Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Cristina Ferro Carvalho.pdf: 2460660 bytes, checksum: c476e586b0a742bc6474a4ab2ae0396b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-03-27 / This work proposes an integration of the approach CREWS L ecritoire based on scenarios with the approach of use cases described by Regnell & al and the Method GBRAM. In this case, the work of Regnell is extended with the notion of Requirement Chunk (RC), strategies for discovering objectives through the relationships AND, OR, and refinement between RCs, as well as extending the model with a physical level where the internal actions of the system are described. On the other side, the approach CREWS L ecritoire is extended with coupling of objective and use case where the scenarios are obtained by applying a strategy of refining use cases, and also with an integration of normal and exceptional scenarios in one synthetic model of use with one unique vision for each actor. The Method GBRAM is extended with the alternative contract dependency, composicional contract dependency, inclusive and exclusive contract dependency, as well it introduzed the use case technique, described by Regnell et al and extended with the notion of scenarios for caracterize exceptionals, variationals and normal situations. With the integration of threes methods, the new method which benefit from the advantages of the approaches of CREWS-L ecritoire, use cases.and goals. The new method proposes a coupling between objective and Use Cases in a top-down decomposition of different levels of abstraction. The method combines the two concepts into a Requirement Chunk (RC). An RC is a pair of <objective, Use Case> related with AND, OR and refinement. These three types of relations between RCs lead to a hierarchic organisation of RCs in three levels of abstractions: functional, behaviour, and physical. / This work proposes an integration of the approach CREWS L ecritoire based on scenarios with the approach of use cases described by Regnell & al and the Method GBRAM. In this case, the work of Regnell is extended with the notion of Requirement Chunk (RC), strategies for discovering objectives through the relationships AND, OR, and refinement between RCs, as well as extending the model with a physical level where the internal actions of the system are described. On the other side, the approach CREWS L ecritoire is extended with coupling of objective and use case where the scenarios are obtained by applying a strategy of refining use cases, and also with an integration of normal and exceptional scenarios in one synthetic model of use with one unique vision for each actor. The Method GBRAM is extended with the alternative contract dependency, composicional contract dependency, inclusive and exclusive contract dependency, as well it introduzed the use case technique, described by Regnell et al and extended with the notion of scenarios for caracterize exceptionals, variationals and normal situations. With the integration of threes methods, the new method which benefit from the advantages of the approaches of CREWS-L ecritoire, use cases.and goals. The new method proposes a coupling between objective and Use Cases in a top-down decomposition of different levels of abstraction. The method combines the two concepts into a Requirement Chunk (RC). An RC is a pair of <objective, Use Case> related with AND, OR and refinement. These three types of relations between RCs lead to a hierarchic organisation of RCs in three levels of abstractions: functional, behaviour, and physical.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simara Vieira da Rocha.pdf: 792628 bytes, checksum: 3ed7f28da8fc68945a5845f799bd0281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-30 / This work describes a method for the elicitation of requirements based on goals for electronic commerce systems in agreement with security and privacy polices of a site. The method integrates the UWA approach [33] with the GBRAM method [6] for developing requirements and policies for secure electronic commerce systems. The resulting method aims to guarantee that existent security and privacy policies do not become obsolete after the adoption of new functionalities to a site. For this reason, the method provides means to set the elicited requirements in conformity with these new functionalities. On the other hand, organizations that have not established their policies yet, the proposed approach suggests some models through which it is possible to create such policies. At last, the proposed method presents a model for the document of requirements specification in agreement with the approach described in this work, as way of establishing a standard means to specify software requirements that can be as useful for the developing teams, in the attempt of facilitating the construction of systems, as for the analyzing teams, in the future maintenances or increment of functionalities to a site. / Este trabalho descreve um método para elicitação de requisitos baseado em objetivos para sistemas de comércio eletrônico, em conformidade com as políticas de segurança e privacidade existentes em um site. O método é originado pela integração das abordagens UWA [33] com a instanciação do método GBRAM [6] para o desenvolvimento de políticas e requisitos de sistemas de comércio eletrônicos seguros. O método resultante tem por objetivo garantir que as políticas de segurança e privacidade existentes nunca se tornem obsoletas com a adoção de novas funcionalidades a um site. Para tanto, provê meios para que os requisitos elicitados estejam em conformidade com as mesmas. Por outro lado, caso as organizações não tenham estabelecido suas políticas, a abordagem proposta sugere modelos através dos quais é possível a criação de tais políticas. Por fim, o método proposto ainda apresenta um modelo para o documento de especificação de requisitos, como forma de estabelecer um meio padrão para especificar requisitos de software, o qual poderá ser útil tanto para as equipes de desenvolvimento, na tentativa de facilitar a construção de sistemas, quanto para as equipes de análises, nas futuras manutenções ou acréscimo de funcionalidades ao site.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco de Assis.pdf: 1036916 bytes, checksum: f22914501d5f211716214a40fad5d08a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / For several years, a lot of research is being done trying to find a solution for various problems concerning requirements engineering. Various approaches have pointed out that the requirements phase is the most important stage in the software development process. In general, requirements that are mistakenly elicited, analyzed and specified, gives rise to the development of low quality software. Non functional requirements gained little attention in the literature and are less understood but they are critical factors to the software development. When these requirements are badly elicited or not elicited at all, this gives rise to a difficulty in their treatment and their validation. Thus, we think that treating non functional requirements from the elicitation phase we contribute to a good software quality. This work deals with two aspects related with non functional requirements, namely how to elicit them and how to guarantee those requirements in conformity with a quality policy, even when new requirements or new technologies are adopted. As to attain this aim, we have elicited the requirements starting from a defined quality set necessary for medical applications. We defined a quality policy based upon these needs in such a way we could measure the conformity of non functional requirements definition specified in the requirements Document (RDs) with the desired quality, specified in the quality policy. / Ao longo dos anos, muitas pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas na tentativa de se encontrar uma solução para os problemas relacionados à engenharia de requisitos. Existe uma unanimidade em certas abordagens, em ressaltar que a fase de requisitos se constitui na etapa mais crucial no processo de desenvolvimento de software. Freqüentemente, requisitos de software são mal elicitados, analisados e especificados, sendo estes fatores decisivos para o desenvolvimento de software de baixa qualidade. Requisitos não funcionais têm recebido muito pouca atenção na literatura, são pouco compreendidos mas são críticos no processo de desenvolvimento de software. O fato destes requisitos serem mal elicitados ou não elicitados os tornam mais difíceis de serem tratados e validados. Acreditamos que ao abordarmos os requisitos não funcionais desde a fase de elicitação, estamos contribuindo para a qualidade geral do software que será produzido. Este trabalho aborda dois aspectos relacionados aos requisitos não funcionais: como elicitá-los e como garantir a conformidade desses requisitos com uma política de qualidade, mesmo quando novos requisitos ou novas tecnologias forem adotadas. Para atingir este objetivo, elicitamos os requisitos a partir de um conjunto de necessidades de qualidade definidas para aplicações médicas. Definimos uma política de qualidade baseada nestas necessidades, de modo que possamos medir a conformidade das definições dos requisitos não funcionais especificados no Documento de Requisitos (DRs) com a qualidade desejada, especificada na política de qualidade.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Merlo_Sandra_D.pdf: 6723815 bytes, checksum: b6ff391ab121e4b75d42eef04f5a7d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Premissa: esta pesquisa partiu da premissa de que pausas demarcativas estão relacionadas ao planejamento conceitual e hesitações, à formulação linguística. O planejamento conceitual refere-se a um esquema abstrato do texto falado, composto pelas informações que o falante julga relevantes de acordo com sua meta comunicativa. A formulação linguística refere-se à seleção de lemas e sua organização em estruturas sintáticas e fonológicas. Se pausas demarcativas e hesitações estão relacionadas a processos tão cruciais para a produção falada, sua ocorrência não deve ser marginal e sua distribuição não deve ser aleatória ao longo do texto falado. Método: participaram da pesquisa dez sujeitos do sexo masculino, entre 20 e 34 anos, falantes nativos do português brasileiro, com alto grau de escolaridade e sem distúrbios de comunicação. Foram realizados cinco experimentos de fala semi-espontânea com as seguintes variáveis independentes: memória declarativa, memória operacional, macroplanejamento textual, tipos textuais e taxa de elocução. As variáveis dependentes (pausas demarcativas e hesitações) foram examinadas através de três medidas: proporção, duração e ciclos periódicos (p < 0,05). A variabilidade individual na manifestação das variáveis dependentes também foi avaliada. Resultados: em média, 24% do texto falado é composto por pausas e 21% por hesitações. Dois terços das pausas duram entre 0,5 e 1,5 s, enquanto dois terços das hesitações duram até 1 s. Todos os textos falados apresentam ciclos de pausas e de hesitações, sendo que dois terços dos ciclos de pausa apresentam períodos até 5 s, enquanto dois terços dos ciclos de hesitações apresentam períodos até 10 s. As séries temporais de pausas e de hesitações estão correlacionadas, de forma que mudanças nas séries de pausas precedem em 300 ms mudanças nas séries de hesitações. Apenas 15% dos ciclos de pausas e hesitações são sincronizados e a grande maioria está em oposição de fase. Todos os cinco experimentos modificaram a dinâmica temporal das pausas demarcativas: textos que exigem elaboração conceitual, análise de novas informações e decisões mais conscientes sobre o sequenciamento de informações aumentam a proporção, a duração e/ou o período dos ciclos de pausas. Dois dos cinco experimentos modificaram a dinâmica temporal das hesitações: textos novos e pouco familiares aumentam a duração das hesitações em relação a textos previamente conhecidos. A variabilidade individual também interfere na dinâmica das pausas e das hesitações, existindo sujeitos que produzem esses fenômenos em abundância, enquanto outros os produzem com parcimônia. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos confirmam a hipótese de que as pausas demarcativas estão relacionadas ao planejamento conceitual e as hesitações, à formulação linguística. Também confirmam que a ocorrência desses fenômenos é significativa e que apresentam distribuição periódica no texto falado. Adicionalmente, os resultados indicam que pausas e hesitações são fenômenos dinâmicos da língua, que emergem de acordo com as necessidades da tarefa e o estilo do sujeito / Abstract: Background: this investigation assumed that demarcation pauses are related to conceptual planning, while hesitation phenomena are related to language formulation. "Conceptual planning" refers to an abstract scheme of spoken text, constituted by the information that the speaker consider relevant to his/her communication intent. "Language formulation" refers to lemma selection and its organization in syntactic and phonological structures. Considering that pauses and hesitations are related to essential processes to spoken language production, their occurrence may not be insignificant and their distribution may not be random in spoken text. Method: subjects of this research were ten males, from 20 to 34 years old, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, highly educated, and free from communication disorders. Five experiments of semispontaneous speech were done; each one addressed one of the following independent variables: declarative memory, working memory, text macroplanning, text types, and speech rate. Dependent variables (pauses and hesitations) were analyzed according the following three measures: proportion, duration, and periodic cycles (p < 0.05). Individual variability was also analyzed. Results: on average, 24% of spoken texts are composed by pauses and 21% by hesitations. Two thirds of pauses last from 0.5 to 1.5 s, while two thirds of hesitations last until 1 s. Pauses and hesitations are periodically distributed in all spoken texts; two thirds of pauses cycles exhibit periods until 5 s, whereas two thirds of hesitation cycles exhibit periods until 10 s. Time series of pauses and hesitations are correlated; changes in time series of pauses occur 300 ms before changes in time series of hesitations, on average. Just 15% of pauses and hesitations cycles are synchronized and the big majority is in phase opposition. All five experiments affect temporal dynamics of pauses: texts that demand conceptual elaboration, analysis of new information, and active decisions about information sequencing increase pauses proportion, durations and/or period of cycles. Two of five experiments affect temporal dynamics of hesitations: less familiar texts increase hesitations' durations compared to more familiar texts. Individual variability also affects temporal dynamics of pauses and hesitations; there are subjects that produce a lot of pauses and hesitations, while others produce them in small quantity. Conclusions: results support the initial assumption that demarcation pauses are related to conceptual planning and hesitations to language formulation. Results also indicate that the occurrence of pauses and hesitations is significant and that they are periodically distributed in spoken texts. Besides, results indicate that pauses and hesitations are dynamic components of spoken language, arising according to tasks needs and to subject style / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Context. Global Software Development (GSD) is the plan of action in which software development is performed under temporal, political, organizational and cultural boundaries. Offshore outsourced software development is the part of GSD, which refers to the transfer of certain software development activities to an external organization in another country. The primary factors driving offshore outsourced software development are low cost, access to a large pool of skilled laborers, increased productivity, high quality, market access and short development cycle. Requirements engineering (RE) and especially requirements elicitation is highly affected by the geographical distribution and multitude of stakeholders. Objectives. The goal of conducting this study is to explore the challenges and solutions associated with requirements elicitation phase during offshore software projects, both in research literature and in industrial practice. Moreover, this study examines that which of the challenges and practices reported in literature can be seen in industrial practice. This helped in finding out the similarities and differences between the state of art and state of practice. Methods. Data collection process has been done through systematic literature review (SLR) and web survey. SLR has been conducted using guidelines of Kitchenham and Charters. During SLR, The studies have been identified from the most reliable and authentic databases such as Compendex, Inspec (Engineering village) and Scopus. In the 2nd phase, survey has been conducted with 391 practitioners from various organizations involved in GSD projects. In the 3rd phase, qualitative comparative analysis has been applied as an analysis method. Results. In total 10 challenges and 45 solutions have been identified from SLR and survey. Through SLR, 8 challenges and 22 solutions have been identified. While through industrial survey, 2 additional challenges and 23 additional solutions have been identified. By analyzing the frequency of challenges, the most compelling challenges are communication, control and socio-cultural issues. Conclusions. The comparison between theory and practice explored the most compelling challenges and their associated solutions. It is concluded that socio-cultural awareness and proper communication between client and supplier organization’s personnel is paramount for successful requirements elicitation. The scarcity of research literature in this area suggests that more work needs to be done to explore some strategies to mitigate the impact of additional 2 challenges revealed through survey. / 0046 707123094

Trots att användarmedverkan borde vara ”best practice” för att skapa ömsesidigt värde för både beställare och användare inom kravfångst är detta inte fallet. Eftersom Service Design betraktas vara bra för ömsesidigt värdeskapande undersöker rapporten vilka tre Service Designverktyg som kan vara ett alternativ för att fånga krav som speglar ömsesidigt värde. Genom en litteraturstudie visar rapporten att Customer journey maps, personas och shadowing är de tre vanligaste verktygen; av dessa tre anser systemutvecklare att Customer journey maps lämpar sig bäst för kravfångst på grund av förmågan att belysa problem hos både användare och beställare. Detta verktyg tillämpas tillsammans med serviceleverantör och användare i tre workshops och utifrån dessa redogörs egna praktiska erfarenheter och hur dessa upplevdes av deltagande serviceleverantör och användare. Rapporten visar att Customer journey maps är ett bra alternativ för ömsesidigt värdeskapande inom kravfångst och att shadowing och personas fokuserar mer på användaren än beställaren av ett system. / In order to create co-value for both clients and users in requirements elicitation, user participation should be best practice – but research shows that it is not. In this thesis, Service Design is seen as an enabler for co-value creation between clients and users. The thesis examines if the three most common Service Design tools can be an alternative to capture requirements that reflect co-value for both the client and the users. Through a literature review this thesis reveals that customer journey maps, personas and shadowing are the three most common tools and that system developers believes that the Customer journey maps are best suited for requirements elicitation due to the ability to highlight problems of both users and clients. This tool is applied together with the service provider and the user in three workshops and based on these, the thesis outlines practical experiences and how this tool is experienced by participating service provider and user. The report reveals that Customer journey maps is a viable option for co-value creation in requirements elicitation whereas shadowing and personas are more focused on the users of a system than the client of a system.

This qualitative descriptive study explored the experiences of three Kuwaiti pre-service teachers with guided reflection and the extent to which video technology facilitates reflection. The data sources were semi-structured and video-elicited interviews, field notes, and researcher reflective journals. The study was guided by two research questions: In what ways does video elicitation facilitate Kuwaiti pre-service teachers’ reflections? What do Kuwaiti pre-service teachers reflect about? I used Rogoff’s Sociocultural Theory (2003; 1995) as my conceptual lens for this study which stresses the importance of cultural contexts in all areas of education. I developed a concept I call “third-eye” thinking to define a multifaceted approach to education and reflection. I also developed a concept I call “cultural spheres of influence” to describe the multitude of cultural influences that shape individuals and groups in unique ways. This study also depended on guided reflection to complement the process of video elicitation. The findings of my study indicated that video elicitation provided concrete material as a basis for reflection. My findings showed that Kuwaiti early childhood preservice teachers reflected on various topics including: teaching tools and materials, strategies and techniques, everyday problems and challenges, classroom dynamics and management, and evaluators and the evaluation process. This research contributes to the existing body of literature by giving reflection a new culturally-rooted definition based on its application by Kuwaiti pre-service teachers and through a careful consideration of the cultural spheres of influences that shaped who the participants were and what they brought to the reflective process.

Le jeu de transition offensive est défini comme le passage pour une équipe d’un statut de défenseur à celui d’attaquant. Selon les entraîneurs de football, ce moment, symbolisé par la récupération du ballon dans la dynamique du jeu, offre des potentialités plus importantes d’inscrire un but. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi cherché à décrire la coordination entre les partenaires durant la réalisation de plusieurs moments de transition offensive extraits de matchs au cours d’une saison. Il s’inscrit dans la ligne de recherche de la cognition collective. Il cherche à décrire le partage de contenus cognitifs permettant aux membres d’une équipe de se coordonner dans un environnement dynamique et incertain. Par coordination, nous entendons l’articulation des contributions interdépendantes de plusieurs joueurs d’une même équipe en vue d’atteindre un objectif commun. Nous avons d’abord caractérisé les connaissances partagées par les joueurs autour du jeu de transition offensive au début du championnat. Nous avons ensuite décrit les relations entre les buts visés par les joueurs durant la réalisation de ces moments ainsi que le partage d’informations contextuelles et de connaissances en acte. Notre étude apporte des éléments relatifs à la compréhension d’un collectif sur un moment particulier du jeu. A partir des résultats, nous contribuons à la réflexion sur les dispositifs d’entraînement au football en nous référant au cadre de l’ergonomie constructive. Nous introduisons notamment les concepts de capabilités et d’environnements capacitants dans l’aide au développement d’un collectif efficace / In team sports, offensive transition situation is defined as the switch from defensive to offensive status as a consequence of a beneficial turn-over in the ball possession. For soccer coaches, this situation is considered to give rise to opportunities to score a goal. The whole aim of this work is to describe and characterize how teammates of a same team are coordinated themselves during various offensive transition situations in situ. For this purpose, we adopt the team cognition’s line of research to describe the way teammates share cognitive contents enabling coordination. First, we have identified knowledge elements shared by players related to offensive transition situation at the beginning of the season. Then, we have characterized (a) the forms of connection between the objectives aimed at by the players, (b) the sharing of contextual information and (c) the sharing of knowledge elements during offensive transition situations. Our results shed the light on new knowledge elements for the comprehension of a team during complex and dynamic situations as such as diversity of shared elements and characterization of the evolution of the forms of sharedness. As a practical perspective, we propose a reflection about soccer training based on the constructive ergonomics approach supporting approach of both capabities and enabling environments for the development of efficacy collective in soccer.

Cette thèse s'appuie sur deux axes. L'un appliqué traite de la création d'un indicateur dont le but est d'évaluer la gravité attendue des conséquences d'un scénario de pollution accidentelle. J'ai choisi d'utiliser des outils méthodologiques appartenant au domaine de l'aide multi-critères à la décision pour traiter ce premier sujet. Ce problème impliquant plusieurs disciplines scientifiques, j'ai choisi de le diviser en plusieurs sous-problèmes à travers une arborescence de critères. J'ai également impliqué plusieurs experts, notamment en toxicologie et en écologie afin de mieux prendre en compte les aspects liés à ces deux disciplines dans la création de cet indicateur.L'étude des méthodes de tri multicritère effectuée lors des recherches sur le premier axe m'a amené à en proposer une nouvelle que j'ai nommé algorithme du Dominance Based Monte Carlo (DBMC). Cet algorithme a comme particularités de n'être pas fondé sur un modèle et de fonctionner de manière stochastique. Nous avons étudié ses propriétés théoriques, en particulier nous avons démontré qu'en dépit de sa nature stochastique, le résultat de l'algorithme Dominance Based Monte Carlo converge presque sûrement. Nous avons également étudié son comportement et ses performances pratiques à travers un test nommé k-fold cross validation et les avons comparés aux performances d'autres algorithmes d'élicitation des préférences pour le tri multi-critères. / This thesis is based on two main axes. The first one deals with the creation of an indicator that aims at evaluating the expected severity of the consequences of a scenario of accidental pollution. In order to create this methodology ofevaluation, I chose to use methodological tools from multi-criteria decision aiding. So as to deal with the complexity of this problem, i decided to split it into several sub-problems using a hierarchy of criteria, being mainly inspired by the "value focused thinking approach". In this work, I interacted with several experts in toxicology and in ecology in order to betterdeal with every aspect of this problem.While studying several elicitation methods for the multi-criteria sorting problem, I proposed a new one that I named Dominance Based Monte Carlo algorithm (DBMC), which brings me to the secons axis of this thesis. This elicitation algorithm has two main specificities: being model free and a stochastic functionning. In this thesis, we study its theoretical properties. In particular, we prove that despite its stochastic nature, the result of the Dominance Based Monte Carlo algorithm converges almost surely. We also study its practical performances through a test named k-fold validation and we compared these performances to those of other elicitation algorithms for the sorting problem.

Both pictures and films are widely used elicitors in experimental approach to emotions. However, there is no consensus regarding their relative impact. I describe conceptual underpinning of these methods, their theoretical comparison, and related methods. In a study of 124 students I assess and compare the impact of pictures and films on experiential, behavioural and physiological reactions. There were stronger reactions in response to positive film than to positive pictures. Negative film and pictures were similar in strength yet different in kind of reactions they yielded. The difference can be explained by different temporal characteristics of both methods. Present study is the second study dealing with this topic, and the only study that engaged multiple reaction levels. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)