fabricados não alcançaram bons valores de eficiência. Filmes spin-coating destes polímeros testados como camada ativa dos dispositivos, em atmosfera controlada, revelaram eficiência de até 0.6%. / Polymeric solar cells attract great interest in this area of research due to the potential low cost, large area fabrication process, lightweight physical feature and the possibility of fabricating these cells by several techniques. To achieve good efficiency in the photovoltaic devices the active layer must have an efficient absorption of sunlight. In terms of bandgap, this means that the smaller the bandgap the greater the flux of photons absorbed. One way to accomplish this, with the polymeric materials, is the synthesis of a polymer in which the optical bandgap has the ability to increase the capture of sunlight, the so-called low-bandgap polymers. The structural organization of the active layer plays an important role in the performance of devices, including in photovoltaic devices, and the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique provides the ability to manufacture nanostructured films with thickness control, which can serve as a basis for building better devices. In this context, the aim of this work was to synthesize low-bandgap polymers for later manufacturing and characterization of LS films of these polymers and their blends with a fullerene derivative, PCBM, and test them as active layer of solar cells. LS films of such polymers and their blends with PCBM were made and characterization measurements were performed. These films were characterized by electrical (current vs. voltage, impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), morphology (atomic force microscopy) and optical (ultraviolet-visible, Raman scattering and infrared) measurements. Through the Langmuir films and the morphological measurements, it was possible to observe the specific characteristics of how it is the conformation of each polymer in film form. Optical measurements confirmed the absorption at high wavelengths expected for these polymers. In the electrical measurements, the results showed different conductivities for the same materials when the types of electrodes were changed. The photovoltaic devices manufactured from LS technique have not reached good efficiency values. When spin-coated active layers were tested as OPV devices in a controlled atmosphere the efficiency achieved up to 0.6% / CAPES DS / CNPq SWE 205489/2014-1

Orientador: José Antonio Siqueira Dias / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:53:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tercariol_WalterLuis_D.pdf: 1322557 bytes, checksum: 4f45518a1a62907cd9a61afa627408c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa compilar três contribuições na melhoria dos projetos de reguladores de tensão com unidades de bombeamento de carga embutidos (células elevadoras de tensão Dickson - BC). A primeira aborda uma técnica inovadora de arranque na partida deste módulo elevador quando habilitado. Este projeto se refere à aceleração da inicialização do modulo BC, tendo como objetivo a diminuição do intervalo de tempo da rampa ascendente da tensão de saída Vo até atingir o nível alvo de regulação. A técnica consiste em gerenciar o aumento da freqüência do relógio de bombeamento entregue as unidades de bombeamento durante a fase de subida, quando a regulação estiver estabelecida o sistema se regenera voltando ao estado original de freqüência de bombeamento natural. Uma segunda proposta inovadora de projeto é referente à homogeneização e redução da aleatoriedade da ondulação da tensão de saída Vo, referente ao regulador com o modulo BC embutido, baseado em comparadores com trava, com proposta de redução do erro de comparação devido ao efeito aleatório durante o estagio de comparação comumente encontrado neste tipo de abordagem, a técnica consiste em suprimir o acoplamento capacitivo nocivo durante a fase de isolamento elétrico no processo de comparação mantendo o espelho de corrente do comparador na região de saturação. Esta técnica visa proporcionar uma redução significativa da capacitância de desacoplamento utilizada para filtragem da tensão Vo. Uma terceira e última contribuição é referente a uma inovadora técnica de medição indireta da tensão de saída Vo do regulador com módulo BC baseada em uma medida simples e precisa dos pares tensão da porta e fonte (VPS) e corrente elétrica do dreno (Idreno) de um dispositivo NMOS de alta tensão adicionado de modo que duas tensões conhecidas (preestabelecidas) são aplicadas na porta do dispositivo e as respectivas correntes de dreno são mensuradas e uma terceira desconhecida (oriunda do regulador elevador BC) desconhecida pode ser extrapolada de forma simples. Esta técnica visa ser útil para medição de reguladores de baixa potencia pois o carregamento do regulador (Vo) é quase nulo.Todas as inovações e melhorias propostas foram analisadas em veículos de teste (silício) e com as provas de conceito, feitas em simulações elétricas / Abstract: This work aims to compile contributions in improving designs based on voltage regulators with voltage elevator with built-in charge pump CP. The first deals with an innovative technique rump-up this module when enabled. This project refers to the acceleration of startup the CP module, aiming at the reduction of the period of stabilization of the ramp output voltage Vo to the level of regulation target. The technique is to manage increasing the frequency of pumping clock during the phase of rump up and when the setting established the system regenerates back to the original state pumping frequency. A second innovative project proposal was made on the homogenization and reduction of the ripple of the output voltage Vo, referring to the regulator with the |CP module, based on latch comparators , alignment error reduction proposal because of the random effect during the stage comparison commonly found in this type of approach, the technique is to remove the harmful capacitive coupling during electrical isolation phase on the comparison keeping the comparator current mirror in saturation region. This technique aims to provide a significant reduction in the decoupling capacitance used for filtering the voltage Vo. A third and final contribution is related to an innovative technique of indirect measurement of the output voltage Vo of the regulator module CP, based on a simple and accurate measure of the gate voltage and couples the drain electric current of a high voltage NMOS device / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Bannwart, Oscar Mauricio Hernandez Rodriguez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BonillaRiano_Adriana_D.pdf: 7155927 bytes, checksum: 63be57b0a5136f5e783cfb4f870b0189 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma nova técnica para a medição da espessura do filme de água com alta resolução espacial e temporal em escoamento óleo-água. É proposto o uso de um sistema de medição de capacitância elétrica para medir filmes finos de água na proximidade da parede do tubo. O sistema conta com um sensor planar e foi necessário determinar a melhor geometria via simulações baseadas no Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM) para o caso de escoamento óleo-água. As características comparadas foram a profundidade de penetração do campo elétrico no filme de água, a sensibilidade, a resolução espacial mínima e a resposta quase-linear. Padrões de escoamento óleo-água disperso e anular instável foram estudados numa tubulação vertical de 12 m de comprimento, feita de vidro, com 50,8 milímetros de diâmetro interno. Os fluidos usados foram óleo mineral (com densidade 828 kg/m3 e viscosidade 220 mPas) e água da torneira. O trabalho experimental foi realizado nas instalações de escoamento multifásico do Laboratório de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos (NETeF) da EESC-USP. Foi medida a espessura média do filme de água usando o sistema capacitivo e uma câmera de vídeo de alta velocidade. Para obter a espessura do filme de água a partir das imagens, foi proposto um algoritmo de pré-processamento e um algoritmo de segmentação que combina vários métodos disponíveis na literatura. Os resultados experimentais do sensor capacitivo mostraram que o sistema pode medir espessuras entre 400 µm e 2200 µm. O escoamento anular instável é caracterizado por grandes flutuações na no sentido do escoamento e na direção do perímetro, e estruturas interfaciais grandes (gotas). Por sua vez, o escoamento disperso tem flutuações menores no sentido do escoamento e na direção do perímetro, e estruturas interfaciais menores (gotículas). Uma estrutura interfacial média no espaço e no tempo é proposta para modelar a interface entre a região próxima à parede do tubo e a região do núcleo, e sua análise foi feita no domínio do tempo e da frequência. Foram estudadas a amplitude, velocidade e o comprimento da estrutura interfacial em cada par transmissor-receptor do sensor. Foi possível estabelecer correlações para a velocidade das estruturas em escoamento de óleo em água / Abstract: The development of a new technique for high spatial and temporal resolution film thickness measurement in oil-water flow is presented. A capacitance measurement system is proposed to measure thin water films near to the wall pipe. A planar sensor was chosen for sensing and some geometries were compared using finite elements method (FEM). The penetration depth, the sensitivity, the minimum spatial resolution (high spatial resolution) and the quasi-linear curve were the analyzed characteristics. Dispersed and unstable-annular oil-water flows patterns were studied in a 12-m long vertical glass pipe, with 50.8 mm of internal diameter, using mineral oil (828 kg/m3 of density and 220 mPa s of viscosity) and tap water. The experimental work was carried out in the multiphase-flow facilities of The Thermal-Fluids Engineering Laboratory (NETeF) of EESC-USP. Experiments with a high-speed video camera and the proposed capacitance system were performed to obtain images of the oil-water flow near the pipe wall. A pre-processing enhancement algorithm and a combined segmentation algorithm are proposed and allowed the measurement of characteristic space and time averaged water film thickness. Experimental results of the capacitive technique showed that the system could measure thickness between 400 µm and 2200 µm. It was possible to recognize and characterize typical behaviors of the two different flow patterns studied. Unstable-annular flow can be described by huge fluctuations on the flow direction and perimeter direction, and big interfacial structures (drops). On the other hand, dispersed flow has tiny fluctuations on the flow direction and perimeter direction, and smaller interfacial structures (droplets). An interfacial structure is suggested in order to model the interface between wall and core regions and it was analyzed in time and frequency domains; amplitude, velocity and wavelength at each pair transmitter-receiver of the sensor were studied. Correlations for the interfacial structure velocity were found for dispersed oil-in-water flow and unstable-annular flow / Doutorado / Explotação / Doutora em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo / CAPES

The main object of this thesis is the diagnostics of the diaphragm discharge generated in water solutions containing supporting electrolytes (mostly NaCl), and description of particular processes before and after discharge breakdown by DC non-pulsed voltage up to 2 kV. Although many applications of electric discharge in liquids have been developed during the last years, the exact mechanism of the discharge ignition is not sufficiently known up to now. Based on this reason, this work is focused on the investigation of processes before the discharge ignition, breakdown parameters and the discharge itself both in the irregular and stable regime. The theoretical part of the work presents proposed mechanisms of the discharge generation in water solutions including the description of particular kinds of known discharges. Diaphragm discharge is one of many possible configurations of electrical discharges in liquids. In fact, electrical discharge in water forms non-thermal plasma, which is generated by high voltage, and many physical and chemical processes are started in plasma channels (so-called streamers). Among physical processes, high electrical field, shock waves and last but not least emission of electromagnetic radiation in visible and ultra-violet radiation belongs. The most important chemical processes are generation of various active species as hydrogen peroxide, and OH radical. Three batch plasma reactors using a diaphragm configuration with different total volume (4 l, 100 ml and 50 ml) are employed in the presented work. The discharge is created in an orifice (a pin-hole) in the dielectric barrier separating two electrode parts of the reactor. DC non-pulsed high voltage up to 4 kV is used for the discharge generation. Electrodes are made of stainless steel or platinum, and they are installed in parallel to the diaphragm in a variable distance from the dielectric barrier in each reactor part. The dielectric barrier is made of PET or Shapal-MTM ceramics with the variable thickness (0.2?2 mm). One pin hole st the diaphragm center with diameter of 0.2?1.5 mm are used in contemporary experiments. Time resolved characteristics of current and voltage are recorded using four-channel oscilloscope which detected their output values. Parameters are measured by the constantly increasing DC voltage with a step of 100 V. The solutions containing sodium chloride electrolyte are used at five different conductivities. Recorded time resolved characteristics determine breakdown moment, and describe current and voltage in particular parts within the static current-voltage curve. The breakdown appeared at lower applied voltage when the electrode distance is enhanced. However, the electrode distances higher than 4 cm does not induce any significant change of the breakdown voltage. The influence of pin-hole diameter is less obvious in the studied range, but a slight enhancement of breakdown voltage is observed with the increasing pin-hole diameter. Current-voltage characteristic curve moves towards lower voltage with the diaphragm thickness enhancement. The work compares the influence of conductivity change on current-voltage characteristics as well as the effect of inorganic salt kind. By the conductivity enhancement, the measured current-voltage curve moves towards lower voltage which means that the breakdown voltage is decreased. Sizes of the reactors do not have any effect on the processes before and after discharge breakdown.

Les cellules solaires polymériques attirent un grand intérêt dans ce domaine de recherche, en raison du faible coût, du procédé de fabrication de grandes surfaces, des matériaux de manutention légers et de la possibilité de leur fabrication par diverses techniques. Pour une bonne efficacité des dispositifs photovoltaïques, la couche active doit contenir une bonne absorption de la lumière du soleil. En termes de bandgap,cela signifie que plus le bandgap est petit, plus le flux de photons absorbés est grand. Une manière d'accomplir ceci avec les matériaux polymères est la synthèse d'un copolymère alterné dans lequel le bandgap optique est diminué, ce que l'on appelle des polymères low-bandgap. L'organisation joue un rôle important dans la performance des dispositifs, y compris les dispositifs photovoltaïques, et la technique Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) permet de fabriquer des films nanostructurés avec contrôle de l'épaisseur, qui peuvent servir de base pour construire de meilleurs dispositifs. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail était de synthétiser des polymères low-bandgap et ensuite de fabriquer et caractériser des films LS de ces polymères et leurs mélanges avec un dérivé de fullerène, le PCBM, pour leur application en tant que couche active de cellules solaires. Les films LS des polymères et leurs mélanges avec PCBM ont été fabriqués et des mesures de caractérisation ont été effectuées. Ces films ont été caractérisés par des mesures électriques (courant vs tension, spectroscopie d'impédance et voltampérométrie cyclique), morphologiques (microscopie à force atomique) et optiques (UV-visible, diffusion Raman et transmission infrarouge). Par les films de Langmuir et les mesures morphologiques, il a été possible d'observer les caractéristiques spécifiques concernant la conformation de chaque polymère sous forme de film. Des mesures optiques confirment l'absorption aux longueurs d'onde élevées attendues pour ces polymères. Dans les mesures électriques, les résultats ont montré des conductivités différentes pour les mêmes matériaux lorsque les types d'électrodes ont été changés. Les dispositifs photovoltaïques des films LS fabriqués n'ont pas atteint de bonnes valeurs d'efficacité. Les films spin-coating de ces polymères testés en tant que couche active des dispositifs, sous atmosphère contrôlée, ont montré unefficacité allant jusqu'à 0,6%. / Polymeric solar cells attract great interest in this area of research due to the potential low cost, large area fabrication process, light weight physical feature and the possibility of fabricating these cells by several techniques. To achieve good efficiency in the photovoltaic devices the active layer must have an efficient absorption of sunlight. In terms of bandgap, this means that the smaller the bandgap the greater the flux of photons absorbed. One way to accomplish this, with the polymeric materials, is the synthesis of a polymer in which the optical bandgap has the ability to increase the capture of sunlight, the so-called low-bandgap polymers. The organization plays an important role in the performance of devices, including in photovoltaic devices, and the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique provides the ability to manufacture nanostructured films with thickness control, which can serve as a basis for building better devices. In this context, the aim of this work was to synthesize low-bandgap polymers for later manufacturing and characterization of LS films of these polymers and their blends with a fullerene derivative, PCBM, and test them as active layer of solar cells. LS films of such polymers and their blends with PCBM were made and characterization measurements were performed. These films were characterized by electrical (current vs. voltage, impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry), morphology (atomic force microscopy) and optical (ultraviolet-visible, Raman scattering and infrared) measurements. Through the Langmuir films and the morphological measurements, it was possible to observe the specific characteristics of how it is the conformation of each polymer in film form. Optical measurements confirmed the absorption at high wavelengths expected for these polymers. In the electrical measurements the results showed different conductivities for the same materials when the types of electrodes were changed. The photovoltaic devices manufactured from LS technique have not reached good efficiency values. When spin-coated active layers were teste as OPV devices in a controlled atmosphere the efficiency achieved up to 0.6%. / Células solares poliméricas atraem grande interesse nessa área de pesquisa, devido ao baixo custo, processo de fabricação de grandes áreas, materiais de manuseio leves e a possibilidade de sua fabricação por diversas técnicas. Para uma boa eficiência dos dispositivos fotovoltaicos, a camada ativa deve conter uma boa absorção da luz solar. Em termos de bandgap, isto quer dizer que quanto menor o bandgap maior o fluxo de fótons absorvidos. Uma maneira de realizar isto com os materiais poliméricos é a síntese de um polímero no qual o bandgap óptico tem a capacidade de aumentar a captura da luz solar, os chamados polímeros low-bandgap. A organização possui um papel importante na performance de dispositivos, inclusive dos fotovoltaicos, e a técnica Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) proporciona a capacidade de fabricar filmes nanoestruturados e com controle de espessura, podendoservir de base para construção de melhores dispositivos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar polímeros low-bandgap e, posteriormente fabricar e caracterizar filmes LS destes polímeros e de suas blendas com um derivado de fulereno, o PCBM, para a aplicação dos mesmos como camada ativa de células solares. Foram fabricados filmes LS dos polímeros e de suas misturas com PCBM e realizadas medidas de caracterização. Estes filmes foram caracterizados por meio de medidas elétricas (corrente vs. Tensão, espectroscopia de impedância e voltametria cíclica), morfológica (microscopia de força atômica) e óptica (Ultravioleta-Visível, Espalhamento Raman e transmissão no infravermelho). Com os filmes de Langmuir e as medidas morfológicas foi possível observar as características específicas de como é a conformação de cada polímero na forma de filme. As medidas ópticas confirmam a absorção em altos comprimentos de onda esperados para estes polímeros. Nas medidas elétricas os resultados mostraram diferentes condutividades para os mesmos materiais quando mudado os tipos de eletrodos. Os dispositivos fotovoltaicos dos filmes LS fabricados não alcançaram bons valores de eficiência. Filmes spin-coating destes polímeros testados como camada ativa dos dispositivos, em atmosfera controlada, revelaram eficiência de até 0.6%.

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude de la formation de nanoparticules carbonées dans un plasma basse pression. Les poussières sont créées par pulvérisation d'une couche de polymère déposée sur l'électrode d'une décharge radio fréquence à couplage capacitif. La présence des poudres perturbe et modifie les propriétés du plasma. La croissance des poudres peut notamment déclencher des instabilités basse fréquence qui évoluent avec la taille et la densité des poudres. Au centre du plasma, une région sans poudre, appelée void, est souvent observée. Cette région se caractérise en particulier par une forte luminosité. Différents diagnostics (mesures électriques, imagerie vidéo rapide, Fluorescence Induite par Laser) sont utilisées afin d'analyser ces différents comportements résultant des interactions entre le plasma et les poussières. L'analyse approfondie des instabilités a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs régimes et d'extraire leurs principales caractéristiques comme leur durée et l'évolution de leurs fréquences. Ces instabilités se traduisent par la formation de petites "boules" de plasma qui se déplacent et interagissent au sein de celui-ci. Des phénomènes particulièrement surprenants de fusion et de division de ces boules ont été mis en évidence. Concernant le void, nos travaux ont confirmé la forte excitation présente dans cette zone. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, la dissociation de l'aluminium triisopropoxide(ATI) est étudiée dans un plasma à l'aide de la Spectroscopie infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier. Ce diagnostic nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'évolution de la densité d'ATI en fonction des paramètres de la décharge. Nous avons également quantifié les différents composants hydrocarbonés formés par polymérisation. / The objective of this thesis is to study the formation of carbonaceous nanoparticles in a low pressure plasma. Dust particles are created by sputtering a polymer layer deposited on the bottom electrode of a capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharge. The presence of dust particles disturbs and changes the plasma properties. The growth of dust particles can trigger low frequency instabilities that evolve with the dust particle size and density. In the center of the discharge, the void, a dust-free region, is observed. It is characterized by an enhanced luminosity. Different diagnostics (electrical measurements, high speed imaging, Laser Induced Fluorescence) are used in order to understand these different behaviors resulting from plasma-dust particle interactions. Dust particle growth instabilities are investigated showing the existence of different instability regimes. Their main characteristics are extracted such as their duration and their evolution frequency. These instabilities are characterized by the formation of small plasma spheroids moving and interacting in the discharge. Several interesting phenomena are evidenced such as the merging and splitting of these plasma spheroids. Concerning the void, our investigations confirmed the high excitation occurring in this region. In the last part of the thesis, the dissociation of aluminium triisopropoxide (ATI) is studied in a plasma using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy. Thanks to this diagnostic, the evolution of ATI density has been studied as a function of the discharge parameters. We have also quantified the different hydrocarbon compounds formed by polymerization.