Magister Commercii - MCom / In recent years, there has been a proliferation in research on work-family conflict which has become more prevalent in recent years due to the economic climate in which increasingly large numbers of women are entering or returning to the labour market. Finding equilibrium in work and family arenas has also become more important to South African employees. Traditional gender roles have evolved and the role of females as homemakers is no longer the norm. However, an alternative set of social standards have not yet been established as a substitute to new patterns of work and family life. As a result, it is important to focus on concerns relating to female experiences in the workplace to try and overcome the effects of work-family conflict on females.Job stress and role stress have increased dramatically in work and family life, as more women attempt to balance responsibilities at home whilst simultaneously trying to overcome challenges faced with at the office. Typically role ambiguity, role overload and role interference arises and ultimately produces two forms of conflict: time-based conflict and strain-based conflict. Self-efficacy and implementing coping strategies are means to overcome this.The objective of this study was to explore and add to existing research done on work-family conflict amongst females in the workplace. More specifically the study is to determine whether relationships exist between the variables: job stress, role stress, role overload, inter-role conflict, spousal support, coping behaviours; job, family and life satisfaction, emotional exhaustion; the nature of the relationships and the causal impacts between these variables.Two hundred questionnaires were administered and 150 were returned to women employed in a service oriented organisation in the Western Cape.The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was utilized to analyze and present data in this research with frequency tables and graphical illustrations to provide information on key demographic variables in this study. The results reveal that there are statistically significant relationships amongst work overload and work-family conflict (WFC). There was also a significant relationship between parental overload and WFC. Moreover, the strongest relationship emerged between WFC and family-to-work conflict (FWC). Females experiencing WFC showed a tendency to rely on problem-focused coping strategies. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between job satisfaction and WFC. There was a significant difference in WFC based on age, tenure, number of children, income and tenure. There was no significant difference in WFC on the basis of marital status. There were statistically significant differences in FWC based on some of the biographical characteristics of the respondents. There was a significant difference in FWC based on age, tenure, income and occupation.Approximately 35% of the variance in WFC can be explained by age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support. These variables account for 33.53% of the variance in WFC, and suggest that other unexplored variables could explain the variance in WFC levels experienced by respondents. Approximately 38% of the variance in role stressors can be attributed to age, education, income, work overload, parental overload and spousal support in relation to FWC. The results which emanated from the current study assist in furthering an understanding of WFC and FWC. Individual and organisational implications are discussed and recommendations are made to further enhance this study with additional research into this area being warranted.

Objetivo. En este estudio se buscó determinar la relación que existe entre la autoeficacia académica y el cansancio emocional en estudiantes de secundaria de Lima; así como determinar si existen diferencias entre ambas variables según el género y grado académico. Método. Se utilizó un diseño no experimental, de tipo transversal y de alcance correlacional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 168 escolares entre 11 a 18 años, se obtuvo por medio de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se emplearon la Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Específica de Situaciones Académicas versión Domínguez, Villegas, Yauri, Mattos y Ramírez y la Escala de Cansancio Emocional adaptada por Domínguez. Resultados. Se determinó la existencia de una correlación negativa entre ambas variables, cuya magnitud de correlación fue pequeña. Asimismo, en los análisis comparativos, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas variables según género (p > 0.050) y grado académico (p > 0.050). Conclusión. Existe correlación negativa entre la autoeficacia académica y el cansancio emocional. Esto significa que, a mayor nivel de autoeficacia académica, existirá un menor grado de cansancio emocional (r = - 0.238, p < 0.050). / Objective. This study sought to determine the relationship between academic self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion in secondary school students from Lima; as well as to determine the differences that exist between both variables according to gender and academic degree. Method. A non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational design was used. The sample consisted of 168 schoolchildren between 11 and 18 years old, it was obtained through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The Domínguez, Villegas, Yauri, Mattos and Ramírez version of the Scale of Perceived Self-Efficacy Specific to Academic Situations and the Scale of Emotional Tiredness adapted by Domínguez were used. Results. The existence of a negative correlation between both variables was determined, whose magnitude of correlation was small. Likewise, in the comparative analyzes, no statistically significant differences were found between both variables according to gender (p> 0.050) and academic degree (p> 0.050). Conclution. There is a negative correlation between academic self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion. This means that, at a higher level of academic self-efficacy, there will be a lower degree of emotional fatigue (r = - 0.238, p <0.050) / Tesis

The present study examines how the relationship between workplace bullying and mental health can be influenced by emotional exhaustion, and how the intensity in this relationship can be affected by the individual’s psychological capital, and access to social support from colleagues and supervisors. The studys theoretical framework is based on the Job Demand-Control-Support model, the Job Demands-Resources model and the Conservation of Resources theory. Data were collected at Indian workplaces and included 139 participants. The study used a self-report questionnaire and was analyzed with mediation and moderation as main analysis methods. In line with previous research, results showed that psychological capital as a whole moderated the negative effects on mental health that follow from being exposed to workplace bullying. Emotional exhaustion was found to be a mediator in the association between workplace bullying and mental health problems. Psycological capital resilience fully moderated the mediating association between workplace bullying and mental health problems via emotional exhaustion. Psychological capital optimism moderated the association between bullying and emotional exhaustion, but not the full mediation. Social support was shown not to moderate the negative effects of workplace bullying on mental health, which does not support previous findings.

No description available.

Teacher attrition and retention has become a major issue facing education policymakers and practioners as our nation's school age population continues to grow, but the teaching workforce does not. This study seeks to examine the impact of certification by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) on burnout levels in educators. The potential benefits to teachers who pursue NBPTS certification include a sense of professional pride, new leadership roles and responsibilities for teachers, recognition of outstanding teaching practice, and higher salaries (Shapiro, 1995). Some of these potential rewards seem to address a number of the factors that are related to the onset burnout, and therefore may reduce teacher attrition. The study utilized the Maslach-Leiter conceptual framework to examine burnout, which breaks the burnout construct into three separate dimensions; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The research questions sought to determine if there was a difference between National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) and their non-certified peers in each of these dimensions of burnout. The research sample consisted of the NBCTs and a comparable random sample of their non-certified peers from a large urban school district in the Central Florida area. The Maslach Burnout Inventory Educators Survey was used a basis of comparison of the burnout levels. The two groups were compared utilizing an independent samples t-test. The instrument utilized in this study also included demographic questions, as well as questions that were designed to measure the various elements of the Maslach-Leiter theoretical model of burnout. These questions and the independent variable NBPTS certification were included in a multiple regression analysis in order to determine if the differences noted between the groups using the independent samples t-tests were in fact a result of NBPTS certification, and not the theoretical model itself. The instruments were mailed in the fall of 2006, and were returned to the researcher anonymously. A total of 476 surveys were returned, for a response rate of 52%. The independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences between NBCTs and their non-certified peers on all three dimensions of burnout. An examination of the individual scores for each group revealed that in each of the dimensions showed that the NBCTs demonstrated lower levels of experienced burnout in each dimension. The multiple regression analyses that were conducted to confirm that NBPTS certification was in fact a significant factor in the development of each burnout dimension revealed mixed results. Emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment were both found to have a significant negative relationship with NBPTS certification, which indicates that the NBCTs are significantly less burned out then their non-certified peers. Despite the initial finding of significance in the independent samples t-test, NBPTS certification was not found to be a significant factor in the onset of the depersonalization dimension of burnout. This relationship needs further exploration in future studies. The significant difference between the research and control groups in this study suggests that NBPTS certification may reduce burnout levels in at least two dimensions. Legislators and policymakers at the state and federal levels have provided millions of dollars to support NBPTS certification. These findings seem to indicate that this financial support has impacted burnout levels in educators, and may therefore warrant examination as a strategy to address the issue of teacher attrition.

We examine the relationships among employees’ use of energy management strategies and two occupational well-being outcomes: job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Based on conservation of resources theory, it was hypothesized that employees with high job demands would benefit more from using energy management strategies (i.e., including prosocial, organizing, and meaning-related strategies), compared to employees with low job demands. We tested this proposition using a quantitative diary study. Fifty-four employees provided data twice daily across one work week (on average, 7 daily entries). Supporting the hypotheses, prosocial energy management was positively related to job satisfaction. Moreover, employees with high job demands were less emotionally exhausted when using prosocial strategies. Contrary to predictions, when using organizing strategies, employees with low job demands had higher job satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion. Under high job demands, greater use of organizing strategies was associated with lower job satisfaction and higher emotional exhaustion. Finally, use of meaning-related strategies was associated with higher emotional exhaustion when job demands were low. With this research, we position energy management as part of a resource investment process aimed at maintaining and improving occupational well-being. Our findings show that this resource investment will be more or less effective depending on the type of strategy used and the existing drain on resources (i.e., job demands). This is the first study to examine momentary effects of distinct types of work-related energy management strategies on occupational well-being.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka motivationsregleringens medierande roll i relationen mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottslig utbrändhet hos unga elitidrottare, utifrån självbestämmandeteorin (SDT). Med en longitudinell design innefattande en tvåpunktsmätning genomfördes datainsamlingen via digitala enkäter där 71 deltagare i åldern 16 till 19 år deltog i studien (M=17.01, SD=0.93). Baserat på studiens syfte skapades två hypoteser som sedan testades i varsin medieringsanalys. Resultatet indikerar att självbestämmande motivation hade en statistisk signifikant medierande roll i relationen mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottslig utbrändhet. Samtidigt indikerar dock resultatet även på en positiv direkt effekt mellan självbestämmande motivation och idrottslig utbrändhet. Då självbestämmande motivation inte vanligtvis är relaterat med idrottslig utbrändhet uppmärksammar studien således andra möjliga prediktorer för detta fenomen. Sedermera indikerar resultaten att kontrollerad motivation inte hade någon statistisk signifikant medierande roll i relationen mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottslig utbrändhet. / The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of motivation regulation in the relationship between need-satisfaction and athletic burnout in young elite athletes, based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Employing a longitudinal design with a two-point measurement, the data collection was conducted through digital surveys with 71 participants aged 16 to 19 years (M=17.01, SD=0.93). Two hypotheses were formulated based on the study's purpose and were subsequently tested in separate mediation analyses. The results indicate that self-determined motivation played a statistically significant mediating role in the relationship between need-satisfaction and athletic burnout. However, the results also suggest a positive direct effect between selfdetermined motivation and athletic burnout. Since self-determined motivation is not commonly associated with athletic burnout, the study draws attention to other potential predictors of this phenomenon. Furthermore, the findings suggest that controlled motivation did not have a statistically significant mediating role in the relationship between need-satisfaction and athletic burnout.

Engineers and scientists have to cope with the challenges of a complex work environment. This study investigated the relationship between burnout, coping and sense of coherence amongst engineers and scientists. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, COPE and Sense of Coherence questionnaires were used. The study was conducted with 272 engineers and scientists at a global petro-chemical company with its head office based in South Africa. A theoretical relationship was determined and an empirical investigation provided evidence of such a relationship. The results confirmed a relationship between burnout, coping and sense of coherence amongst engineers and scientists. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Burnout can occur in any occupation and is a risk in the modern world of work. The objective of the study was to investigate how burnout, coping and sense of coherence are related and influence each other in an engineering environment. A Cross-sectional survey design was used in this descriptive study. The convenience sample consisted of 118 engineers and scientists at various levels in a global engineering organisation that is based in South Africa. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced (COPE) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) questionnaires were administered for this quantitative study. A theoretical relationship was proved by means of a literature study and an empirical relationship proved that there is indeed a relationship between the constructs and that focus and venting of emotions as well as SOC are predictors of emotional exhaustion and cynicism. SOC also proved to be a predictor of professional efficacy. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)